Cell-Intrinsic In Vivo Requirement for the E47–p21 Pathway in Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Patricia M. Santos, Ying Ding and Lisa Borghesi
J Immunol January 1, 2014, 192 (1) 160-168; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1302502

Abstract

Major regulators of long-term hematopoietic stem cell (LT-HSC) self-renewal and proliferation have been identified, but knowledge of their in vivo interaction in a linear pathway is lacking. In this study, we show a direct genetic link between the transcription factor E47 and the major cell cycle regulator p21 in controlling LT-HSC integrity in vivo under repopulation stress. Numerous studies have shown that E47 activates p21 transcription in hematopoietic subsets in vitro, and we now reveal the in vivo relevance of the E47–p21 pathway by reducing the gene dose of each factor individually (E47het or p21het) versus in tandem (E47hetp21het). E47hetp21het LT-HSCs and downstream short-term hematopoietic stem cells exhibit hyperproliferation and preferential susceptibility to mitotoxin compared to wild-type or single haploinsufficient controls. In serial adoptive transfers that rigorously challenge self-renewal, E47hetp21het LT-HSCs dramatically and progressively decline, indicating the importance of cell-intrinsic E47–p21 in preserving LT-HSCs under stress. Transient numeric recovery of downstream short-term hematopoietic stem cells enabled the production of functionally competent myeloid but not lymphoid cells, as common lymphoid progenitors were decreased, and peripheral lymphocytes were virtually ablated. Thus, we demonstrate a developmental compartment–specific and lineage-specific requirement for the E47–p21 pathway in maintaining LT-HSCs, B cells, and T cells under hematopoietic repopulation stress in vivo.

This article is featured in In This Issue, p.1

Introduction

A limited pool of long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) constantly replenishes downstream lymphoid and myeloid lineages that have been depleted by normal turnover or consumed by infection stress (1). Self-renewing LT-HSCs differentiate to nonrenewing multipotent progenitors (MPPs) and then lymphoid-myeloid primed progenitors (LMPPs), which subsequently produce common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) with B and T lymphoid potential (2, 3). The E47 transcription factor, in conjunction with transcriptional partners, regulates key aspects of hematopoiesis, including HSC self-renewal, lymphoid lineage priming, B and T cell fate specification, and AgR receptor repertoire formation (4, 5).

Recent progress has defined the E47-dependent genes that coordinate cell activity in both developmental stage-specific and lineage-specific manners (6–12). In striking contrast to the cohort of E47 target genes that is unique to individual developmental subsets, one recurrent target of E47-binding activity stands out: the major cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (cdkn1A/cip1/waf1). We and other investigators (7, 10, 12) have shown that E47 directly activates p21 transcription in primitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro. In addition, E47 levels correlate with p21 expression in B lineage precursors, and loss of a single allele of E47 reduces p21 with concomitant hyperproliferation (13). Similarly, p21 is also a direct target of E47 transcriptional activity in T lineage cells (14). However, although these in vitro studies indicate that E47 activates p21 expression in HSCs and lymphoid precursors, the biological relevance of the E47–p21 pathway to HSC function has not been examined. Furthermore, in addition to E47, other transcription factors expressed in HSCs, such as ikaros and Notch, are capable of regulating p21 expression (15, 16). Hence, the relative contribution of E47 in regulating p21 expression in HSCs in vivo remains unknown. Also unclear is whether the E47-mediated p21 activity is required in the multipotent stages between HSCs and lympho-myeloid segregation.

In this study, we establish the biological relevance of genetic interactions between E47 and p21 in LT-HSCs and downstream compartments in vivo using mice with reduced gene dosage of each factor: E47het, p21het, and E47hetp21het. Defects specific to compound haploinsufficient animals, but not either haploinsufficiency alone, reveal combined effects of two interacting partners (17, 18). Moreover, the use of E47het mice permits an analysis of mature B and T cells that is not possible in E47-knockout mice as a result of the severe immune deficiency. We directly track LT-HSC self-renewal integrity in compound heterozygotes and examine cumulative deficiencies in downstream B and T compartments. Because E47 is dispensable after the point of myeloid restriction, myeloid precursors serve as an internal reference population for comparing the magnitude of hematopoietic deficiencies incurred upstream versus downstream of lympho-myeloid specification. Together, this approach enables us to establish the biological importance of genetic interactions between E47 and p21 specifically within LT-HSCs, within developmental compartments upstream versus downstream of lympho-myeloid restriction, and the cumulative impact to B and T cells.

Materials and Methods

Mice

Mice were bred in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee policies at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. E47het (C57BL/6) mice (12) were intercrossed with p21KO mice (129/Sv; purchased from The Jackson Laboratory) and backcrossed to the C57BL/6 background for seven or eight generations. E47 and p21 genotyping were done as described (19, 20).

Flow cytometry

Bone marrow (BM) and spleen were harvested as previously described (6, 21). Cell staining was performed using Abs from eBioscience, BD Pharmingen, or BioLegend. Primary Abs were AA4.1 allophycocyanin (clone AA4.1), B220 allophycocyanin, FITC or biotin (clone RA3-6B2), CD3 FITC or biotin (clone 2C11), CD4 biotin (clone GK1.5), CD11b PE, biotin or FITC (clone M1/70), CD11c FITC (clone N418), CD19 allophycocyanin, biotin, FITC or Cy5PE or PerCPCy5.5 (clone MB19-1), CD43 PE (clone S7), CD45.2 PacBlue or allophycocyanin (clone 104), CD48 allophycocyanin (clone HM48-1), CD48 allophycocyanin (clone HM48-1), CD117 allophycocyanin–eFluor 780 (clone 2B8), CD127 PECy5 (clone A7R34), CD135 PE (clone A2F10), CD150 PECy7 (clone 9D1), DX5 biotin (clone DX5), Gr-1 biotin or FITC (clone 8C5), IgM (clone 331) biotin or FITC, Ly6C biotin (clone HK1.4), Ly6D PE (clone), NK1.1 biotin or FITC (clone PK136), TER-119 biotin or FITC (clone TER-119), and Sca-1 FITC, Cy5PE or PerCPCy5.5 (clone D7). Secondary reagents were streptavidin-Cy7PE or streptavidin–eFluor 450. Flow cytometry was performed on a four-laser, 12-detector LSR II and a three-laser, 11-detector Aria (BD Biosciences). Data were analyzed using FlowJo software Version 9.9.1 (TreeStar).

Treatment of mice with 5-fluorouracil or LPS

Mice were injected i.p. or i.v. with 150 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; Sigma-Aldrich) (7, 12, 22) and sacrificed either 16 h or 14 d later, as described in the figure legends. For LPS treatment, mice were injected i.p. with 15 μg LPS (Sigma-Aldrich) or PBS control once a day for 2 d and were sacrificed on day 3, as described (23).

BrdU incorporation and anti-BrdU staining

Mice were injected i.p. with 200 μl 3 mg/ml BrdU at 12-h intervals for 48 h, as described (7, 12). Two days after the first injection, mice were sacrificed, and BM cells were stained with Abs to relevant surface markers. BM cells were fixed and permeabilized, followed by staining with anti-BrdU FITC, per the manufacturer’s instructions (BD Pharmingen).

Serial-transplantation assays

For serial-transplantation assays, 2 × 106 BM cells from CD45.2+ donor mice were injected into the tail veins of sublethally irradiated (1000 rad) CD45.1+ C57BL/6 primary recipients. Sixteen weeks after transplantation, 2 × 106 BM cells from primary recipients were transferred into sublethally irradiated CD45.1+ secondary recipients. Eight weeks after transplant, 2 × 106 BM cells from secondary recipients were transferred into sublethally irradiated CD45.1+ tertiary recipients. Multilineage reconstitution was examined every 4 wk in the peripheral blood and at 16 wk posttransplant in PB, spleen, and BM of primary, secondary, and tertiary recipients.

For homing and niche-engraftment analysis, 2 × 106 CD45.2+ donor BM cells were injected into the tail veins of sublethally irradiated (1000 rad) CD45.1+ recipients. Recipient mice were sacrificed 2 wk posttransplant, and donor-derived precursors were enumerated.

Gene-expression analysis

RNA was extracted using an RNeasy Micro Kit per the manufacturer's instructions (QIAGEN) and reverse transcribed into cDNA with Superscript III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) using oligoDT primers (6). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) reactions were performed in triplicates using TaqMan probes (Invitrogen) and detected using the StepOnePlus System (Bio-Rad). Expression levels were calculated for each gene relative to actb and expressed as the fold difference relative to wild-type (WT).

Statistics

Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with pairwise comparison.

Results

E47 and p21 functionally collaborate to regulate homeostatic LT-HSC proliferation in vivo

To better understand the biological importance of E47 and p21 collaboration during hematopoiesis, we developed a genetic model in which each gene is haploinsufficient individually or in combination. We then tracked hematopoiesis during steady-state and under repopulation stress for visualization of defects following functional challenge. The genotypes are WT, single haploinsufficiency in E47 or p21 (E47het, p21het), and compound haploinsufficiency (E47hetp21het). We directly examined E47 and p21 transcript levels in primitive, multipotent Lin−c-kit+Sca-1+ (LSK) BM precursors (Fig. 1A) using qPCR. E47 transcript levels were similar in WT and p21het LSKs and were reduced by ∼40% in both E47het and E47hetp21het LSKs (Fig. 1B). Relative to WT, p21 transcript levels were reduced by 50–60% in both E47het LSKs and p21het LSKs and by ∼75% in E47hetp21het LSKs (p < 0.05). Thus, E47 activity appears to account for an appreciable proportion of p21 transcript expression. We then compared the impact of single E47 haploinsufficiency versus combined E47–p21 haploinsufficiency on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell biology.

FIGURE 1.
FIGURE 1.

Increased homeostatic proliferation in E47hetp21hetLT-HSCs in vivo. (A) BM from WT, E47het, p21het, or E47hetp21het mice was isolated and stained to resolve specific subsets of progenitor cells. Gating strategy used to identify LSKs: phenotypic LT-HSCs were identified as CD150+flk2−LSK or CD150+CD48−LSK, ST-HSCs were identified as CD150−flk2−LSK, total HSCs were identified as flk2−LSK, and MPPs were identified as flk2+LSK (left panel). CLPs were identified as Lin−IL7R+AA4.1+Sca-1low (right panel). (B) RNA extracted from sorted total LSKs was used to examine E47 and p21 transcript levels. Gene expression was normalized to β-actin, and the expression level of each gene is shown relative to WT LSK. Data are shown as mean ± SD of triplicates from two independent sorts. (C and D) WT, E47het, p21het, or E47hetp21het mice were injected i.p. with 200 μl of 3 mg/ml BrdU twice a day for 2 d and then sacrificed to examine proliferation status. (C) BM was either stained directly to identify total HSCs (flk2−LSK) and MPPs (flk2+LSK) or was enriched for HSCs via depletion of Lin+ cells, followed by surface marker staining to identify LT-HSCs (CD150+flk2−LSK) and ST-HSCs (CD150−flk2−LSK). Cells were then fixed and permeabilized, followed by intracellular staining with anti-BrdU. Flow profiles shown are representative of four to five experiments. Gray histograms represent stained PBS control. (D) Bar graphs represent mean ± SD of data pooled from n = 4–6 mice/genotype. (E) BM from WT, E47het, p21het, or E47hetp21het mice was stained to enumerate LSK, total HSC, MPP, or CLP numbers. Data represent four to nine mice/genotype. Horizontal bars represent the means. *p < 0.05.

Focusing first on hematopoiesis during homeostasis in intact animals, we examined proliferation of BM progenitors in vivo. We pulsed mice with BrdU, a nucleotide analog that is incorporated during the S phase, thereby reflecting de novo DNA synthesis, and resolved the sequential developmental subsets: long-term renewing LT-HSCs, short-term renewing short-term HSCs (ST-HSCs), and nonrenewing MPPs (Fig. 1A). Bona fide LT-HSCs represent 1% of total LSKs, and complementary phenotypic schemes resolve LT-HSCs to increasing degrees of functional purity. Absence of the flk2 cytokine receptor marks total HSCs, of which 1 in 50 have long-term self-renewal capabilities (24). Self-renewal potential is enriched to ∼1 in 3 using the CD150+CD48−LSK (25) or CD150+flk2−LSK definition (10). There is no evidence that E47 transcriptionally regulates the expression of these phenotypic markers, and the mean fluorescence intensity of surface expression of CD150, CD48, and flk2 appears to be preserved in primitive precursors from E47 knockouts (7, 8, 10, 12). Downstream of LT-HSCs, ST-HSCs are CD150−flk2− LSKs, and MPPs are flk2+ LSKs. In this study, we explicitly validate our major findings by strategically exploiting all three phenotypic definitions of HSCs rather than relying on any single marker panel.

In intact animals, the percentage of BrdU+ proliferating E47hetp21het LT-HSCs (CD150+flk2−LSK; 21 ± 5%) was increased 2-fold relative to WT or single E47het or p21het mice (11 ± 2, 14 ± 4, and 13 ± 3%, respectively, p < 0.05, n = 4–6 mice/group; Fig. 1C, 1D). The percentage of BrdU+ E47hetp21het ST-HSCs (CD150−flk2−LSK; 25 ± 7%) also was increased relative to controls (14 ± 1, 16 ± 4, and 14 ± 4%, respectively, p < 0.05, n = 4–6 mice/group; Fig. 1C, 1D). Proliferation in E47hetp21het MPPs was elevated relative to WT and p21het, but it was not statistically different from single E47het controls. Under these steady-state conditions, absolute numbers of LSKs, total HSCs, MPPs, and lymphoid-restricted CLP (Lin−ScaloIL7R+AA4.1+) subsets were comparable across all four genotypes (Fig. 1E). These data suggest that E47 and p21 interactions may be particularly important within the self-renewing LT-HSC subset.

Preferential susceptibility of E47hetp21het HSCs to a cellular mitotoxin

Hematopoiesis under stress may reveal biological defects not detectable under steady-state conditions in intact animals. Therefore, we examined the biological responses of E47hetp21het mice to three different stresses that test hematopoietic function: challenge with the mitotoxic drug (5-FU), induction of emergency myelopoiesis by LPS, and long-term serial adoptive transfer. Emergency myelopoiesis is a short-term acute stress, whereas repeated serial transfer is a long-term chronic stress. Serial adoptive transfer studies additionally provide a strategic opportunity to distinguish the biological importance of E47–p21 interactions within hematopoietic tissue (i.e., cell intrinsic) as opposed to within the cells of the microenvironment (i.e., cell extrinsic).

The chemotherapeutic 5-FU is selectively toxic to actively dividing cells, providing an independent experimental measure of loss of LT-HSC quiescence in vivo (26). Following two rounds of 5-FU treatment, total HSCs from E47hetp21het mice were reduced ∼50% compared to any of the control groups (n = 4–8 mice/group, p < 0.05; Fig. 2A). E47hetp21het MPPs also were reduced by 40–60% relative to WT but were not statistically different from the single haploinsufficient controls. Together, these data reinforce findings in Fig. 1 that the E47–p21 pathway regulates LT-HSC proliferation during homeostasis and is important in maintaining HSC numbers under mitotoxic stress.

FIGURE 2.
FIGURE 2.

Response of E47hetp21het progenitors to two hematopoietic stressors. (A) WT, E47het, p21het, or E47hetp21het mice were injected i.p. with 150 mg/kg 5-FU and sacrificed after 16 h. BM cells were stained to determine total HSC (flk2−LSK) or MPP (flk2+LSK) numbers. Data are shown as mean ± SD of cell number relative to WT (n = 4–8 mice/group). (B and C) Mice were treated with either PBS or 30 μg total LPS over 2 d and sacrificed 24 h after the last treatment. BM (B) or PB (C) cells were stained to identify mature (CD11b+Gr-1hi) or immature (CD11b+Gr-1int) granulocytes. Data shown are representative of two independent experiments. *p < 0.05. ns, Not significant.

E47 and p21 are dispensable for rapid myeloid differentiation under emergency hematopoiesis

The careful balance between self-renewal and differentiation replenishes HSC numbers and sustains the replacement of mature cells (27). In addition to compromising proliferation and cellularity of LT-HSCs and uncommitted progenitors, we hypothesized that compound haploinsufficiency could impair functional integrity of immediate downstream progeny derived from these primitive subsets during hematopoiesis under stress conditions.

Exposure to bacterial LPS elicits rapid granulopoiesis and concomitant mobilization to peripheral blood. In reactive neutrophilia, multipotent HSCs and MPPs, as well as bipotent granulocyte-monocyte progenitors, contribute to accelerated granulopoiesis (23, 28, 29). We challenged mice with two rounds of LPS exposure and examined immature (CD11b+Gr-1int) and mature (CD11b+Gr-1hi) granulocytes in the BM and peripheral blood (PB), respectively. Following LPS exposure, CD11b+Gr-1int immature BM granulocytes were comparably increased 3-fold (Fig. 2B). Newly differentiated granulocytes also appeared competent to emigrate to PB, regardless of genotype (Fig. 2C). Thus, despite the characteristic hyperproliferation, the immediate progeny of E47hetp21het LT-HSCs and MPPs displayed grossly normal responses to acute LPS challenge.

Compromised E47hetp21het LT-HSC persistence in long-term serial-transfer assays

Serial repopulation remains the gold standard assay for studying LT-HSC function (26). We examined self-renewal and functional integrity of E47hetp21het LT-HSCs in serial transfer through primary, secondary, and tertiary WT recipients (Fig. 3A). CD45 congenic markers permit the tracking of cells of donor origin. Following engraftment, we examined donor-derived leukocytes every 4 wk in the PB and at 16 wk in BM and spleen. Reconstitution at 16 wk or longer ensures that hematopoiesis is derived from engrafted LT-HSCs and not from shorter-lived nonrenewing progenitors cotransferred during transplantation (26).

FIGURE 3.
FIGURE 3.

E47hetp21het LT-HSCs exhibit decreased self-renewal and persistence in vivo. (A) Serial transplantation was performed by transferring 2 × 106 BM cells from CD45.2+ WT, E47het, p21het, or E47hetp21het mice into sublethally irradiated CD45.1+ C57BL/6 recipient mice to examine LT-HSC self-renewal and persistence through three rounds of serial transfer. (B) Mice were sacrificed at 16 wk posttransplant, and the number of donor-derived BM LT-HSCs (CD45.2+CD150+CD48−LSK or CD45.2+CD150+flk2−LSK) was enumerated in primary, secondary, or tertiary recipients. Graphs are shown as mean ± SD of data pooled from n = 4–8 recipient mice for each genotype. (C) Mice were sacrificed 2 wk after primary transplantation, and the frequency of CD45.2+ total HSCs was examined. Data are mean ± SD from n = 2–3 recipient mice/group. *p < 0.05. ns, Not significant.

In contrast to controls, E47hetp21het LT-HSCs were profoundly depleted by serial transfer. Although primary recipients had comparable numbers of LT-HSCs, regardless of donor genotype, secondary recipients and tertiary recipients of E47hetp21het donor BM had a striking ∼40 and 90% reduction in LT-HSCs, respectively (p < 0.05, n = 4–8 mice/group; Fig. 3B). By contrast, the progressive loss in LT-HSCs from WT, as well as the single heterozygous control groups in secondary recipients, was mild. Further, BM LT-HSCs from tertiary recipients in any of the control groups was reduced to ∼50%, consistent with previous findings (20). The magnitude of the dramatic reduction in E47hetp21het donor-derived LT-HSCs was identical using both the stringent CD150+CD48−LSK and CD150+flk2−LSK LT-HSC definitions (Fig. 3B), suggesting that the findings were not specific to one particular gating scheme (see Fig. 1A for gating strategy).

The striking reduction of donor-derived E47hetp21het LT-HSCs in serial transfer could not be explained by poor homing/engraftment. Two weeks after transfer, the frequency of donor-derived HSCs (CD45.2+flk2−LSKs) was similar across all primary recipients, regardless of donor genotype, suggesting comparable engraftment (Fig. 3C).

Although the frequency of donor-derived E47hetp21het LT-HSCs was similar relative to controls, the pattern of proliferation was not. The frequency of BrdU+ donor-derived LT-HSCs from E47hetp21het mice (∼34%) was increased ∼2-fold compared to WT, E47het, or p21het in secondary recipients (p < 0.05, n = 3–5 mice/group; Fig. 4). As expected under transplantation stress, MPP subsets from all groups were actively cycling (p > 0.05, n = 3–5 mice/group), and no subtle differences were revealed in this BrdU-pulsing regimen.

FIGURE 4.
FIGURE 4.

E47hetp21het LT-HSCs display hyperproliferation following transplantation stress. Serial transplantation was performed as described in Fig. 3. Secondary recipient mice were transplanted with 2 × 106 BM cells using primary recipient mice as donors. Sixteen weeks after transplantation, mice were sacrificed, and BM cells were stained to identify donor-derived total HSCs (CD45.2+flk2−LSK) and MPPs (CD45.2+flk2+LSK), followed by anti-BrdU staining to examine proliferation status. (A) Flow cytometry profiles from one experiment representative of three experiments are shown. Gray histograms represent stained PBS control. (B) Bar graphs represent mean ± SD of data from n = 3–5 recipient mice/donor genotype. *p < 0.05. ns, Not significant.

Taken together, E47 and p21 collaborate to restrain LT-HSC proliferation, thereby preserving LT-HSC numbers in the context of long-term repopulation stress. Moreover, the requirement for E47–p21 interactions is cell intrinsic, because E47hetp21het LT-HSCs fail to persist when engrafted into WT recipient hosts.

Cumulative versus developmental compartment–specific burden of combined E47–p21 haploinsufficiency

Lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis differ in the requirement for E47, providing a unique experimental opportunity to evaluate the biological impact of E47–p21 collaboration on progenitor compartments upstream versus downstream of lympho-myeloid restriction. E47 is essential for multiple aspects of B and T cell development (6, 9, 19, 30–32), including p21-mediated proliferation (7, 12–14). By contrast, once uncommitted precursors have restricted to the myeloid lineage, E47 activity and, by extrapolation, E47-dependent p21 activity become dispensable (33). Thus, defects in lymphoid output from E47hetp21het LT-HSCs should reflect the aggregate burden of haploinsufficiency at the multipotent and lymphoid-specified stages of development, whereas defects in myeloid output should reflect the burden of haploinsufficiency incurred exclusively at the multipotent stages.

The poor persistence of E47hetp21het LT-HSCs in serial transfer through WT hosts was accompanied by marked divergence in peripheral lymphoid and myeloid reconstitution. Specifically, although the failure of B and T lymphoid production closely tracked the numeric loss of LT-HSCs through serial transfer, myeloid production remained intact in these same animals. At 16 wk posttransplant, the absolute number and frequency of donor-derived E47hetp21het CD19+ B and CD3+ T cells were dramatically decreased by ∼60 and ∼90% in secondary and tertiary recipients, respectively (p < 0.05, n = 2–9 mice/group; Fig. 5A–C), proportional to reductions in E47hetp21het LT-HSCs (Fig. 3B). By contrast, the numbers and frequency of myeloid cells (Gr-1+ or CD11b+) derived from E47hetp21het donor BM were normal across all three serial transfers (Fig. 5B, 5C). Moreover, that E47hetp21het mice had largely normal neutrophil responsiveness to LPS challenge (Fig. 2A, 2B) suggests that myeloid lineage cells are grossly intact both phenotypically and functionally.

FIGURE 5.
FIGURE 5.

E47hetp21het LT-HSCs display progressive in vivo decrease in lymphoid lineage reconstitution, accompanied by normal myeloid lineage reconstitution. Serial transplantation was performed as in Fig. 3. Sixteen weeks after transplantation, donor-derived cells were identified from spleen or PB. (A) Gating strategy used to identify donor-derived B (CD45.2+CD19+), T (CD45.2+CD3+), and myeloid lineage (CD45.2+CD11b+) cells in spleen (left panel). Gating strategy used to identify donor-derived B (CD45.2+CD19+), T (CD45.2+CD3+), and myeloid lineage (CD45.2+Gr-1+) cells in PB (right panel). Donor-derived reconstitution of lymphoid and myeloid lineage cells was examined in spleen (B) and PB (C) in BM of recipients 16 wk after each round of transplantation. Graphs are shown as mean ± SD of data from n = 2–9 mice per recipient for each donor genotype. (D) Sixteen weeks after transplantation, the presence of donor-derived ST-HSCs, MPPs, LMPPs, and CLPs in BM of secondary recipients was examined. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 5–9 mice/donor genotype). *p < 0.05. ns, Not significant.

A recent study (34) showed that significant reductions in CD150+ LT-HSCs following deletion of the CXCL12 chemokine from BM endothelial niches could be counterbalanced by homeostatic mechanisms that restore downstream MPPs and LMPPs to normal frequencies. We examined hematopoietic subsets derived from LT-HSCs to establish the consequences of the E47hetp21het defect to immediate downstream progenitors at 16 wk posttransfer. Despite a 50% reduction in LT-HSCs, secondary recipients of E47hetp21het donor BM had largely normal numbers of ST-HSCs, suggesting that the requirement for the E47–p21 pathway at the LT-HSC stage could be overcome in downstream compartments. Donor-derived MPPs and LMPPs [using CD150−flk2+LSK and flk2highLSK definitions, respectively (10, 34)] were reduced relative to WT and p21het mice, but they were identical to that of single E47het mice (Fig. 5D). By contrast, E47hetp21het CLPs were reduced 2-fold compared with WT or single-heterozygous controls, and downstream B and T cells were severely depleted (Fig. 5B, 5D). Thus, although the striking numerical depletion of E47hetp21het LT-HSCs can be transiently compensated for by expansion of downstream multipotent subsets competent to produce a functional myeloid compartment, the lymphoid compartment could not be replenished. Together, our findings indicate a cell-intrinsic role for genetic interactions between E47 and p21 in the selective maintenance of LT-HSC and B cell and T cell compartments under long-term hematopoietic repopulation stress in vivo.

Gene-expression analysis in E47hetp21het total HSCs

To obtain a broader perspective on the impact of combined E47 and p21 heterozygosity on the expression profile of other known regulators of HSC pool size, we examined transcript levels of known E47-regulated target genes, as well as other cell cycle–associated genes (14, 35–37). We used 5-FU treatment to deplete cycling HSCs and examined the gene-expression profile of residual HSCs forced to undergo dramatic repopulation stress (22, 26). E47hetp21het total HSCs undergoing repopulation stress exhibited an ∼1.5–3-fold increase in cdk6, p18, and ikaros transcripts, as assessed by qPCR (Fig. 6). There were no detectable changes in p27 and Notch1 transcript levels (data not shown), two factors that regulate the precursor pool size but not HSC cell cycle activity per se (38, 39). Although both ikaros and Notch can activate p21 expression, neither factor was able to compensate for E47 haploinsufficiency. We saw no evidence of differences in γ-ph2AX levels or caspase-3 protein in E47hetp21het total HSCs undergoing repopulation stress (data not shown), suggesting that loss of LT-HSCs could not be readily explained by impaired DNA damage repair response or increased apoptosis, even though rapid clearance of dying cells in vivo may slightly underestimate their detection via flow cytometry. Together, these data demonstrate that E47 mechanistically regulates LT-HSC self-renewal by controlling p21-dependent cell cycle activity.

FIGURE 6.
FIGURE 6.

Gene-expression analysis in E47hetp21het HSCs. At day 14 after a single i.v. injection of 5-FU, total HSCs (flk2−LSK) were sorted from WT, E47het, p21het, or E47hetp21het mice. RNA was extracted, and cDNA was generated via RT-PCR and used to examine expression levels of cdk6, p18, and ikaros1 by qPCR. Gene expression was normalized to β-actin. Data are shown as mean ± SD of triplicates from at least two independent sorts. *p < 0.05.

Discussion

E47 is a key component of gene-regulatory networks that establish B and T cell fate, and it participates in HSC maintenance (7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 40). Although our in vitro evidence showed that E47 directly regulates p21 in HSCs, establishing the biological contribution of the E47–p21 pathway to hematopoiesis has been elusive because of the difficulty of analyzing rare HSCs in vivo, the challenge of overcoming early lymphoid arrest in E47-deficient mice, and the knowledge that both factors are broadly expressed in cells other than leukocytes. To determine the extent of functional collaboration by E47 and p21 during hematopoiesis, we engineered mice with reduced gene dosage of each factor and transplanted BM from E47hetp21het mice into WT hosts. Our findings reveal a severe progressive deficiency in E47hetp21het LT-HSC self-renewal following long-term serial repopulation. A transient recovery of cellularity in donor-derived ST-HSC/MPP stages enabled normal myeloid production, but lymphoid production was unrecoverable. The gross severity of the lymphoid defect in compound E47hetp21het mice compared with single haploinsufficiency of either gene alone was striking, an important finding given the increasingly frequent linkage of E47 loss of heterozygosity with lymphoid malignancies and immune deficiency.

Although several lines of evidence hint at a relationship between E47 and p21 in HSCs and lymphoid-committed precursors, the biological impact has been unclear (7, 10, 12). Indeed, the severe defect in the earliest stages of hematopoiesis in p21-null mice has precluded analysis of p21 contributions in compartments downstream of lympho-myeloid divergence. In this study, we exploited the fact that the E47 pathway is dispensable in myeloid lineage cells to establish the biological importance of the E47–p21 pathway within HSCs upstream of lympho-myeloid divergence. Our results demonstrate a role for the E47–p21 pathway in LT-HSC maintenance under activation stress, but not in steady state, and reveal a stringent requirement for E47–p21 activity in the lymphoid lineages following forced repopulation. In E47hetp21het HSCs, reductions in p21 were accompanied by dysregulation of cdk6, p18, and ikaros, all of which directly regulate cell cycling and likely contribute to the overall phenotype. Because none of these genes is altered in HSCs from mice singly haploinsufficient in either E47 or p21, their dysregulation in E47hetp21het HSCs may be a consequence of the observed hyperproliferation rather than the cause. Although E47 is known to directly regulate expression of these genes under homeostatic conditions (14), our observations may reflect the contribution by other cell cycle regulators activated in HSCs undergoing repopulation stress. p21-null mice on either the original 129 background or the pure B6 background exhibit poor HSC persistence under certain repopulation stress paradigms, but changes in companion cell cycle regulators have not been examined (20, 41). Our findings reveal a skewing of B/T ratios that emerges in tertiary recipients of p21-haploinsufficient BM, demonstrating a negative biological consequence of even relatively minor reductions in p21. Indeed, a striking feature of our findings is that the combination of two relatively subtle lesions, haploinsufficiency in each E47 and p21, curtails lymphopoiesis to a severe degree not observed in the context of either lesion alone.

Several studies indicated that reduced dosage of E47 predisposes individuals to cancer (4). For example, recurrent E2A gene deletions are detectable in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients (42), as well as Sezary syndrome patients (43). Ectopic expression of the E47 antagonist Id2 in classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma is mechanistically linked to B cell–derived lymphomas (44). The sensitive requirement for E47 activity in hematopoiesis can exacerbate the impact of additional mutations. Our studies demonstrate that loss of a single allele of p21 exacerbates the phenotype associated with simple E47 haploinsufficiency. Specifically, compound heterozygosity of E47 and p21 magnified the defects in hyperproliferation, LT-HSC self-renewal, and lymphoid reconstitution observed in E47het mice. It is possible that a reduction in E47 gene dosage, combined with a second heterozygous mutation in a different gene, can predispose patients afflicted with loss of heterozygosity mutations in E2A to hematologic malignancies.

In summary, our results define the differential contribution of cell-intrinsic E47–p21 within discrete developmental hematopoietic compartments in vivo. E47hetp21het LT-HSCs exhibit a profound loss of self-renewal in serial repopulation across mice, accompanied by ablation of the lymphoid lineages. The E47–p21 pathway appeared to be dispensable in the ST-HSC/MPP stages of hematopoiesis, and downstream myeloid activity remained intact. That the combination of two subtle lesions—loss of a single allele of a transcription factor and a cell cycle regulator factor—amplifies the magnitude of hematopoietic disruption beyond either defect alone has important clinical implications. E47 loss of heterozygosity is linked to multiple leukemias, and our findings provide an opportunity for screening at-risk individuals for cooperating lesions.

Disclosures

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We thank Christine Milcarek for helpful advice and Dewayne Falkner for flow cytometry expertise.

Footnotes

  • This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants R01 AI079047 (L.B.) and P30 CA4790413 (Y.D.).

  • Abbreviations used in this article:

    BM
    bone marrow
    CLP
    common lymphoid progenitor
    5-FU
    5-fluorouracil
    HSC
    hematopoietic stem cell
    LMPP
    lymphoid-myeloid primed progenitor
    LSK
    Lin−c-kit+Sca-1+
    LT-HSC
    long-term hematopoietic stem cell
    MPP
    multipotent progenitor
    PB
    peripheral blood
    qPCR
    quantitative real-time PCR
    ST-HSC
    short-term hematopoietic stem cell
    WT
    wild-type.

  • Received September 17, 2013.
  • Accepted October 19, 2013.

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