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The Intestinal Virome and Immunity

Jessica A. Neil and Ken Cadwell
J Immunol September 15, 2018, 201 (6) 1615-1624; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1800631
Jessica A. Neil
Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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Ken Cadwell
Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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Abstract

The composition of the human microbiome is considered a major source of interindividual variation in immunity and, by extension, susceptibility to diseases. Intestinal bacteria have been the major focus of research. However, diverse communities of viruses that infect microbes and the animal host cohabitate the gastrointestinal tract and collectively constitute the gut virome. Although viruses are typically investigated as pathogens, recent studies highlight a relationship between the host and animal viruses in the gut that is more akin to host–microbiome interactions and includes both beneficial and detrimental outcomes for the host. These viruses are likely sources of immune variation, both locally and extraintestinally. In this review, we describe the components of the gut virome, in particular mammalian viruses, and their ability to modulate host responses during homeostasis and disease.

Footnotes

  • This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants HL123340, DK093668, DK103788, and AI121244, a Faculty Scholar grant from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Stony Wold–Herbert Fund, the Merieux Institute, the Rainin Foundation, a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Investigator in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases award (to K.C.), a Sir Keith Murdoch Fellowship, and a Vilcek Fellowship (to J.A.N.).

  • Abbreviations used in this article:

    CVB
    coxsackievirus B
    DC
    dendritic cell
    DSS
    dextran sodium sulfate
    ERV
    endogenous retrovirus
    FMT
    fecal microbiome transplantation
    GVHD
    graft-versus-host disease
    γHV-68
    gammaherpesvirus 68
    IBD
    inflammatory bowel disease
    IFN-I
    type I IFN
    ILC3
    group 3 innate lymphoid cell
    IRF1
    IFN regulatory factor 1
    MDA5
    melanoma differentiation–associated protein 5
    MNV
    murine norovirus
    NLR
    Nod-like receptor
    PRR
    pattern recognition receptor
    RIG-I
    retinoic acid inducible gene I
    T1D
    type 1 diabetes
    VRE
    vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus.

  • Received May 2, 2018.
  • Accepted May 21, 2018.
  • Copyright © 2018 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.
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The Journal of Immunology: 201 (6)
The Journal of Immunology
Vol. 201, Issue 6
15 Sep 2018
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The Intestinal Virome and Immunity
Jessica A. Neil, Ken Cadwell
The Journal of Immunology September 15, 2018, 201 (6) 1615-1624; DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800631

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The Intestinal Virome and Immunity
Jessica A. Neil, Ken Cadwell
The Journal of Immunology September 15, 2018, 201 (6) 1615-1624; DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800631
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