Cutting Edge: CD40-Induced Expression of Recombination Activating Gene (RAG) 1 and RAG2: A Mechanism for the Generation of Autoaggressive T Cells in the Periphery

Mice

NOD mice were from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) or Taconic Farms (Germantown, NY) and were maintained under pathogen-free conditions at the Webb-Waring Institute for Cancer, Aging, and Antioxidant Research, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee-approved facility (Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado, Denver, CO).

Antibodies

CyChrome-conjugated anti-CD4 (clone H129.19) and anti-TCR-Vα Ab, as listed (see Table I⇓), were from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA). Anti-RAG1, sc-5599, and anti-RAG2, sc-7623, Ab as well as secondary HRP-conjugated Ab, were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Biotinylated anti-CD40 Ab (clone 1C10; Ref. 10) and anti-FcγIII/IIR Ab (clone 2.4G2; Ref. 11) were produced in-house. Anti-actin Ab, A 2066, was from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).

Cell culture

BDC-2.5 cells were cultured as described (12). NOD splenic T cells were purified over nylon wool columns then, in some experiments, sorted on CD4^low/high using a MoFlo flow cytometer (Fort Collins, CO). Purified T cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% FCS.

cDNA cloning and sequencing

NOD T cells were cultured as above. BDC-2.5 T cells were cultured as described (12), then allowed to come to rest for 2 wk. Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen/Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) then was DNase I-treated. Using random primers, 1 μg of RNA was reverse-transcribed with Superscript II (Invitrogen/Life Technologies) For PCR, one-one hundredth of the resulting cDNA was amplified using PFU DNA Polymerase (Stratagene, Cedar Creek, TX) and the following intron-spanning primers: CD40 sense, 5′-GGAGCCCTGTGATTTGGCTCTTCTG-3′; CD40 antisense 5′-CAAAGGTCAGCAAGCAGCCATCGCC-3′. The PCR product from BDC-2.5 was sequenced at the University of Colorado Cancer Center DNA Sequencing Core (Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado).

Flow cytometry

Splenic T cells were isolated from female, NOD mice (12–16 wk of age) as above, then CD40 cross-linked, or not, for 48 h. BDC-2.5 T cells were allowed to come to rest for 2 wk then were CD40 cross-linked every 4 days for 2 wk in the absence of APC. After cross-linking, cells were treated with anti-FcγIII/IIR Ab then stained with CyChrome-conjugated anti-CD4, biotinylated anti-CD40 (followed by washes then PE-streptavidin) and FITC-conjugated Ab to TCR Vα2, Vα3.2, Vα8, Vβ4, or Vβ8. Flow cytometry was done on a BD Biosciences FACSCalibur (San Jose, CA.)

Western blot

Cells from 6- to 9-wk-old NOD spleens were purified as above. T cells were determined by flow cytometry to be >97% CD3⁺ and then cross-linked with biotinylated CD40 Ab, or not, followed by streptavidin. Controls received isotype control Ab. Protein was extracted as described below then 20 μg of cytoplasmic (CF) or 10 μg of nuclear (NE) protein were electrophoresed according to Laemmli (13). Protein was transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane and RAG1 levels were analyzed. The blots were stripped and reprobed for RAG2. Blots of CF were further stripped and probed for actin.

Cytoplasmic and nuclear cell extract preparations

Cell pellets were resuspended in hypotonic buffer (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.9, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM KCl, 0.1% Igepal CA630, 1 mM DTT, 1 μg/ml leupeptin, 1 μg/ml aprotinin, and 0.2 mM PMSF) then homogenized. Nuclei were pelleted at 16,000 × g and the supernatant (CF) was frozen. Nuclei were washed once in hypotonic buffer then resuspended in nuclear extraction buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.9, 0.2 mM EDTA, 25% glycerol, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 340 mM KCl, 1 mM DTT, protease inhibitors as above) and ultrasonicated for 10 s. Insoluble matter was pelleted at 20,000 × g and the supernatant (NE) was frozen.

Semiquantitative RT-PCR

Cultured cells were cross-linked, or not, with CD40 Ab as described earlier. RNA was prepared and 0.1–1 μg were reverse transcribed as above. For PCR, one-one hundredth to one-twentieth of the resulting cDNA was PCR-amplified using RAG1- or RAG2-specific primers. RAG1 sense, 5′-TCATCGAGA CAGTCCCTTCC-3′; RAG1 antisense, 5′-CGATAGAGCCATCCCTTTC-3′. RAG2 sense, 5′-CGGAGGGAAAACACCAAACAATG-3′; RAG2 antisense, 5′-CCTGGCAAGACTGTGCAATTCAC-3′. β-actin was amplified as a control using intron-spanning primers: β-actin sense, \?\space\?\5′-CAGGGTGTGATGGTGG GAATG-3′; β-actin non-sense, 5′-CTCATCGTACTCCTGCTTGCTG-3′.

CD40 cDNA cloned from BDC-2.5 and NOD splenic T cell mRNA

We previously demonstrated the presence of CD40 on the surface of CD4^lowCD3⁺, autoaggressive, peripheral T cells and on several diabetogenic T cell clones including the NOD CD4⁺ Th1 clone, BDC-2.5 (6). To confirm the presence of CD40 on the T cell clone and the CD4^low T cell subpopulation, we cloned CD40 mRNA using RT-PCR.

A PCR product of the predicted CD40 cDNA size, 952 bp, was produced in both the T cell clone and the purified, primary CD4^low T cells (Fig. 1⇓, arrow). This product was cloned, sequenced, and found to have complete homology to the CD40 sequence reported for B cells (GenBank accession no. M83312, data not shown.) To ensure that the product in the BDC-2.5 sample did not stem from irradiated APC used in the culturing of the BDC-2.5 T cells, irradiated APC were maintained in culture alone but otherwise under the same conditions as when culturing BDC-2.5. As expected, only degraded RNA could be prepared and no RT-PCR product was obtained, after irradiation, from the APC.

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FIGURE 1.

RT-PCR of CD40 expression in BDC-2.5 and NOD T cells. RT-PCR was performed on RNA extracted from BDC-2.5 or NOD T cells using CD40-specific, intron-spanning primers. A band of the expected size, 952 bp, was detected. As controls, nonirradiated (Non-irr.) and irradiated (Irr.) APC RNA was included.

CD40 induces altered TCR Vα, but not Vβ, surface expression in NOD spleen and BDC-2.5 T cells

We have shown that peripheral T cells of several autoimmune prone strains of mice, e.g., SWR/J, MRL, and NZB × NZW, and cells of the 3A9 T cell hybridoma alter their TCR Vα surface expression in response to CD40 cross-linking (7). We have also shown that the CD40⁺ T cell population occurs almost exclusively in the CD4^low portion of peripheral T cells in diabetes-prone NOD mice (6). In this study, we show that CD40 cross-linking caused a 10-fold increase in Vα3.2 and a 2.5-fold increase in Vα8 expression within the CD40⁺CD4^low population compared with untreated cells (Table I⇑). Vα2 expression on CD40⁺CD4^low T cells was not affected. As predicted, CD40⁻CD4^high T cells did not change their Vα expression in response to CD40 cross-linking. Interestingly, the Vβ molecules examined did not change in either the CD4^low or the CD4^high cells. The numbers reported are within the gated CD4⁺ and further gated CD40⁺ or CD40⁻ populations and therefore do not reflect changes in total T cells.

An important question is whether CD40 engagement induced selective clonal expansions or resulted in altered Vα expression. Clonal expansions are not likely because substantial Vα differences were seen after only 18 h of CD40 signaling (data not shown) which is not sufficient time for extensive proliferation. However, we addressed this question by performing the same experiment in the CD4⁺CD40⁺ T cell clone BDC-2.5. When BDC-2.5 was CD40 cross-linked over a 2-wk period, we saw a drastic induction of Vα2 surface expression as well as expression of Vα3.2 and Vα8 (Table I⇑). Before cross-linking, no expression of these TCR Vαs was evident compared with isotype control. The BDC-2.5 T cell clone has been determined to express the Vβ4 and Vα1 gene products (14). Although no Ab to the Vα1 gene product is available, the fact that we can detect TCR Vα proteins belonging to other TCR Vα families only after CD40 cross-linking strongly suggests induced rearrangement leading to altered Vα expression. An alternative explanation may be that CD40 cross-linking induced expression from the other allele because TCR Vα gene expression is not subject to allelic exclusion. However, because the above results were obtained in a T cell clone, in which all cells have the same rearranged genes, and several new Vα gene products were detected after CD40 cross-linking, this argues against expression from a second allele. Consistent with rearrangement causing the altered expression, multiple rearrangement and expression of Vα molecules has been demonstrated (15).

CD40-positive cells express RAG enzymes

Possible mechanisms for alteration of TCR Vα expression include the re-expression of the RAG products in the periphery as demonstrated by McMahan et al. (3, 4) and Serra et al. (5). Because of our observations that engagement of CD40 on splenic T cells alters surface expression of TCR Vα, and that Vα changes could not be induced in TCR transgenic mice on a RAG^−/− background (7), we examined whether CD40 engagement affects RAG1 and RAG2 protein levels in peripheral T cells.

Expression of a product of the reported RAG1 size, 119 kDa, was not detected in the cytoplasmic fraction of NOD splenic T cells (Fig. 2⇓A). However, upon CD40 cross-linking for 6 h, RAG1 was detected in the nuclear fraction (Fig. 2⇓A, arrow.) When RAG2 was examined, a band of the reported size, 59 kDa, was present in the cytoplasmic fraction of all samples suggesting constitutive expression of RAG2 (Fig. 2⇓B, arrow.) However, CD40 cross-linking increased RAG2 levels in the cytoplasm at 6 h. Nuclear localization of RAG2 was detected only after CD40 cross-linking for 6 h in NOD T cells (Fig. 2⇓B). Recombinase activity requires that RAG1 and RAG2 form a protein complex (16) and, importantly, RAG1 and RAG2 must translocate to the nucleus to access the TCR genes. These data clearly demonstrate that CD40 cross-linking provides signals that cause the expression of both RAG proteins simultaneously as well as their translocation into the nucleus fulfilling these criteria.

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FIGURE 2.

RAG1 and RAG2 protein expression in NOD splenic T cells. Western blots were performed on CF or NE extracts from untreated (UN) or CD40 cross-linked (CD40, for 4 or 6 h), NOD splenic T cells. A, Western blot with RAG1-specific Ab. B, Western blot with RAG2-specific Ab. Arrows indicate the specific bands, 119 and 59 kDa for RAG1 and RAG2, respectively. Actin served as a control for the CF samples.

RAG1 and RAG2 mRNA expression is regulated by CD40 signals

We performed RAG1- and RAG2-specific RT-PCR on RNA prepared from NOD splenic T cells. RAG1 mRNA was present in untreated NOD peripheral T cells and expression was slightly increased in response to CD40 cross-linking (Fig. 3⇓A, 510 bp.) In the absence of reverse transcription (RT), no product was obtained (Fig. 3⇓A). It is possible that CD40 cross-linking induces translation of “latent” RAG1 mRNA present in the cross-linked cell as well as new transcription of the RAG1 gene. It has been shown that RAG1 mRNA levels do not correlate well with RAG1 protein levels (17). Additionally, the PCR product was sequenced and found to exactly match the published RAG1 sequence (GenBank accession no. NM_009019, data not shown.)

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FIGURE 3.

RAG1 and RAG2 mRNA expression in NOD splenic T cells. PCR was performed on RNA from untreated (UN) or CD40 cross-linked (CD40, 6 h) cells in the absence or presence of RT. A, PCR with RAG1-specific primers. B, PCR with RAG2-specific primers. Arrows indicate the expected sizes, 510 and 480 bp for RAG1 and RAG2, respectively. β-actin was amplified to serve as a control.

Like RAG1 mRNA, RAG2 mRNA was present in untreated NOD peripheral T cells (Fig. 3⇑B, 480 bp) and CD40 cross-linking induced an increase in the RAG2 mRNA level. In the absence of RT, no product was obtained (Fig. 3⇑B). Taken together, these data demonstrate that CD40 cross-linking on T cells affects not only RAG1 and RAG2 protein translation and translocation, but also affects mRNA transcription as well.

Because the CD4^lowCD40⁺ T cell subpopulation of NOD splenic T cells, as opposed to CD4^highCD40⁻ T cells, transfers diabetes to NOD.scid animals (6), we compared CD40-induced RAG-expression in CD4^low vs CD4^high primary T cells. NOD splenic T cells were sorted into CD4^low vs CD4^high populations. CD4^low T cells, the predominant CD40⁺ T cell subpopulation (6), were induced to express RAG1 and RAG2 mRNA in response to CD40 cross-linking while RAG expression was not detected in CD4^high T cells (Fig. 4⇓, A and B). As a control, CD3 was cross-linked but showed no induction of expression for either mRNA. It has been reported that engagement of TCR prevents RAG activation in thymocytes (18). In the absence of RT, no product was obtained (data not shown).

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FIGURE 4.

RAG1 and RAG2 mRNA expression in sorted NOD and BDC-2.5 T cells. PCR was performed on reverse-transcribed RNA from untreated (UN) or CD40 cross-linked (CD40) CD4^low, CD4^high (cross-linked for 20 h) or BDC-2.5 (cross-linked for 8 days) T cells. A, RAG1-specific PCR on sorted NOD T cell cDNA. B, RAG2-specific PCR on sorted NOD T cell cDNA. C, RAG1-specific PCR on BDC-2.5 cDNA. D, RAG2-specific PCR on BDC-2.5 cDNA. Arrows indicate the expected sizes, 510 and 480 bp for RAG1 and RAG2, respectively. β-actin was amplified to serve as a control.

The fact that RAG expression occurred only in the CD4^lowCD40⁺ population suggests that by re-expressing RAGs these cells are able to alter their expression of TCR, as seen in Table I⇑. We speculate that this could lead to the generation of autoaggressive T cells in the periphery, that is, nonthymically selected TCR⁺ T cells. Autoimmune prone animals, such as NOD, have a high percentage of CD4^lowCD40⁺ T cells that increases with age (D. M. Waid, G. Vaitaitis, and D. H. Wagner, Jr., manuscript in preparation). Therefore, the likelihood of generating autoaggressive T cells is high. Activation of RAGs in CD4^lowCD40⁺ T cells of nonautoimmune prone animals, such as BALB/c, has not been ruled out but if it occurs, the likelihood of generating autoaggressive T cells would be substantially less because these animals have much fewer CD4^lowCD40⁺ T cells. Additionally, the BALB/c CD4^lowCD40⁺ T cell population does not expand with age as in NOD (D. M. Waid, G. Vaitaitis, and D. H. Wagner, Jr., manuscript in preparation). As yet, no means of activating RAG in peripheral CD4^high T cells has been reported.

The fact that untreated cells in unsorted experiments showed the presence of RAG1 and 2 mRNA, but untreated cells in sorted cell experiments did not, may be explained by the fact that in the former all T cell populations were incubated together. This could enable the interaction between CD40 ligand-bearing T cells and CD40-bearing T cells that may be separated by compartments in vivo.

We confirmed the ability of CD40 to activate RAG using a T cell clone. RAG RT-PCR was performed on RNA from untreated or CD40 cross-linked BDC-2.5. RAG1 and RAG2 were only detectable after CD40 cross-linking of resting cells from this highly diabetogenic T cell clone (Fig. 4⇑, C and D). Because this is a well-described T cell clone this shows that the results are T cell-specific and rules out any possible B cell contamination. Again, irradiated APC, used in the culturing of the BDC-2.5 T cells, when maintained in culture alone but otherwise under the same conditions as when culturing BDC-2.5, yielded only degraded RNA and no RT-PCR product (data not shown). In the absence of RT, no products could be detected in either the RAG1-specific or the RAG2-specific PCR experiments (data not shown).

The data presented in this report suggest a mechanism to generate autoaggressive T cells post thymic selection. This means that in addition to breach of central tolerance, autoaggressive T cells may be generated in the periphery and thus bypass thymic selection altogether. Diseases like type 1 diabetes have been closely linked to viral infections, e.g., coxsackie virus (19, 20). During infection, CD154 levels are high on activated T cells (21). Furthermore, CD154 levels are even higher in autoimmunity (22), increasing the potential for interaction between CD40 and its ligand (CD154) during autoimmune disease. Therefore, these events may alter the specificity, even if slightly, of the original TCR. This would be advantageous if the results are a TCR with higher affinity for invading pathogen Ags, e.g., coxsackie virus, as has been suggested to occur in T cell epitope spreading (23, 24). In a nonautoimmune prone animal, CD40⁺ peripheral T cells may serve as a “safety” pool of T cells from which TCR molecules can be generated to respond to an Ag for which there was previously no, or only a low affinity, TCR present. In all probability some of these changes would result in a TCR with specificity for self-Ags, for example pancreatic islet β-cell Ags such as occur in type 1 diabetes. When the numbers of the CD40⁺CD4⁺ T cells are increased, as in autoimmune prone animals (7), the risk of generating a self-reactive TCR is increased as well. In light of our findings and the recent report that peripheral CD8⁺ T cells can perform a similar feat (5) a new picture of how the peripheral T cell repertoire is shaped is beginning to emerge.