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The Journal of Immunology, 2008, 181, 4098 -4106
Copyright © 2008 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.
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Multiple Levels of Selection Responsive to Immunoglobulin Light Chain and Heavy Chain Structures Impede the Development of Dµ-Expressing B Cells1

F. Betul Guloglu2, Brendan P. Smith and Christopher A. J. Roman3

The School of Graduate Studies, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, and The Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Morse Institute for Molecular Genetics, State University of New York–Downstate Medical Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY 11203


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
The truncated/VH-less mouse H chain Dµ forms precursor B cell receptors with the surrogate L chain complex that promotes allelic exclusion but not other aspects of pre-B cell development, causing most progenitor B cells expressing this H chain to be eliminated at the pre-B cell checkpoint. However, there is evidence that Dµ-{lambda}1 complexes can be made and are positively selected during fetal life but cannot sustain adult B lymphopoiesis. How surrogate and conventional L chains interpret Dµ’s unusual structure and how that affects signaling outcome are unclear. Using nonlymphoid and primary mouse B cells, we show that secretion-competent {lambda}1 L chains could associate with both full-length H chains and Dµ, whereas secretion-incompetent {lambda}1 L chains could only do so with full-length H chains. In contrast, Dµ could not form receptors with a panel of {kappa} L chains irrespective of their secretion properties. This was due to an incompatibility of Dµ with the {kappa}-joining and constant regions. Finally, the Dµ-{lambda}1 receptor was less active than the full-length mouse µ-{lambda}1 receptor in promoting growth under conditions of limiting IL-7. Thus, multiple receptor-dependent mechanisms operating at all stages of B cell development limit the contribution of B cells with Dµ H chain alleles to the repertoire.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
B cell development depends on the expression of structurally sound Ig H chain and L chain proteins (reviewed in Ref. 1). H chain and L chain proteins form signal transduction complexes that are required to activate programs of differentiation and cell growth. These receptors thereby serve as a quality control mechanism to establish whether the V(D)J rearrangement process, necessary to assemble Ig genes from component gene segments, created a functional Ig gene. For example, before L chain rearrangement, progression from the progenitor (pro) to precursor (pre) stage of development depends on the ability of the H chain to form a so called precursor B cell receptor (preBCR)4 complex with the surrogate L chain (SLC) components {lambda}5 and VpreB and signal transducers Ig{alpha} and Igβ (2, 3, 4). B cells that synthesize no H chains or H chains that fail to form signaling-competent receptor complexes (either with or without the SLC) due to intrinsic structural flaws are eliminated because of the absence of a preBCR signal. In this way, the SLC selects for H chains with the best likelihood of forming BCRs with L chains that can be regulated by Ag (5, 6).

Other SLC-dependent mechanisms prevent the emergence of B cells expressing Dµ, a truncated mouse H chain that lacks a VH region (Ref. 7 ; reviewed in Ref. 8). Dµ can be synthesized in the mouse before VH-to-DJH joining when DH and JH are joined using reading frame 2 (RF2) of DH. If Dµ were innocuous, more than half of all B cells should carry at least one such rearrangement; however, DH-JH and VH-DJH rearrangements using DH RF2 are vastly underrepresented as early as the pre-B and later mature B cell stages (9, 10). This is because Dµ associates with the SLC complex to form an active but defective preBCR (reviewed in Ref. 11). Studies in vivo with Dµ-transgenic mice have shown that Dµ, like most SLC-dependent full-length H chains, can enact allelic exclusion (suppress VH-to-DJH rearrangement), but in contrast it signals poorly if at all for survival, proliferation, or differentiation of pro-B cells to small pre-B cells and possibly later stages (12, 13). Thus, pro-B cells expressing Dµ could neither developmentally progress nor continue IgH recombination to replace the Dµ rearrangement. A molecular correlate to the signaling impairment is that Dµ-preBCRs fail to be transported out of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to reach post-ER compartments and the cell surface as efficiently as normal preBCRs with full-length H chains (14, 15, 16, 17, 18). Mutational analysis of the SLC demonstrated this was in part because VpreB requires a VH partner for this to occur optimally (16).

There is also indication that L chain-dependent counterselective mechanisms exist at later developmental stages to block the emergence of Dµ+ B cells. Hypothetically, L chain partners that could accommodate Dµ’s unusual structure and form receptors with it might be able to allow Dµ signaling and promote the emergence of B cells with Dµ alleles. However, there is still a bias against RF2 in mature B cells of {lambda}5-deficient mice (19). To help explain this, biochemical studies have shown that Dµ could not associate with two representative {kappa} L chains (15, 17), which was taken to suggest that Dµ-{kappa} complexes could not be made. If this were categorically true, given that {kappa} is the favored L chain isotype in mice, this would be a major barrier for emergence of Dµ-containing B cells.

However, in vivo there is positive selection of in-frame {lambda}1 rearrangements in SCID mice, but not in Rag-deficient mice, which has been attributed to the expression of Dµ H chains (20). Although in SCID mice VH-to-DJH recombination is profoundly impaired, productive {lambda}1 and DH-to-JH rearrangements occur and thus potentially produce Dµ-{lambda}1 receptors responsible for that selection (20). In support of this model, we have shown that Dµ could form Dµ-{lambda}1 receptors that drove proliferation and differentiation of pro-B cells in some cases as well as full-length µ-{lambda}1 complexes (17). Even though in mice {lambda} L chain genes are rearranged later during the pre-B cell stage and less frequently than {kappa} (21), this level is sufficient to allow positive selection of IgM+{lambda}1+ B cells in {kappa} L chain-deficient mice (22, 23). Nevertheless, mature B cells expressing exclusively Dµ-{lambda}1 have not been reported in the adult even when Dµ expression was enforced via a transgene (24), suggesting that other levels of counterselection sensitive to H chain structure might be responsible for preventing the appearance of Dµ-{lambda}1 B cells.

The goals in this study were to determine what structural features and properties of {lambda} and {kappa} L chains would be required for Dµ receptor formation and to gain further insight as to how Dµ structure affects receptor activity. One objective was to establish the relationship of the ability of a L chain to fold autonomously and be secreted to pairing with Dµ. This is because in our studies and in those of others (15, 16), the representative {lambda}1 L chain was secretion competent, whereas the {kappa} L chains were not and depended on association with a full-length H chain for ER release and surface expression. It was hypothesized that this may be an important parameter limiting L chain/Dµ association because Dµ lacks a VH region with which a VL could fold and pair. Given that in several functional assays Dµ-{lambda}1 and µ-{lambda}1 receptors exhibited similar activity (17), another objective was to ask whether other, more stringent conditions might reveal Dµ-{lambda}1 signaling impairments that may help explain why these receptors are not found in the adult. Herein, we show that secretion competency of {lambda}1 L chains was a critical determinant controlling assembly of this class of L chains with Dµ. In contrast, the J and C regions of {kappa} were the intrinsically prohibitive elements irrespective of {kappa} L chain folding status. Studies in primary cells indicated that Dµ-containing receptor complexes were on average less active in supporting cell growth under conditions of limiting IL-7 than wild-type complexes. These results indicate that conventional L chains are in general structurally and functionally incompatible with Dµ. Thus, they serve in synergy with the SLC to block the emergence of B cells expressing this H chain first by severely limiting the frequency of Dµ-BCR formation and then by restricting the signaling output of any rare but fully assembled Dµ-BCR complexes.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
Plasmids

The creation of cDNAs encoding the mouse µ H chain 17.2.25, Dµ, the human µ H chain TG.SA (T), {lambda}1, MOPC{kappa}, and JC{kappa} have been described previously (16). Briefly, JC{kappa} was made by replacing the leader and V{kappa} sequence of a MOPC21{kappa} L chain with the leader of {lambda}1. {lambda}1–{lambda}5 fusions were created by PCR mutagenesis. Sec{kappa} was created by replacing His87 in the V domain of MOPC21{kappa} with Tyr by PCR mutagenesis. The VL of MPC11{kappa} was cloned from mouse genomic DNA using the published MPC11{kappa} sequence (25) and fused to the JC{kappa} region of MOPC21{kappa} by PCR. The cDNAs were subcloned into either MiG (26), a murine retroviral construct that contains the gene encoding the marker GFP linked to the cDNA via an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), or to MihCD4{Delta}, a retroviral plasmid that contains the marker gene encoding hCD4{Delta} similarly linked via an IRES. MihCD4{Delta} was created by replacing IRES-GFP in MiG with the IRES-hCD4{Delta} sequence from pMACS 4.1 (Miltenyi Biotec).

Cells and in vitro cell culture

Human embryonic kidney (HEK) epithelial 293 cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (Invitrogen), 1% penicillin-streptomycin, and L -glutamine (PSG). Short-term primary IL-7-dependent pro-B cell cultures were established by harvesting and plating total bone marrow of 4–6-wk-old Rag1–/–{lambda}5–/– mice (27, 28) in RPMI 1640 (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% FBS, antibiotics (1% penicillin-streptomycin, L -glutamine), 5 x 10–5 M 2-ME, and recombinant IL-7 (100 U/ml = 5 ng/ml; Cell Sciences). Cells were seeded at a density of 0.5–2 x 106 cell/ml and maintained in culture for 2 days before retroviral infections (29, 30). The Rag1–/–{lambda}5–/– v-abl-transformed cells have been described (17). Mouse usage was reviewed and approved by the State University of New York–Downstate Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

Transient transfections

HEK293 cells were cotransfected by calcium phosphate-mediated precipitation of MiG-L chain (4 µg), pEBB-H chain (4 µg), pEBB-Igβ (2 µg), and pEBB-Ig{alpha} (2 µg) plasmids as described (16). Empty pEBB vector was used to normalize the total amount of DNA introduced to cells. Two days later, cells were harvested by incubation with PBS supplemented with 10 mM EDTA, followed by pipetting into single-cell suspensions. Aliquots were prepared for flow cytometry and Western blot analysis as described (16).

Retroviral infections

Retroviruses were produced by calcium phosphate-mediated cotransfection of HEK293 cells with retroviral plasmids plus p{psi}ECO, which encodes ecotropic helper functions (31). Primary cells were spin-infected with recovered supernatants as described (17). Briefly, viral supernatants and polybrene (4–8 µg/ml) were added to 0.5–2 x 106 bone marrow cells per well in 12- or 24-well plates, followed by centrifugation at 2500 rpm at 25°C for 1.5 h. Supernatants were then replaced with fresh medium supplemented with 100 U/ml IL-7 after infection. For double infections, the spin infection was repeated twice with 1 day between infections. Double infections of primary IL-7-dependent pro-B cells were done by first infecting cells with the L chain-MiG viruses, then splitting the infected cells into separate wells for infection with H chain viruses that did not contain a marker gene. Consequently, relative amounts of H chain expression between infected cultures were determined by Western blot of infected cells. Cells were analyzed 2–4 days after infection by flow cytometry and Western blot. Infections of v-abl-transformed cells were done as described (17).

Flow cytometry to track surface marker expression and cell growth

Single-cell suspensions were stained with the following Abs (directed against mouse Ags except where noted) for flow cytometry by standard protocols: anti-CD19-TRI and anti-mouse IgM-PE from Caltag Laboratories; anti-{lambda}5-biotin (LM34), anti-CD2-PE, anti-CD22-PE, and streptavidin-PE from BD Pharmingen; and anti-human IgM-PE and anti-{lambda}1-PE from SouthernBiotech. Analyses of CD2, CD22, and proliferation were performed as described (17, 18). Briefly, the values shown for CD2 and CD22 induction are the percentages of CD19+GFP+ cells that were also CD2+ and CD22+ 4 days and 2 days after infection, respectively. Relative growth was defined as the fold change in the percentge of CD19+GFP+ cells in cultures after 24 or 48 h divided by the fold change in the percentage of CD19+GFP– cells in the same culture over the same time period. The fold change in CD19+GFP– cells in each sample was defined as 1 (no change in relative growth rate) in the bar graphs.

Comparison of the relative abilities of preBCRs/BCRs to support growth over a concentration gradient of IL-7

Two days after infection, each sample was equally divided into six separate cultures, and each was subcultured in different concentrations of IL-7 in 10-fold dilutions from 100 U/ml (5 ng/ml) to 0.01 U/ml (0.5 pg/ml). After 4 days, the growth of CD19+GFP+ cells relative to the growth of CD19+GFP– cells in each culture was calculated, as above. The numbers plotted in the bar graph in Fig. 5 were calculated by dividing the relative fold change in CD19+GFP+ cells at 100 or 0.1 U/ml IL-7 to the relative fold change in CD19+GFP+ cells in the 100 U/ml IL-7 cultures.

Western blotting

Western blots were performed as described (17). The following Abs were used for Western blot: rabbit and goat anti-mouse IgM, µ H chain-specific, hamster {gamma} globulin from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, and goat anti-mouse {kappa} and {lambda}1 from SouthernBiotech. All AP- and HRP-conjugated secondary Abs were from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories and Caltag Laboratories.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
{lambda} L chains must be secretion competent to form surface receptors with Dµ

Our previous studies showed that a secretion-competent {lambda}1 L chain could associate and form surface-expressed, signaling-competent receptor complexes with Dµ, whereas a secretion-incompetent {kappa} L chain did not associate with Dµ (16, 17). Similarly, JC{lambda}5, a truncated {lambda}5 molecule that lacks the UR and is secretion competent, and JC{lambda}1, a secretion-competent and truncated {lambda}1 chain, could associate with Dµ and support Dµ surface expression and, when tested, signaling (Refs. 16, 17 and data not shown). Given that Dµ lacks a VH region, these results suggested that the particular V{kappa} and the VpreB and {lambda}5UR components of the SLC required a complementary VH domain from the H chain partner to fold properly and thereby to allow efficient release of the resultant receptor complexes from the ER. We therefore determined whether secretion competence was a key and general property of L chains indicative of their ability to form receptors with Dµ or if there were other structural features of {kappa} L chains not related to secretory status that were determining factors.

The sequences and properties of the {lambda} class of L chains (which includes the SLC) that controlled receptor formation with Dµ were determined by testing the ability of a panel of chimeric {lambda} L chain-SLC fusion proteins constructed from VpreB, {lambda}5, and {lambda}1 chains to form receptors with Dµ and µ H chains. Fusion F1 (VpreB{Delta}UR-JC{lambda}5) was a single-chain version of the SLC that lacked the unique regions (URs) of both VpreB and {lambda}5, also permitting the evaluation of the URs to receptor formation (Fig. 1). Fusions F2, F3, and F4 contained the JC or C regions of {lambda}5 linked to the VL of {lambda}1 rather than to VpreB (Fig. 1). The ability of these fusion proteins to form receptors with Dµ or µ H chains was first tested in a nonlymphoid human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line. Ig{alpha}- and Igβ-expression plasmids were cotransfected with those carrying the L chain and/or H chain genes to complete the receptor components (16).


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1. Ig L Chains used in this study. Shown on the left is an alignment of the amino acid sequences of the CDR3 region of the naturally occurring and engineered surrogate and conventional L chain molecules used in this study. The amino acids in boldface type in the V regions (Y and W, {lambda} chains; H and Y, {kappa} chains) are those targeted for site-directed mutation that are different among the matched pairs of {lambda} (top set) or {kappa} L chains (bottom set), as discussed in the text. Boldface amino acids in the {lambda} J regions are naturally occurring but are different between {lambda}1 and {lambda}5 chains. Adjacent is a schematic of the natural and engineered L chains (leader (L), V, J, and C regions, not drawn to scale) with the underlined section designating the location of the amino acid sequences elaborated above.

 
F1:VpreB{Delta}UR-JC{lambda}5, F2:V{lambda}1-JC{lambda}5, and F3:VJ{lambda}1-C{lambda}5 L chains were all comparable to {lambda}1 in escorting µ to the cell surface of transfected cells (Fig. 2A, top and bottom sets of panels, and B, top panel; anti-IgM), indicating that these L chain fusion proteins were structurally sound and compatible with a normal H chain. On the other hand, only F3:VJ{lambda}1-C{lambda}5, but not F2:V{lambda}1-JC{lambda}5 or F1:VpreB{Delta}UR-JC{lambda}5, could form a surface receptor complex with Dµ (Fig. 2A, top set of panels, and 2B; anti-IgM). Detection of surface complexes with {lambda}1 and {lambda}5 Abs concurred (Fig. 2A, middle and bottom sets of panels, and 2B, middle and bottom panels). Consistent with the flow cytometry data, Western blot analysis of extracts from transfected cells showed similar amounts of the mature, endo-H-resistant form of µ in the presence of {lambda}1 or the {lambda}1–{lambda}5 and VpreB{Delta}UR-JC{lambda}5 fusion proteins (Fig. 2C). Similarly, the major fraction of Dµ was endo-H resistant in Dµ- F3:VJ{lambda}1-C{lambda}5- and Dµ-{lambda}1-expressing cells, but dramatically lower to undetectable in Dµ-, Dµ plus F2:V{lambda}1-JC{lambda}5-, or F1:VpreB{Delta}UR-JC{lambda}5-expressing cells (Fig. 2C). In parallel with Dµ receptor formation capability, F3:VJ{lambda}1-C{lambda}5 and {lambda}1, but not F2:V{lambda}1-JC{lambda}5 or F1:VpreB{Delta}UR-JC{lambda}5, were secreted into the medium, even though all of the L chains were expressed at comparable levels within the cells (F2 and F3, Fig. 2D; F1, data not shown). Therefore, the ability of these hybrid {lambda} L chains to form surface receptors with Dµ directly correlated with their secretion competency in the nonlymphoid cells.


Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2. BCR formation and L chain secretion in nonlymphoid cells. A, Dot plots of surface IgM, {lambda}1, and {lambda}5 epitope expression (y-axis) by HEK293 cells cotransfected with the indicated H chain and L chain pairs. Transfected cells express the GFP protein (x-axis). B, Bar graph representation of surface stains plotting relative mean fluorescence from A. L chains are indicated below each bar; Dµ and mouse µ H chains are indicated in each panel. C, Western blot of Dµ and µ H chains in HEK293 cells cotransfected with the indicated H chain and L chain constructs. Top panel, Untreated extract; bottom panel, extracts treated with endoglycosidase Hf (Endo-Hf), which cleaves only high mannose N-linked polysaccharides present on immature H chains in the ER (lower band of doublet); mature H chains contain complex, trans-Golgi-derived N-linked polysaccharides that are insensitive and are responsible for its slower migration (upper band of doublet). D, Western blot of {kappa} and {lambda}1 L chains in the medium and in total cell lysates of transiently transfected HEK293 cells (upper panels) or infected v-abl pro-B cells (lower panel) with the indicated H chain and {kappa} or {lambda}1 L chain expression constructs. The VpreB{Delta}C-JC{lambda}5 fusion protein F1 cannot be detected with the anti-{lambda}1 Ab; however, it was detected in the total lysate but not in the medium with rat anti-mouse Ab against {lambda}5 (data not shown).

 

Figure 2A
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  		FIGURE 2A. (continued)

 
Only three amino acids that differ between F2:V{lambda}1-JC{lambda}5 and F3:VJ{lambda}1-C{lambda}5 could account for their differences in secretion competency, with one lying at the junction of the V-J segments and two within the different Js (Fig. 1). Indeed, replacement of the F2 Tyr with Trp was sufficient to convert F2 into a secretion-competent L chain (F4; Figs. 1 and 2D). This new L chain, referred to as F4:V{lambda}1{omega}-JC{lambda}5, behaved comparably to {lambda}1 with respect to forming surface complexes with Dµ (Fig. 2). Therefore, for the {lambda} class of L chains ({lambda}1 and {lambda}5), the barrier for Dµ receptor formation and surface expression appeared to be imposed by the folding properties of the VL domain, either V{lambda}1 or VpreB.

We then asked whether these properties were also evident under more physiological conditions, namely, in primary, IL-7-dependent pro-B cells, which represent the first stage in B cell development in which Dµ and L chains could hypothetically be coexpressed. cDNAs encoding H chain and L chain receptor components were retrovirally transduced into H chain- and L chain-deficient Rag1–/–{lambda}5–/– pro-B cells, which express only the VpreB component of the SLC (17). We focused on comparing Dµ and µ complexes with secretion-incompetent F2 (nonsecreted; herein referred to as F2NS) and F4 (secreted; F4SEC) {lambda} class L chains because only a single amino acid differs between them. Unlike HEK293 cells, the µ-F2NS receptors were expressed at >10-fold lower levels on the surface than were µ-F4SEC and µ-{lambda}1 receptors (Fig. 3A, IgM; Fig. 3B, {lambda}1). Western analysis of infected cells showed that this was not due to differences in total H chain expression but rather corresponded to a proportional decrease in the relative amounts of mature, trans-Golgi-modified µ H chains (Fig. 3C), indicating this was at the level of ER export. These differences between L chains were also evident with the human µ H chain TG.SA, which can form BCRs with mouse {kappa} and {lambda} L chains that support B cell development in mice (Fig. 3, A and B, referred to as "T") (16, 17, 32). As in HEK293 cells, Dµ-F4SEC and Dµ-{lambda}1 receptors were detected on the surface (Fig. 3B; {lambda}1 stains), and no surface Dµ-F2NS complexes could be detected (Fig. 3, A and B). This corresponded to the appearance of the trans-Golgi-modified Dµ species only in Dµ-F4- and Dµ-{lambda}1-expressing cells (Fig. 3, C and D). However, relative surface levels of these Dµ receptors were much less than the corresponding mouse and human µ receptors (Fig. 3, A and B), being barely detectable with the anti-IgM Abs, and despite being expressed comparably to µ receptors in HEK293 cells. These results imply that there are differences in the folding, assembly, and transport of H chains and L chains within the secretory pathway of these two cell types; pro-B cells were more restrictive such that receptor biosynthesis was more sensitive to L chain-secretion competency and H chain structure.


Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3. {lambda}1 L chain’s autonomous folding ability correlates with an increase of surface BCR levels in association with full-length and Dµ H chains, whereas {kappa} L chains can associate only with the full-length H chains in primary pro-B cells. A and B, Flow cytometry analyses of surface BCR expression by Rag1–/–{lambda}5–/– pro-B cells expressing the indicated H chain and/or L chain via retroviruses, as detected either with Abs against IgM (A) or {lambda}1 (B). Shown are representative panels of dot plots, with GFP expression plotted on the x-axis marking infected cells, and bar graphs plotting the average relative IgM or {lambda}1 surface staining of GFP+ cells for each sample set (n ≥ 3, with SE bars shown). In A, IgM stain values of human TG.SA (T) are shown in black in the bar graph to indicate that the human and mouse IgM stains cannot be directly compared with each other because different detecting Abs were required for each. C and D, Immunoblots of mouse µ and Dµ H chain protein expression in primary Rag1–/–{lambda}5–/– cells double-infected with the indicated H chain-expressing retrovirus plus (C) control or the indicated {lambda} L chain or (D) control or the indicated {kappa} L chain.

 
Intrinsic incompatibility of {kappa} sequences with Dµ prohibits Dµ-{kappa} L chain surface receptor formation

Previous studies from our laboratory and those of others have shown that Dµ cannot productively associate with two representative {kappa} L chains (15, 16). The full-length {kappa} L chains used in those studies were secretion incompetent, implying that they required a H chain partner to fold properly. Following the {lambda}1 paradigm, it would have been predicted that on this basis those {kappa} L chains would not form a receptor with Dµ. However, Dµ was not able to form a receptor complex with JC{kappa}, the truncated, VL-less counterpart of JC{lambda}5 (17). However, it was unclear whether JC{kappa} could not associate with Dµ because it could not fold and be secreted like JC{lambda}5, or because there were incompatibilities with {kappa} sequences.

Therefore, the truncated JC{kappa} and a panel of {kappa} L chains were tested for their secretion competency and ability to form surface Dµ-{kappa} receptors. The secretion-incompetent {kappa}1:MOPC21{kappa} we used previously (16) contained a His residue within the V region that is a Tyr or Phe in most {kappa} L chains. Substitution of this His residue in the V region of a nonsecreted VJ{kappa}-C{lambda}1 fusion protein into Phe or Tyr converted this fusion L chain from a nonsecreted into a secreted form (33). Based on this, the His in {kappa}1 was converted to Tyr to create {kappa}3:sec{kappa}. Also tested was the V region from a secreted {kappa} L chain from a MPC11 myeloma cell line ({kappa}2:MPC11{kappa}; Fig. 1) (25).

As shown in Fig. 2D, JC{kappa}, {kappa}2:MPC11{kappa}, and {kappa}3:sec{kappa}, but not {kappa}1:MOPC21{kappa}, were detected in the medium of transfected HEK293 and infected v-abl transformed pro-B cells, even though all were expressed at comparable levels intracellularly. In primary pro-B cells, these {kappa} L chains all formed complexes with the mouse µ H chain that were expressed on the surface, with µ-{kappa}2:sec{kappa} and µ-{kappa}3:MPC11{kappa} BCRs at higher surface µ levels than µ-{kappa}1:MOPC21{kappa} or µ-JC{kappa} (Fig. 3A; the µ-JC{kappa} complexes contain endogenous VpreB, while the µ-{lambda} complexes do not; see Ref. 17). Western blot analysis indicated this directly correlated with differences in the relative amounts of mature, endo-H-resistant µ proteins (Fig. 3D). The human µ H chain TG.SA (T) also could form surface receptors with the full-length {kappa} L chains, although it was not able to form a surface receptor complex with JC{kappa}, as was shown previously (Fig. 3A) (17). There was no detectable surface H chain detected by IgM staining on the surface of cells expressing Dµ with any of the {kappa} L chains irrespective of their secretion competency. Correspondingly, only the immature form of Dµ was detected by Western blot in all cases (Fig. 3D). These results support the idea that {kappa} L chains are categorically incapable of productively associating with Dµ to form surface receptors.

Dµ-L chain and µ-L chain receptor activity generally but not absolutely correlates with relative levels of ER export and surface expression

The signaling competency of µ and Dµ complexes was evaluated by how well they promoted preBCR or BCR-dependent growth and differentiation of primary Rag1–/–{lambda}5–/– pro-B cells. In these cells, de novo receptor expression via retroviral transduction of missing receptor components induces CD2 and CD22 expression and promotes proliferation and survival (17). Among the mouse and human µ-{lambda} BCRs, the µ-{lambda}1 and µ-F4SEC receptors were the most active, displaying similar levels of activity for each H chain, whereas µ-F2NS receptors were less active (Fig. 4A–C). This corresponded to the lower levels of mature and surface-expressed µ-F2NS complexes in pro-B cells compared with the other µ-{lambda} BCRs (Fig. 3A–C). However, whereas µ-{lambda}1 and Dµ-{lambda}1 complexes exhibited comparable levels of activity in the proliferation assay, Dµ-F4SEC complexes were less active than Dµ-{lambda}1, and differences between µ and Dµ complexes in activating CD2 and CD22 expression were more pronounced with F4SEC than with {lambda}1 (Fig. 4A–C). These differences paralleled the lower surface and maturation levels of Dµ with F4SEC compared with {lambda}1 (Fig. 3A–C). Cells expressing Dµ-F2NS did not induce CD2 or CD22 or outgrow Rag1–/–{lambda}5–/– pro-B cells, being indistinguishable from Rag–/–{lambda}5–/– pro-B cells infected with GFP-only, H chain, or L chain viruses alone, and consistent with no ER export or surface expression of this complex.


Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4. Activity of BCR receptor complexes in primary pro-B cells. Rag1–/–{lambda}5–/– pro-B cells were double-infected with retroviruses expressing the indicated H chains alone or plus {lambda} (A–C) or {kappa} (D–F) L chains, and infected cells (GFP+) were evaluated after the appropriate culture period for CD2 expression (48 h later, A and D), CD22 expression (24 h later, B and E), and relative fold increase in population compared with GFP– cells (48 h later, C and F). The H and L chains expressed in each sample are indicated below each bar (n ≥ 6 for all except {kappa}3:sec{kappa}, for which n = 3; SE bars are shown).

 
Overall, µ-{kappa} BCR complexes were also active for signaling in a manner that paralleled relative post-ER H chain maturation and surface receptor expression levels, with µ-{kappa}3 complexes being the most active and on par with µ-{lambda}1 in all cases (Fig. 4D–F). One difference between the mouse µ and human µ H chains was with JC{kappa}, which only productively associated with the mouse H chain. Similarly, no signaling activity above BCR– controls was detected in cells coexpressing any of the {kappa} L chains in conjunction with Dµ (Fig. 4D–F), consistent with the observation that none of the {kappa} L chains was able to promote ER export of Dµ (Fig. 3D).

Interestingly, differences in surface expression and H chain maturation did not always account for some observed differences in receptor activity. Specifically, µ-{kappa}1 and µ-{kappa}2 complexes were expressed at similar or greater levels on the surface than was µ-F2NS (Fig. 3A, IgM stains). They induced CD2 and CD22 expression as well as µ-F2NS, but they were less active than µ-F2NS for proliferation (Fig. 4). Additionally, whereas the mouse µ H chain showed about the same activity in association with {kappa}1 and {kappa}2 (Fig. 4D–F), the human µ H chain T-{kappa}1 receptor was less able to induce CD2 and CD22 expression than T-{kappa}2, even though surface expression levels of the two complexes were equivalent (Fig. 3A, filled bars). Therefore, the clonotypic structure of the Ig components may also influence BCR activity.

Dµ-{lambda}1 is less able to synergize with the IL-7R than the mouse µ-{lambda}1 at low concentrations of IL-7

The above and previous findings indicated that Dµ-{lambda}1 and the mouse and human µ-{lambda}1 complexes exhibited comparable abilities to support Rag1–/–{lambda}5–/– B cell growth, which was surprising considering that mature B cells coexpressing exclusively Dµ and {lambda}1 were not reported in mice when Dµ was expressed from a transgene (13, 24). The experiments found in Ref. 17 and in Fig. 4 were performed in the presence of 100 U/ml IL-7, a high concentration that supports robust pro-B and pre-B cell growth. At lower amounts (0.1 U/ml range) there is significant cell loss in both preBCR+ and preBCR– cells, but pre-B cell growth and survival are more strongly favored due to synergy between the preBCR and IL-7R signaling pathways (29, 30, 34), conditions thought to better represent the physiological environment. Under these more stringent conditions, the Dµ-{lambda}1 receptor was less active than the mouse µ and more comparable to the human, a profile resembling their relative activities in inducing CD2 and CD22 expression.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
Disclosures
 References
 
Dµ provides a unique example of how Ig H chain and surrogate and conventional L chain structure influence receptor signaling and selection of the adult Ig H chain repertoire. At the pre-B cell stage, the Dµ-preBCR signaling impairment appears to primarily affect expression of maturation markers and proliferation whereas allelic exclusion is relatively intact. The findings in this study now suggest that even if Dµ-preBCRs up-regulate L chain germline transcription and rearrangement (12, 13), Dµ appears to be structurally incompatible with any {kappa} and secretion-incompetent {lambda} L chains. Moreover, the data also imply that not only is the Dµ H chain impaired to utilize a broad spectrum of L chains, but even if compatible {lambda} L chains were made, the resulting Dµ-{lambda} receptors would be less able to support development and growth than µ-{lambda} receptors. Thus, multiple mechanisms appear to impede the emergence of Dµ alleles in the mature B cell repertoire.

Interestingly, the mechanisms restricting Dµ-BCR formation were different for the {kappa} and {lambda} L chains. The restrictive entity in {lambda} chains was the VL region, which had to maintain secretion competence to allow receptor formation with Dµ. In contrast, secretion competency was irrelevant for the {kappa} chains, and the inability to form Dµ-{kappa} complexes was due to general incompatibility between {kappa} and Dµ. By comparison, secretion competence of full-length {kappa} L chains enhanced their ability to form BCRs with both mouse and human full-length H chains, particularly in primary pro-B cells. Moreover, JC{kappa} only formed receptors with the mouse but not human full-length H chain and not with Dµ, despite being secretion competent, whereas JC{lambda}5 and JC{lambda}1 were able to do so with all H chains (this study and data not shown). It therefore appears that the {lambda} JCL sequence endows the {lambda}1 L chain with the ability to be more accommodating of H chain structure than {kappa} L chains. This is consistent with the greater flexibility of {lambda} vs {kappa} L chains at "elbows" at the J-C junctional sequences (35). {lambda} L chain usage is a characteristic frequently associated with edited B cells (36). We speculate that this property may reflect the imperative of B cells undergoing editing to self-rescue by L chain replacement with L chains that have the best chance of pairing with whatever H chain is present when the {kappa} locus is exhausted.

Our studies also support the model that the structure of Ig molecules can affect the activity of surface receptors, because observed differences in surface expression could not always account for differences in BCR activity. For example, the ability of µ-{kappa}1:MOPC21{kappa} and µ-{kappa}2:MPC11{kappa} complexes to promote proliferation was less than µ-F2:V{lambda}1JC{lambda}5 even though they were all expressed at similar surface levels (Fig. 3A). Similarly, although the surface expression profiles of mouse and human µ BCR complexes with different full-length L chains were nearly indistinguishable, the human BCRs were not always as active as the corresponding mouse BCRs, with activity frequently more comparable to Dµ-BCRs. We speculate that the impaired signaling properties of Dµ complexes may therefore be due to the combined actions of impaired release of Dµ complexes from the ER and manifestations of structural defects of surface Dµ-{lambda} complexes. Indeed, this has been shown for {lambda}1 BCRs from the SLJ strain of mice, which contain an amino acid polymorphism in the {lambda}1 CL region that renders the surface {lambda}1 BCR complexes signaling impaired (37).

Although the data support the idea that Dµ-{lambda}1 complexes would not promote adult mature B cell survival or differentiation as well as normal H chains, they were not inert nor did they cause deletion in our tissue culture models. This partial activity may therefore explain why H chain alleles using DH RF2 are underrepresented rather than completely absent. Why then might exclusively Dµ-expressing B cells not be found when Dµ expression is enforced (24)? In addition to structural flaws in Dµ that impair signaling, {lambda}1 BCRs in general may be more restricted in their ability to support B cell homeostasis compared with {kappa}, as there is age-dependent loss of {lambda}1-expressing B cells in {lambda}1-transgenic mice via selection of cells that have silenced the transgene and expressed endogenous {kappa} L chains (38). In Dµ-transgenic Rag+ B cells, Dµ and endogenous µ H chains were coexpressed, but the Dµ protein remained in an immature form, consistent with it not pairing with a compatible L chain like {lambda}1 (13, 24). Nevertheless, if Dµ-{lambda}1 receptors are formed, we speculate that their signaling properties may only be compatible with particular B cell populations. One example is fetal B cell progenitors, in which Dµ-{lambda}1 complexes may be a force for positive selection (20); another may be marginal zone B cells, which remained intact in Dµ-transgenic mice (24). Our tissue culture system can show whether any given clonotypic preBCR or BCR forms an active signal transduction complex. However, its readouts for receptor activity represent only a subset of changes characteristic of the pro- to pre-B cell transition. The in vitro system thus provides an important starting point for comparison to in vivo systems in which more elaborate and physiological execution of programs of B cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, allelic exclusion, and activation of the underlying signal transduction pathways can be used as parameters to compare the activity of receptors like Dµ-{lambda}1 and µ-{lambda}1.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank all members of the Roman Laboratory for support, and Dr. S. Gottesman (Pathology, State University of New York-Downstate) and Dr. L. Eckhardt (Hunter College, City University of New York) for critical reading of the manuscript.


   Disclosures
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
References
 
The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.


Figure 5
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  		FIGURE 5. Dµ-{lambda}1 and TG.SA-{lambda}1 complexes are less active than µ-{lambda}1 at promoting survival at low IL-7 concentrations. Relative growth of GFP+CD19+ primary Rag1–/–{lambda}5–/– pro-B cells double-infected with H chain and/or {lambda}1 retroviruses at high (100 U/ml) and low (0.1 U/ml) IL-7 concentrations. Relative fold increase in GFP+ cell number in 4 days was calculated as indicated in Materials and Methods. n = 5, SE bars are shown.

 

   Footnotes
 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1 This work was supported in part by Research Project Grant 00-269-01-LBC from the American Cancer Society, the New York City Council Speaker’s Fund of the New York Academy of Medicine (C.A.J.R.), and the State University of New York. Back

2 Current address: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212. Back

3 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Christopher Roman, State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center at Brooklyn, 450 Clarkson Avenue Box 44, Brooklyn, NY11203. E-mail address: Christopher.Roman{at}Downstate.edu Back

4 Abbreviations used in this paper: preBCR, precursor B cell receptor; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; HEK, human embryonic kidney; IRES, internal ribosomal entry site; pre-B, precursor B; pro-B, progenitor B; RF2, reading frame 2; SLC, surrogate light chain; UR, unique region. Back

Received for publication November 29, 2007. Accepted for publication July 7, 2008.


   References
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 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 

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