Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIGURE 1.
Infection of MDDC by Ebola and Lassa viruses. A, Survival of MDDC following Ebola and Lassa virus infection. MDDC (1 × 106 cells) were infected with Ebola or Lassa virus and cultured at 37°C for 6 days. Surviving cells were enumerated by trypan blue exclusion and survival (%) were calculated on days 2, 4, and 6. Inactivated Ebola and Lassa virus, at the same moi, were used as controls. Bars represent the means of two replicate wells, and the error bars represent the SEM. Med, Uninfected cells. B, Immunofluorescence assay showing infection of MDDC by Ebola and Lassa viruses. MDDC cultured with live or inactivated Ebola or Lassa virus for 48 h were fixed with cold acetone, and viral Ags were detected using a pool of monoclonal (for Ebola) or polyclonal Abs (Lassa) (see Materials and Methods) followed by FITC-labeled anti-IgG conjugates. The left upper and lower panels are infected MDDC incubated with normal mouse (for Ebola) or rabbit (Lassa) sera as negative controls. C, Viral replication in MDDC. Live virus was quantified in 48-h cell supernatants of MDDC infected with Ebola or Lassa virus (or inactivated virus as controls) by focus-forming assays. The bar labeled “Start” is the titer of the live virus used to infect each well at the beginning of culture. Bars represent the means of three wells and the error bars represent the SEM.
- FIGURE 2.
Secretion of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators and activation of MDDC in response to Ebola and Lassa viruses. A, Cytokine and chemokine secretion by MDDC (0.5 × 106 cells) cultured for 48 h with live or inactivated Ebola or Lassa viruses, or LPS (1 μg/ml). B, Expression of the costimulatory molecules CD86, CD80, and CD40 on MDDC following Ebola and Lassa virus infection. MFI, Mean fluorescence index.
- FIGURE 3.
Impaired function of DC infected with Ebola or Lassa virus. DC were infected with Ebola or Lassa, washed, and then cultured with naive, allogeneic CD4+ T cells for 5 days. Uptake of [3H]thymidine is shown in the graph as cpm on the y-axis, and MDDC pretreatment condition is shown on the x-axis. Bars and error bars represent the means of quadruplicate cultures from each of four donors and the SEM. TC, T cells alone; Med, medium.
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