HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Related articles in The JI Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Dolfi, D. V. Articles by Katsikis, P. D. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Dolfi, D. V. Articles by Katsikis, P. D.

Late Signals from CD27 Prevent Fas-Dependent Apoptosis of Primary CD8⁺ T Cells¹

Douglas V. Dolfi^*, Alina C. Boesteanu^*, Constantinos Petrovas^*, Dong Xia, Eric A. Butz and Peter D. Katsikis^2,*

^* Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129; and Inflammation Department, Amgen, Seattle, WA 98119

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 
The role of costimulation has previously been confined to the very early stages of the CD8⁺ T cell response. In this study, we demonstrate the requirement for CD27 costimulation during the later phase, but not programming of the primary CD8⁺ T cell response to influenza virus and reveal a novel mechanism of action for CD27 costimulation. CD27 signals, during the later phase of the primary CD8⁺ T cell response, prevent apoptosis of Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells. Blocking CD27L (CD70) on days 6 and 8 after infection reduces the number of NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells, increases their sensitivity to CD95/Fas-mediated apoptosis, and up-regulates FasL on CD4⁺ T cells. This reduction of NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells requires the presence of CD4⁺ T cells and Fas signaling. Lack of CD27 signals also decreases the quality of memory CD8⁺ T cell responses. Memory CD8⁺ T cells, which express surface CD27 similar to naive cells, however, do not require CD27 costimulation during a secondary response. Thus, CD27 acts indirectly to regulate primary Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses by preventing apoptosis of CD8⁺ T cells during the later phase of the primary response and is required for optimal quality of memory cells, but is not required during normally primed secondary CD8⁺ T cell responses.

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 
Production and maintenance of virus-specific CD8⁺ T cells is critical to the adaptive immune response against viruses. TCR, cytokine, and costimulatory signals are all required for the development of an effective anti-viral CD8⁺ T cell response. CD8⁺ T cells are known to express different cell surface Ags such as costimulatory molecules, adhesion molecules, and cytokine receptors as they progress from naive to effector and memory cells (1, 2, 3). These Ags are used to define different cell subsets, but presumably function by interacting with cytokines or costimulatory molecules required during differentiation. TCR stimulation is needed as the first signal for T cell activation; however, additional costimulation or cytokine signals are needed for a full response to develop. Early antigenic (4, 5) signals as well as those from cytokines such as IL-2 (6) have been shown to program CD8⁺ T cell responses. Although costimulation is classically thought to occur only during APC-CD8 interactions in the draining lymph node during the early stages of an immune response, neither the role of costimulation in programming nor its requirement during the later phase of a primary virus-specific CD8⁺ T cell response is known.

The number of known costimulatory molecules has increased drastically since the characterization of CD28 as a costimulator of T cells nearly 20 years ago (7). Many TNFR family members such as CD30 (8, 9), OX40 (10), and 4-1BB (11, 12) have also been shown to be involved in T cell costimulation. The TNFR family member CD27 is known to be present on naive CD8⁺ T lymphocytes (13, 14) as well as NK cells (15) and certain B cell subsets (16, 17). CD27 expression is enhanced by TCR cross-linking or stimulation of CD3 on naive cells (2, 18), but down-regulated after ligation with CD27L (CD70) (19), or PMA stimulation (20). Proliferation of T cells stimulated with PHA or anti-CD3 Ab is enhanced by adding anti-CD27 Abs (20) or CD27L (19, 21). CD27 down-regulation results from decreased transcription (19) and proteolytic cleavage of membrane bound CD27 and gives rise to soluble CD27, which can be used as an indication of T cell activation (22). CD27L is transiently expressed on activated T and B cells upon Ag receptor engagement as well as some dendritic cells (DC)³ (23, 24). Activated T cells up-regulate CD27L and can directly stimulate naive T cells through CD27, which causes down-regulation of CD27 and up-regulation of CD25 (25). CD27 is also expressed on and is a marker of memory CD8⁺ T cells. However, TCR stimulation of memory cells does not induce CD27 up-regulation on these cells and a role for CD27 signaling has not been established during a recall response (26).

More recently, it has been shown that mice lacking CD27 are deficient in responding to TCR stimulation and infection with influenza A virus (27). Infected CD27^–/– mice produced lower CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell numbers in the lung as compared with infected wild-type animals. These decreases translated to reduced CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell numbers during a secondary challenge. However, effector function of CD8⁺ T cells, IFN- production, and cytotoxicity were not affected by a lack of CD27. CD27L transgenic mice, in contrast, deplete their naive T cell pool by inducing CD44^highCD62L^– effector-memory cells (28, 29). This suggests that the CD27/CD27L interaction leads to the production of effector memory cells, which is important for the secondary immune response. CD8⁺ T cells lacking CD27 costimulation, as well as 4-1BB and OX40, during the primary infection, have also been show to have a decreased capacity to expand to secondary infection (30).

In the current study, we investigated the mechanism of CD27 action on CD8⁺ T cell immune responses to influenza A infection. By treating infected mice with a mAb to CD27L, we can examine differences in CD8⁺ T cell expansion, survival, and effector function during specific phases of an active viral immune response attributed to CD27 signaling. Our studies show that CD27/CD27L interactions play a definitive role in the primary CD8⁺ T cell response. Blocking CD27L decreases the number of Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells at the peak of the response (day 10), but has no effect during the programming of the antiviral CD8⁺ T cell response (up to day 7 after infection). Furthermore, treatment with anti-CD27L mAb starting on day 6 after infection, significantly decreases the number of CD8⁺ T cells responding to the immunodominant NP_(366–374) epitope of influenza type A virus-infected animals. This decrease was due to enhanced apoptosis and requires CD4⁺ T cells, as blocking CD27L does not affect CD8⁺ T cell responses in class II-deficient animals. This apoptosis was CD95/Fas but not TNF- or TRAIL dependent. CD27-CD27L interactions do not participate in the expansion of virus-specific memory CD8⁺ T cells during a secondary response, as blocking CD27L does not modify the recall response of animals primed in the absence of treatment. Memory formation is, however, disrupted if CD27L is blocked during the primary response. Although the quantity of memory generated is not affected, quality is, as cells exhibit a qualitative deficit in their ability to expand in response to a secondary infection. CD27 costimulation therefore has an indirect yet crucial effect on survival during the late phase of the primary CD8⁺ T cell response and is required for the quality of memory cells generated, but is not required during secondary CD8⁺ T cell responses.

	Materials and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 
Mice and infections

C57BL/6J, Fas-deficient, and TNFR1-deficient mice (The Jackson Laboratory) and MHC class II-deficient mice (Taconic Farms) were kept in an American Association of Laboratory Animal Care certified barrier facility at the Drexel University College of Medicine Queen Lane Campus animal facility. TRAIL-deficient animals were a generous gift from Amgen. Animal work was conducted according to approved Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocols. Mice were primed or infected at 7–9 wk of age. Mice were completely anesthetized with 2,2,2-tribromoethanol (250 mg/kg i.p.; Acros) before intranasal (i.n.) inoculations. Mice were infected by i.n. administration of 256 hemagglutination units of A/HKX31 (HKX31, H3N2) influenza virus in a total volume of 20 µl. The primary response was examined by harvesting cells from lung, mediastinal lymph nodes, spleen, and blood on various days after infection. For secondary responses mice were primed i.p. with 1280 hemagglutination units of influenza A/PR8/34 (PR8, H1N1) virus in a total volume of 100 µl followed by the same i.n. infection as in the primary response 30 or 60 days post priming. Cells were recovered on day 5 or 7 after infection from the same tissues as in primary infections for analysis of the secondary response. Infected mice were treated i.p. with 100 µg anti-CD27L mAb (clone M681, rat IgG1; Amgen) or rat IgG1 isotype control (no azide, low endotoxin, eBioscience) on days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 after infection for treatment during the primary response, on days 6 and 8 during the primary response, and days 0, 2, and 4 after infection for treatment during secondary immune response.

CD27L binding inhibition assay

M681 anti-CD27L Ab’s neutralizing activity was demonstrated using a CD27 binding competition assay. CD27L expressing 2PK-3 murine lymphoma cells (ATCC TIB-203) were incubated with 8 µg/ml mCD27-hIgG1 Fc (Amgen) in the presence or absence of rat anti-mouse CD27L mAbs M681 or M682 (Amgen). A hIgG1-Fc construct of irrelevant specificity (huHB15Fc; Amgen) was used as a negative control to determine nonspecific binding. After incubating for 30 min on ice, the cells were washed and mCD27-hIgG1 Fc binding was detected using a biotinylated goat anti-human IgG1 secondary Ab (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) followed by streptavidin-PE (BD Biosciences). Fluorescence was measured on a FACSCalibur instrument (BD Biosciences) and analyzed using FCS Express software (De Novo Software).

Isolation of pulmonary lymphocytes

Pulmonary lymphocytes were isolated from individual mice by removing each lobe and mincing into smaller pieces. The tissue was then digested for 2 h at 37°C with 3.0 mg/ml collagenase D, and 0.15 µg/ml DNase I (Roche) in RPMI 1640 (Mediatech) containing 5% heat-inactivated FBS (Invitrogen Life Technologies), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 IU/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin (Mediatech). The digested tissue was then run through a 40-µm cell strainer (Falcon) and washed in the same media as above. Total mononuclear cells were separated over a density gradient of Lympholyte-M (Cedarlane Laboratories) centrifuged at 1300 x g for 20 min at room temperature. Media gradient interface was harvested and washed before viable cells were counted in ethidium bromide/acridine orange under UV light.

Flow cytometry

Influenza virus NP-specific CD8⁺ T cells were detected using MHC class I tetramers. Tetramers were prepared by linking four biotinylated monomeric H-2D^b class I MHC molecules refolded in the presence of equimolar amounts of β₂-microglobulin and excess peptide representing the immunodominant nuclear protein (NP) epitope (366–374, ASNENMETM, NP₃₆₆) to allophycocyanin-labeled streptavidin (Molecular Probes). Cells were colabeled with PE-Cy5 (eBioscience) or Alexa Fluor 405 (Caltag Laboratories) anti-mouse CD8a and PE anti-mouse Fas or FasL (BD Pharmingen). PE-conjugated anti-CD27 (clone LG.7F9; eBioscience) was used for CD27 expression stains. Active caspase-3 was detected using CaspaTag caspase-3, 7 in situ assay kit (Chemicon). Cells were incubated for 1 h at 37°C with fluorescein-labeled DEVD peptide before surface staining. Intracellular staining for Ki-67 was performed after surface staining using the FITC-labeled Ab set (BD Pharmingen). Cells were then permeabilized, fixed, and stained using the Cytofix/Cytoperm Kit (BD Pharmingen). Cells were stained on ice for 30 min in 20 µl of FACS wash buffer containing HBSS (Mediatech), 3% heat inactivated horse serum (Invitrogen Life Technologies), 0.02% sodium azide (Fisher Scientific). Cells were then rinsed twice in wash buffer and fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde (Fisher Scientific). Data were collected on a FACSCalibur using CellQuest software (BD Biosciences) or FACS Aria using FACS Diva software. Analysis was performed using FlowJo software (Tree Star).

Cytotoxicity assays

EL4 target cells, 0.5 x 10⁶ cells/ml, were loaded with 10 µg NP_(366–374) peptide for 16 h at 37°C with 5% CO₂. Cells were then washed in 5% RPMI 1640 and resuspended in a 100 µCi ⁵¹Cr solution (1 µCi/µl sodium chromate; PerkinElmer) per 2 x 10⁶ cells. Cells were incubated for 75 min at 37°C with 5% CO₂ and resuspended every 15 min with gentle tapping. After 75 min the cells were washed twice in 5% RPMI 1640, then resuspended in 10% RPMI 1640 and diluted to 1 x 10⁵ cells/ml. Target cells were then added to wells of 96-well V-bottom plates (Costar), 10⁴ cells/100 µl per well, containing different ratios of effector cells. Plates were spun for 30 s at 500 x g and incubated for 6 h at 37°C with 5% CO₂. After 6 h, plates were spun down at 500 x g for 5 min and 30 µl of supernatant were transferred to 96-well Lumaplates (Packard Instruments). Plates were allowed to dry overnight then read with a Top Count-NXT Microplate Luminescence-Scintillation Counter (Packard Instruments).

Fas stimulations

Pulmonary mononuclear cells collected at day 7 after infection from anti-CD27L Ab-treated or untreated mice were cultured with 1.0 x 10⁶cells/well in 24-well plates coated with anti-CD95 10 µg/ml (clone Jo2; BD Pharmingen) at 37°C for 6 h. Cells were then stained for activated caspase-3 as described above along with the LIVE/DEAD Fixable Violet Dead Cell Stain Kit (Invitrogen Life Technologies). Cells were also stained with Alexa Fluor 405 anti-mouse CD8a (Caltag Laboratories) and NP_(366–374) tetramers to define Ag-specific populations. Fas-specific apoptosis was calculated as ((percent caspase-3⁺ in Fas-coated wells – percent caspase-3⁺ uncoated wells)/(100% – percent caspase-3⁺ uncoated wells)) x 100%.

Intracellular IFN- staining

Freshly isolated pulmonary mononuclear cells were aliquoted into sterile round-bottom polystyrene tubes (1.0 x 10⁶ cells/tube). Cells were pelleted and resuspended in 200 µl of RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Invitrogen Life Technologies), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 IU/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin (Mediatech), that contained 10 µg/ml NP_(366–374) peptide. Cells were then incubated at 37°C with 5% CO₂ for 12 h adding brefeldin A for the last 6 h. After the incubation, cells were washed once with wash buffer and surface stained for CD8 as described above. Cells were then stained with allophycocyanin anti-mouse IFN- using the Cytofix/Cytoperm Kit (BD Pharmingen).

Memory cell transfer experiments

CD8⁺ T cells from spleens of mice infected and treated or not treated with anti-CD27L 60 days prior were isolated and purified using the Spin-Sep Murine cell enrichment kit (Stemcell Technologies). Cell NP_(366–374)-specific memory CD8⁺ cells (2.5 x 10⁴) were transferred into naive host by tail vein injection. Mice were then infected the following day as described above.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 
CD27 expression and M681 blocking anti-mouse CD27L mAb

CD27 expression throughout the course of influenza virus infection was determined in several mouse strains (Fig. 1, A and B). Little to no variation was seen in the levels or percentage of CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cells expressing CD27 in the lung while responding to the influenza virus. M681 an IgG1 anti-murine CD27L mAb was shown to inhibit soluble murine CD27 binding to CD27L (Fig. 1C). When M681 Ab was added to an assay that measured the binding of soluble mouse CD27-Fc fusion protein to CD27L-expressing 2PK-3 murine lymphoma cells, M681 inhibited binding by >90% (Fig. 1C). The non-neutralizing murine CD27L-specific mAb M682 failed to block CD27-Fc fusion protein binding to 2PK-3 cells and served as a negative control (Fig. 1C). Nonspecific binding of fusion proteins was determined with a hIgG1-Fc construct of irrelevant specificity (huHB15Fc fusion protein). NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells or any other lung cell population were not deleted in mice by day 7 after treatment (Fig. 2, B and C, data not shown). Thus, the M681 mAb is a neutralizing anti-CD27L Ab and does not deplete cells in vivo.

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 1. CD27 expression and M681 anti-CD27L blocking mAb blocking CD27-CD27L interactions. A, Expression of CD27 on CD4+ T cells (left panel) or CD8+ T cells (right panel), in the lungs of C57BL/6, LPR, and MHC class II-deficient mice, on 7 days after infection. B, Kinetics of CD27 expression on the surface of lung CD4+ (left panel) or CD8+ (right panel) T cells during the primary immune response to influenza virus, in these mouse strains. C, M681 Ab inhibits the binding of soluble mouse mCD27-Fc fusion protein to 2PK-3 cells. CD27L-positive mouse 2PK-3 cells incubated with mCD27-hIgG1 Fc and the indicated concentrations of M681 or M682 rat anti-mouse CD27L mAbs. As controls, the cells were incubated with mCD27-hIgG1 alone (positive control) or a hIgG1-Fc construct of irrelevant specificity (huHB15Fc) (negative control). The non-neutralizing anti CD27L Ab M682 is also shown. Data are presented as mean channel of fluorescence of live-gated cells and are representative of three independent experiments. D, Mouse 2PK-3 cells expressing CD27L (mCD27L) were stained with either M681 rat anti-mouse CD27L mAb or with an Ab to CD27, to show specificity of the M681 Ab binding.

View larger version (42K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 2. CD27L signals are required during the later phase of the NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cell responses. A, Absolute numbers of pulmonary CD8+ T cells specific for the immunodominant NP(366–374) epitope of influenza virus, found in the lungs of anti-CD27L-treated or untreated animals, at different time points after infection. Quantitation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells at several time points after infection was done by flow cytometry, using H2-Db tetramers complexed with the NP(366–374) peptide. Data represent average number (±SEM) of tetramer-staining CD8+ T cells recovered from the lung of infected animals. B, Mice were infected with influenza virus and then treated or not with anti-CD27L Ab (days 0, 2, 4, and 6). Representative FACS plots are shown, indicating the percentage of NP(366–374) tetramer staining cells within the CD8+ T cell population in the lungs of infected mice, 7 days after i.n. infection with influenza virus. C, Pooled data shown from two independent experiments indicating the percentages (left panel) or total numbers (right panel) of lung NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells tetramers in mice infected 7 days earlier with influenza virus, that were treated or not with anti-CD27L Ab. Each symbol represents a single animal and the horizontal line marks the average for each group. Bars, Average numbers (±SEM) of NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells in the lung of animals in each treatment group; n = 6 mice. D, Day 10 NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells in mice treated with anti-CD27L Ab every other day throughout the primary infection, starting on day 0 up to day 10. Representative FACS plots are shown, indicating percentages of pulmonary CD8+ T cells staining positive for NP(366–374)-specific tetramers, at day 10 after infection, in mice that were treated or not with anti-CD27L Ab. E, Pooled data from two independent experiments showing percentages (left panel) and absolute numbers (right panel) of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells recovered from the lung of anti-CD27L-treated, isotype control-treated or untreated animals 10 days after influenza virus infection. Each symbol represents a single animal and horizontal lines mark the average for each treatment group. Bars, Average (±SEM) number of NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells in the lung of animals in each treatment group; n = 6 mice. F, Specific cytotoxicity of lung CD8+ T cells from untreated or anti-CD27L Ab-treated (days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8) mice, against NP(366–374) peptide-loaded targets. Each symbol is the mean (±SEM) of the values obtained from three animals, at the indicated E:T ratio. G, Mice were infected with influenza virus and then treated or not with anti-CD27L Ab only on days 6 and 8 after infection. Representative FACS plots are shown, indicating percentages of lung NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells, on day 10 after influenza infection, in untreated animals or animals treated with anti-CD27L mAb on days 6 and 8 after infection. H, Pooled data from four independent experiments showing percentages (left panel) and absolute numbers (right panel) of day 10 lung influenza-specific CD8+ T cells in animals treated only on days 6 and 8 after influenza infection. Each symbol represents a single animal and horizontal lines mark the average for each treatment group. Bars, Average (±SEM) number of NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells in the lung of animals in each treatment group. I, Specific cytotoxicity of lung CD8+ T cells from untreated or anti-CD27L Ab-treated (only days 6 and 8) mice, against NP(366–374) peptide-loaded targets. Each symbol is the mean (±SEM) of the values obtained from three animals, at the indicated E:T ratio.

Previous data have demonstrated that mice deficient in CD27 have decreased influenza-specific CD8⁺ T cells at the peak of the primary response on day 10, but show little to no difference at day 6 after infection (27). To distinguish between the specific requirement of CD8⁺ T cells for CD27 signaling during an immune response, either early during programming of T cells or later in the response, and to exclude potential confounding effects of the absence of CD27 during T cell development, we treated wild-type C57BL/6J influenza type A virus-infected mice with a blocking nondepleting mAb directed against CD27L, starting on day 0 after infection and then every other day until day 8. Digested lung tissue from infected mice was analyzed for NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells at various time points after infection (Fig. 2A). Neither relative percentage of CD8⁺ T cells nor absolute numbers of NP_(366–374)-specific cells differed in treated animals on day 7 after infection as compared with untreated animals (Fig. 2, B and C). In untreated animals, 2.26 ± 0.52% (mean ± SEM) of total CD8⁺ T cells were specific for NP_(366–374) as compared with 2.38 ± 0.32% (n = 6) in anti-CD27L-treated mice (Fig. 2, B and C). Absolute numbers were likewise unaffected in lungs from untreated and anti-CD27L-treated animals containing 6.39 ± 1.51 x 10⁴ and 5.82 ± 0.70 x 10⁴ NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells respectively (Fig. 2C). However, on day 10, the peak of the immune response, pulmonary NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells were greatly reduced where NP_(366–374)-specific cells made up 8.40 ± 1.38% of pulmonary CD8⁺ T cells in untreated animals and 3.80 ± 1.18% (p < 0.01) of pulmonary CD8⁺ T cells in anti-CD27L-treated animals and 8.64 ± 1.08% for isotype controls (p < 0.02) (Fig. 2, D and E). Absolute numbers of NP_(366–374) CD8⁺ T cells in mice treated every other day up to day 8 were reduced to 0.87 ± 0.33 x 10⁵ from 2.57 ± 0.55 x 10⁵ and 2.64 ± 0.78 x 10⁵ for anti-CD27L Ab, untreated and isotype control-treated, respectively (n = 6, p < 0.025, p < 0.04) (Fig. 2E). We also tested the ability of pulmonary lymphocytes to kill NP_(366–374) peptide-loaded targets. The percent maximum killing was decreased in anti-CD27L Ab-treated animals by between 57 and 70% at each E:T ratio (Fig. 2F). We therefore reasoned that CD27 signaling might be important during the later stages as opposed to early programming events of the primary immune response. Treatment with anti-CD27L Ab starting on day 6 after infection decreased the percentage of pulmonary CD8⁺ T cells specific for NP_(366–374) from 10.8 ± 0.9% in untreated animals to 5.93 ± 0.33% (p < 0.0002), as determined on day 10 after infection (Fig. 2, G and H). This was accompanied with a decrease in absolute NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cell numbers from 7.70 ± 1.26 x 10⁵ to 2.06 ± 0.37 x 10⁵ (n = 12 untreated and n = 10 anti-CD27L treated; p < 0.001) with anti-CD27L treatment (Fig. 2H) and also by a 44–54% decrease in in vitro lung NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cell cytotoxicity in anti-CD27L Ab-treated animals (Fig. 2I). The reduction of NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells was similar to the nearly 3-fold reduction seen when anti-CD27L Ab was delivered throughout the entire course of infection. Thus, the effect of CD27 signaling on the antiviral CD8⁺ T cells response mainly occurs at the later stages of the response. This is especially interesting, as costimulation is classically believed to play a role during the early priming stages of a developing immune response and suggests temporal differences between various costimulatory requirements.

CD27 signals prevent apoptosis of Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells during the later phase of the virus-specific response

The above data demonstrated the critical interval for CD27 costimulation in the anti-viral CD8⁺ T cell response. We therefore explored the mechanism by which blocking CD27 is affecting the response during the later phase. Mechanisms by which CD27 may increase the number of pulmonary virus-specific CD8⁺ T cells are to promote proliferation or survival or aid in the migration of activated CD8⁺ T cells into infected tissues. Previous data have shown that although proliferation is decreased in CD27-deficient T cells, the number of cell divisions, however, is unchanged (27). We found that Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells are not sequestered in other tissues such as the blood, mediastinal lymph node, or spleen after anti-CD27L Ab treatment as cell numbers in these tissues were decreased as compared with untreated controls (data not shown), therefore inhibition of migration does not seem to be a plausible mechanism. To examine proliferation of NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells, lymphocytes isolated from the lungs of anti-CD27L Ab-treated or untreated animals were stained for Ki-67 expression levels on days 7 through 10 after infection after treatments on days 6 and 8. The percentage of Ki-67-expressing NP_(366–374) CD8⁺ T cells did not differ between treated and untreated animals (data not shown). Treatment with anti-CD27L Ab did however increase the number of NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells on day 7 staining positive for activated caspase-3 to 14.68 ± 3.89% from 8.7 ± 1.52% (n = 6, p < 0.05) in untreated animals (Fig. 3). Thus, although CD27 costimulation is not required to enter cell cycle in vivo, CD27 signaling does play a role in the survival of Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 3. CD27 signals inhibit caspase-mediated apoptosis in Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. A, NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells stain positive for caspase-3, as a marker of apoptosis, after anti-CD27L mAb treatment in the late phase of the primary CD8+ T cell response to influenza infection. FACS plots are shown, indicating percentages of NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells staining positive for active caspase-3 on day 7 after virus infection, in the lung of animals treated on day 6 after infection with anti-CD27L Ab or left untreated. B, Pooled percentages of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells staining positive for active caspase-3 in untreated animals () or animals treated with anti-CD27L Ab () on day 6 after infection, shown. Bars mark the average percentage (±SEM) of six mice from each treatment group, on day 7 after infection.

We also sought to determine whether CD27 was acting directly on CD8⁺ T cells or indirectly through another cell type. Because our Ab is directed against the ligand of CD27, treatment could be affecting CD4 or CD8 T cells, B cells, or APCs. We therefore repeated our experiments using MHC class II-deficient mice to examine whether activated CD4⁺ T cells play a role in this model. Interestingly, anti-CD27L treatment of MHC class II knockout animals had no effect on the influenza-specific CD8⁺ T cell response. Class II-deficient animals had 11.7 ± 1.93% of CD8⁺ T cells specific for NP_(366–374) or 4.46 ± 0.57 x 10⁵ cells as compared with 10.9 ± 1.46% or 4.33 ± 0.56 x 10⁵ Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells with anti-CD27L treatment (n 5 for all samples; p < 0.0025) (Fig. 4, A and B). These data suggest that inhibition of the Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cell response by CD27L blockade requires the presence of CD4⁺ T cells. This may be a direct or an indirect effect. It may be mediated by blocking CD27 signaling on CD4⁺ T cells that could be affecting the CD8⁺ T cell response either directly or indirectly through CD4⁺ T cell-APC interactions. In contrast, blocking CD27 signaling may be occurring on another cell type, which interacts with CD4⁺ T cells to down-modulate the CD8⁺ T cell response.

View larger version (43K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 4. The decreased CD8+ T cell response when blocking CD27L is CD4+ T cell and Fas dependent. A, Representative FACS plots indicating day 10 pulmonary NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells from influenza-infected wild-type and MHC class II-deficient mice, untreated or treated with anti-CD27 on days 6 and 8 after infection shown. B, Squares (untreated) or triangles (anti-CD27L treated) represent a single animal and horizontal line marks the average for each treatment group. Bar graphs showing mean (±SEM) of pooled absolute numbers of lung virus-specific CD8+ T cells on day 10 after infection. C, Representative FACS plots are shown, indicating percentages of day 10 lung NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells in LPR and wild-type mice treated during the late phase (day 6 and 8) of the primary response to influenza infection. D, Pooled data from three independent experiments showing the effect of anti-CD27L treatment on percentages and absolute numbers of CD8+ T cells specific for NP(366–374) on day 10 after infection, in wild-type and LPR mice.

Given that both CD4⁺ T cells and Fas signaling were required for apoptosis of virus-specific CD8⁺ T cells, we examined whether FasL is up-regulated on CD4⁺ T cells when CD27L is blocked. Indeed, this did prove to be the case where 1.31 ± 0.22% of pulmonary CD4⁺ T cells expressed FasL in untreated animals on day 7 after infection which increased to 3.58 ± 1.17% (n = 6, p < 0.05) with anti-CD27L Ab treatment (Fig. 5, A and B). The sensitivity of Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis was also increased in the absence of CD27 costimulation during in vitro Fas stimulation. Fas-specific apoptosis was not increased over spontaneous apoptosis in NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells from untreated mice however anti-CD27L Ab-treated mice had clearly increased Fas-specific apoptosis to 7.02 ± 2.09% (n = 3, p < 0.02) (Fig. 5, C and D). Thus, blocking CD27L not only increases FasL expression on CD4⁺ T cells but also increases Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cells sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Although the above do not definitively prove that CD4⁺ T cells are mediating this apoptosis, our data strongly suggest this.

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 5. Lack of CD27 signals increases FasL expression on pulmonary CD4+ T cells and Fas sensitivity of NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells. A, Representative FACS plots showing percentages of lung CD4+ T cells staining for FasL (bottom) or isotype control Ab (top), on day 7 after virus infection, in mice treated with anti-CD27L Ab or left untreated. B, Pooled percentages from two independent experiments showing the mean percentage (±SEM) of CD4+ T cells expressing high FasL levels (n = 6). C, Activated caspase-3 staining of day 7 NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells from lung of untreated or anti-CD27L Ab-treated mice. D, Mean percentage (±SEM) of NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells staining positive for activated caspase-3, in lungs of mice treated or not with anti-CD27L Ab.

To assess the effect of CD27 on the formation of CD8⁺ T cell memory, animals were treated during the primary response to Influenza virus infection and examined after memory populations were allowed to form. Interestingly, we saw little difference in the size of the Ag-specific memory CD8⁺ T cell populations. NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells in the lung were 2.91 ± 0.6% of CD8⁺ T cells in untreated animals as compared with 2.36 ± 0.47% in treated animals (Fig. 6A). The absolute numbers were 2.69 ± 0.63 x 10⁴ Ag-specific memory CD8⁺ T cells in untreated animals and 1.61 ± 0.20 x 10⁴ in treated animals (n = 12 animals per group) (Fig. 6B). Numbers were also not different in the spleens of anti-CD27L-treated animals containing 0.80 ± 0.16 x 10⁵ NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells as compared with 1.09 ± 0.23 x 10⁵ Ag-specific cells in untreated animals (n = 12) (Fig. 6B). However, after reinfection, these animals failed to produce similar Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cell populations in the lung at day 7, the peak of the secondary response. Anti-CD27L treatment during the primary response decreased both virus-specific CD8⁺ T cell numbers and frequencies during the secondary response (Fig. 6, C and D). Frequencies of NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T cells in the lung were reduced to 28.2 ± 1.90% in anti-CD27L Ab-treated mice from 47.1 ± 5.51% (n = 3, p < 0.05) in untreated mice (Fig. 6, C and D). Total NP_(366–374)-specific cells were likewise decreased to 1.28 ± 0.19 x 10⁶ with anti-CD27L mAb treatment from 2.62 ± 0.41 x 10⁶ (p < 0.05) in animals with no treatment (Fig. 6D). To examine whether this reduced expansion during a secondary response was due to a qualitative defect of memory cells from anti-CD27L-treated animals, we performed adoptive transfers. Transfer of equal numbers (2.5 x 10⁴) of NP_(366–374)-specific CD8⁺ T memory cells from anti-CD27L-treated or untreated animals into naive hosts followed by rechallenge, results in decreased expansion of Ag-specific memory CD8⁺ T cells from 17.08 ± 2.84-fold in untreated to 12.60 ± 0.97-fold in anti-CD27L treated animals (n = 6, p < 0.05) (Fig. 7C). Furthermore, memory CD8⁺ T cells from anti-CD27L mAb-treated animals restimulated in vitro with NP_(366–374) peptide produced significantly less IFN- 567 ± 52.2 mean fluorescence intensity as compared with untreated animals 733 ± 32.6 (n = 6, p < 0.025) (Fig. 7, A and B). These results demonstrate that anti-CD27L treatment during a primary response decreases the subsequent influenza-specific CD8⁺ T cell secondary response without changing memory population size. Therefore, CD27 signaling is indispensable for optimal quality of Ag-specific CD8⁺ T cell memory generated following a primary immune response.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 6. NP(366–374)-specific memory CD8+ T cell populations do not differ quantitatively but are qualitatively impaired in mice treated with anti-CD27L Ab. A, FACS plots indicating percentages of day 60 lung NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells in mice untreated (left) or treated (right) with anti-CD27L Ab. B, Pooled data from three experiments showing absolute numbers of NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells isolated from lung and spleen 60 days after infection. Each symbol represents one animal and the horizontal line marks the mean for each treatment group; n = 12 mice. C, Animals were either untreated or treated during the primary immune response with anti-CD27L Ab and rechallenged with virus 60 days later. FACS plots indicating percentages of NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells in the lungs of mice on day 7 of the secondary immune response to influenza virus infection. D, Percentages and absolute numbers of NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells in the lungs of mice at day 7 of the secondary immune response. The horizontal line marks the mean for each treatment group. Bar graphs represent the mean (±SEM) absolute number of NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells recovered from lungs on day 7 after reinfection.

View larger version (45K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 7. Memory cells respond less efficiently to secondary challenge after blocking CD27L during the primary response. A, Splenocytes isolated from mice infected with influenza virus 60 days earlier, and treated or not with anti-CD27L Ab during the primary immune response, were in vitro stimulated with NP(366–374) peptide for 5 h in the presence of Golgi plug. IFN- intracellular staining of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells in mice treated or not with anti-CD27L Ab, is shown. B, Mean fluorescence intensity values shown from six individual animals in each treatment group, after in vitro stimulation for 12 h with NP(366–374) peptide. C, Treatment with anti-CD27L Ab during the primary immune response affects the expansion of memory virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Twenty-five thousand day 60 memory NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells from animals that were either untreated or treated with anti-CD27L Ab during the primary response were transferred into naive C57BL/6 recipients. Recipients were then challenged with influenza A virus and the immune response examined 7 days later. The ratios of recovered to transferred NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells from two independent experiments, are shown.

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 8. CD27 signaling is not required for secondary expansion of memory CD8+ T cells. A, Expression of CD27 on day 60 NP(366–374)-specific memory CD8+ T cells is equivalent to that of naive CD8+ T cells. FACS histograms and mean fluorescence intensity values shown. B, Representative FACS plots indicating percentages of NP-specific CD8+ T cells in the lungs of mice on day 7 after rechallenge; mice were treated on days 0, 2, and 4 after rechallenge with anti-CD27L Ab (right panel) of left untreated (left panel). C, Percentages of lung NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells (left panel) and mean (±SEM) absolute numbers of NP(366–374)-specific CD8+ T cells (right panel) recovered from the lung on day 5 of the secondary immune response, in mice that were treated or not with anti-CD27L Ab. The horizontal line marks the mean of each treatment group. Data pooled from two independent experiments.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

DC are critical in the expansion of effector and the formation of memory CD8⁺ T cells (36). Expression of CD27L on DC may represent the initial source of CD27 stimulation, but direct interaction between CD27L on DC and CD27 on CD8⁺ T cells has not been demonstrated in vivo. We should note that staining of lung DC and T cells for CD27L expression using the FR-70 mAb did not differ from isotype control stains (data not shown), however in vitro generated and activated bone-marrow derived DC could be readily stained as previously reported (29).

Furthermore, we have demonstrated that CD27 signaling affects CD8⁺ T cells in vivo during a primary response and that requires the presence of CD4⁺ T cells. Recent studies have also shown the need for CD4⁺ T cell help in the formation of memory, but not CD8⁺ T cell memory expansion (37, 38). This has been proposed to be either direct through CD40-CD40L signaling or indirect through CD4⁺-mediated APC activation (39, 40, 41), but may also be mediated through CD27 signaling in light of our results. CD27, however, seems to be more important for CD8⁺ T cell expansion than for CD4⁺ T cell expansion (27), further obscuring this molecule’s function. Our data show that blocking CD27 signaling indirectly affects CD8⁺ T cells through CD4⁺ T cells that play a role in deleting CD8⁺ T cells when CD27 signaling is absent. Although lack of CD27 signals lead to increased FasL expression on CD4⁺ T cells and increased apoptosis of CD8⁺ T cells, and we believe this suggests a direct effect of CD27 signals on CD4⁺ T cells, we have not formally proven this. It is possible that we are blocking CD27L on CD4⁺ T cells but that the apoptosis of CD8⁺ T cells is mediated by a third cell type. In contrast, it is possible that we are inhibiting CD27 signaling on another cell type, such as an APC, which in turn instructs the CD4⁺ T cell or another cell to induce apoptosis of CD8⁺ T cells. Thus, although we have ruled out a direct action of CD27 signals on CD8⁺ T cells, how CD27 signals prevent Fas-mediated killing of CD8⁺ T cells, and the precise interplay of cells is still unclear.

CD27 may also affect the ability of CD4⁺ T cells to produce cytokines that support CD8⁺ T cell survival. Although TRAIL is an important mediator of CD8⁺ T cell responses (31), neither TRAIL nor TNFR1 mediate the effects of blocking CD27 signaling. The effect of blocking CD27L is negated in the absence of Fas. Even though both Fas and FasL can have weak costimulatory effects on normal T lymphocytes (42, 43), models lacking these molecules have significant lymphoproliferative abnormalities (44, 45), pointing to the more important role of Fas as a mediator of contraction in T cell responses. This lymphoproliferative disorder is unlikely to affect our studies as we used 6–10-wk-old lpr/lpr mice on a C57BL/6 background. lpr/lpr mice on a C57BL/6 background show a much slower development of lymphadenopathy and autoimmunity compared with MRL-lpr/lpr mice (46). Indeed, our 10-wk-old lpr/lpr mice on a C57BL/6 background showed no lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, and this is in agreement with others (46). IL-2 and IL-7 (47) can up-regulate Fas and significantly up-regulate FasL, predisposing T cells to activation-induced cell death (AICD) (48, 49). Blocking CD27L did increase the expression of FasL on CD4⁺ T cells. Blocking CD27 signaling leads to increased sensitivity of CD8⁺ T cells to Fas apoptosis, which may be initiated by FasL-expressing activated CD4⁺ T cells (32) or DC (33) in the infected lung, leading to the increased apoptosis, which we have demonstrated during the later phase of the CD8⁺ T cell response. Decreased FLIP expression upon IL-2 stimulation also leaves T cells more sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis (48). IL-2 produced by CD4⁺ T cells may therefore lead to the increased AICD in the absence of CD27 signaling. IL-2 has been shown to hasten contraction in vivo when administered during the expansion phase of the CD8⁺ T cell response (50). CD27 signaling has been shown to prevent the terminal effector differentiation attributed to IL-2 stimulation (51) and thus may inhibit this induced contraction in vivo. In this study, we show a definitive relationship between CD27 signaling, CD4⁺ T cells, and Fas-mediated AICD of virus-specific CD8⁺ T cells, which suggests that CD27 signaling suppresses IL-2 production by CD4⁺ T cells at the later phase of the immune response leading to a decrease in AICD of virus-specific CD8⁺ T cells. This previously unsuspected role of CD27 signaling is novel and reveals the complexity of the roles that costimulation molecules play at different stages of CD8⁺ T cell responses. We have also demonstrated that CD27 costimulation does not have a role in programming CD8⁺ T cell responses, but may disrupt that program if not present during the later stages of the response.

In summary, we have further defined the role of CD27 in the context of primary and secondary antiviral CD8⁺ T cell responses and identified novel mechanisms behind this. The mechanisms of CD27 action as well as the temporal manner in which it functions in vivo were previously undefined. We have demonstrated that continued stimulation through CD27 during later stages of the primary effector CD8⁺ T cell response is required for mounting an optimal antiviral response. In the absence of CD27 signaling, increased AICD dampens the primary response. CD27 signaling during the primary response is also required for the optimal quality but not quantity of memory CD8⁺ T cells. CD27 signaling however is not required during the secondary response. Our findings demonstrate that disruption of CD27 costimulatory signals even after the initial priming event can significantly affect the course of the immune response and CD8⁺ T cell programming underscoring the importance of determining the temporal aspect of costimulation delivery to CD8⁺ T cell responses.

	Disclosures

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 
The authors have no financial conflict of interest.

	Footnotes

 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant R01 AI66215 (P.D.K.).

² Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Peter D. Katsikis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129. E-mail address: peter.katsikis{at}drexelmed.edu

³ Abbreviations used in this paper: DC, dendritic cell; i.n., intranasal; NP, nuclear protein; AICD, activation-induced cell death.

Received for publication April 25, 2007. Accepted for publication December 25, 2007.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 

1. Appay, V., P. R. Dunbar, M. Callan, P. Klenerman, G. M. Gillespie, L. Papagno, G. S. Ogg, A. King, F. Lechner, C. A. Spina, et al 2002. Memory CD8⁺ T cells vary in differentiation phenotype in different persistent virus infections. Nat. Med. 8: 379-385. [Medline]
2. Hintzen, R. Q., R. de Jong, S. M. Lens, M. Brouwer, P. Baars, R. A. van Lier. 1993. Regulation of CD27 expression on subsets of mature T-lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 151: 2426-2435. [Abstract]
3. Kaech, S. M., S. Hemby, E. Kersh, R. Ahmed. 2002. Molecular and functional profiling of memory CD8 T cell differentiation. Cell 111: 837-851. [Medline]
4. Badovinac, V. P., B. B. Porter, J. T. Harty. 2004. CD8⁺ T cell contraction is controlled by early inflammation. Nat. Immunol. 5: 809-817. [Medline]
5. Kaech, S. M., R. Ahmed. 2001. Memory CD8⁺ T cell differentiation: initial antigen encounter triggers a developmental program in naive cells. Nat. Immunol. 2: 415-422. [Medline]
6. Williams, M. A., A. J. Tyznik, M. J. Bevan. 2006. Interleukin-2 signals during priming are required for secondary expansion of CD8⁺ memory T cells. Nature 441: 890-894. [Medline]
7. June, C. H., J. A. Ledbetter, M. M. Gillespie, T. Lindsten, C. B. Thompson. 1987. T-cell proliferation involving the CD28 pathway is associated with cyclosporine-resistant interleukin 2 gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7: 4472-4481. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Smith, C. A., H. J. Gruss, T. Davis, D. Anderson, T. Farrah, E. Baker, G. R. Sutherland, C. I. Brannan, N. G. Copeland, N. A. Jenkins, et al 1993. CD30 antigen, a marker for Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is a receptor whose ligand defines an emerging family of cytokines with homology to TNF. Cell 73: 1349-1360. [Medline]
9. Smith, C. A., T. Davis, D. Anderson, L. Solam, M. P. Beckmann, R. Jerzy, S. K. Dower, D. Cosman, R. G. Goodwin. 1990. A receptor for tumor necrosis factor defines an unusual family of cellular and viral proteins. Science 248: 1019-1023. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
10. Song, J., S. Salek-Ardakani, P. R. Rogers, M. Cheng, L. Van Parijs, M. Croft. 2004. The costimulation-regulated duration of PKB activation controls T cell longevity. Nat. Immunol. 5: 150-158. [Medline]
11. Halstead, E. S., Y. M. Mueller, J. D. Altman, P. D. Katsikis. 2002. In vivo stimulation of CD137 broadens primary antiviral CD8⁺ T cell responses. Nat. Immunol. 3: 536-541. [Medline]
12. Pollok, K. E., Y. J. Kim, Z. Zhou, J. Hurtado, K. K. Kim, R. T. Pickard, B. S. Kwon. 1993. Inducible T cell antigen 4-1BB. Analysis of expression and function. J. Immunol. 150: 771-781. [Abstract]
13. Hintzen, R. Q., R. de Jong, S. M. Lens, R. A. van Lier. 1994. CD27: marker and mediator of T-cell activation?. Immunol. Today 15: 307-311. [Medline]
14. Hamann, D., P. A. Baars, M. H. Rep, B. Hooibrink, S. R. Kerkhof-Garde, M. R. Klein, R. A. van Lier. 1997. Phenotypic and functional separation of memory and effector human CD8⁺ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 186: 1407-1418. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
15. Sugita, K., M. J. Robertson, Y. Torimoto, J. Ritz, S. F. Schlossman, C. Morimoto. 1992. Participation of the CD27 antigen in the regulation of IL-2-activated human natural killer cells. J. Immunol. 149: 1199-1203. [Abstract]
16. Maurer, D., G. F. Fischer, I. Fae, O. Majdic, K. Stuhlmeier, N. Von Jeney, W. Holter, W. Knapp. 1992. IgM and IgG but not cytokine secretion is restricted to the CD27⁺ B lymphocyte subset. J. Immunol. 148: 3700-3705. [Abstract]
17. Maurer, D., W. Holter, O. Majdic, G. F. Fischer, W. Knapp. 1990. CD27 expression by a distinct subpopulation of human B lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 20: 2679-2684. [Medline]
18. Kobata, T., K. Agematsu, J. Kameoka, S. F. Schlossman, C. Morimoto. 1994. CD27 is a signal-transducing molecule involved in CD45RA⁺ naive T cell costimulation. J. Immunol. 153: 5422-5432. [Abstract]
19. Hintzen, R., S. Lens, M. Beckmann, R. Goodwin, D. Lynch, R. van Lier. 1994. Characterization of the human CD27 ligand, a novel member of the TNF gene family. J. Immunol. 152: 1762-1773. [Abstract]
20. van Lier, R., J. Borst, T. Vroom, H. Klein, P. Van Mourik, W. Zeijlemaker, C. Melief. 1987. Tissue distribution and biochemical and functional properties of Tp55 (CD27), a novel T cell differentiation antigen. J. Immunol. 139: 1589-1596. [Abstract]
21. Goodwin, R. G., M. R. Alderson, C. A. Smith, R. J. Armitage, T. VandenBos, R. Jerzy, T. W. Tough, M. A. Schoenborn, T. Davis-Smith, K. Hennen, et al 1993. Molecular and biological characterization of a ligand for CD27 defines a new family of cytokines with homology to tumor necrosis factor. Cell 73: 447-456. [Medline]
22. Hintzen, R. Q., R. de Jong, C. E. Hack, M. Chamuleau, E. F. de Vries, I. J. ten Berge, J. Borst, R. A. van Lier. 1991. A soluble form of the human T cell differentiation antigen CD27 is released after triggering of the TCR/CD3 complex. J. Immunol. 147: 29-35. [Abstract]
23. Akiba, H., Y. Miyahira, M. Atsuta, K. Takeda, C. Nohara, T. Futagawa, H. Matsuda, T. Aoki, H. Yagita, K. Okumura. 2000. Critical contribution of OX40 ligand to T helper cell type 2 differentiation in experimental leishmaniasis. J. Exp. Med. 191: 375-380. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
24. Tesselaar, K., Y. Xiao, R. Arens, G. M. W. van Schijndel, D. H. Schuurhuis, R. E. Mebius, J. Borst, R. A. W. van Lier. 2003. Expression of the murine CD27 ligand CD70 in vitro and in vivo. J. Immunol. 170: 33-40. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
25. Agematsu, K., T. Kobata, K. Sugita, T. Hirose, S. F. Schlossman, C. Morimoto. 1995. Direct cellular communications between CD45R0 and CD45RA T cell subsets via CD27/CD70. J. Immunol. 154: 3627-3635. [Abstract]
26. Wherry, E. J., V. Teichgraber, T. C. Becker, D. Masopust, S. M. Kaech, R. Antia, U. H. von Andrian, R. Ahmed. 2003. Lineage relationship and protective immunity of memory CD8 T cell subsets. Nat. Immunol. 4: 225-234. [Medline]
27. Hendriks, J., L. A. Gravestein, K. Tesselaar, R. A. van Lier, T. N. Schumacher, J. Borst. 2000. CD27 is required for generation and long-term maintenance of T cell immunity. Nat. Immunol. 1: 433-440. [Medline]
28. Arens, R., K. Tesselaar, P. A. Baars, G. M. van Schijndel, J. Hendriks, S. T. Pals, P. Krimpenfort, J. Borst, M. H. van Oers, R. A. van Lier. 2001. Constitutive CD27/CD70 interaction induces expansion of effector-type T cells and results in IFN-mediated B cell depletion. Immunity 15: 801-812. [Medline]
29. Tesselaar, K., R. Arens, G. M. van Schijndel, P. A. Baars, M. A. van der Valk, J. Borst, M. H. van Oers, R. A. van Lier. 2003. Lethal T cell immunodeficiency induced by chronic costimulation via CD27-CD70 interactions. Nat. Immunol. 4: 49-54. [Medline]
30. Hendriks, J., Y. Xiao, J. W. A. Rossen, K. F. van der Sluijs, K. Sugamura, N. Ishii, J. Borst. 2005. During viral infection of the respiratory tract, CD27, 4–1BB, and OX40 collectively determine formation of CD8⁺ memory T cells and their capacity for secondary expansion. J Immunol. 175: 1665-1676. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
31. Janssen, E. M., N. M. Droin, E. E. Lemmens, M. J Pinkoski, S. J. Bensinger, B. D. Ehst, T. S. Griffith, D. R. Green, S. P. Schoenberger. 2005. CD4⁺ T-cell help controls CD8⁺ T-cell memory via TRAIL-mediated activation-induced cell death. Nature 434: 88-93. [Medline]
32. Tateyama, M., N. Oyaizu, T. W. McCloskey, S. Than, S. Pahwa. 2000. CD4 T lymphocytes are primed to express Fas ligand by CD4 cross-linking and to contribute to CD8 T-cell apoptosis via Fas/FasL death signaling pathway. Blood 96: 195-202. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
33. Legge, K. L., T. J Braciale. 2005. Lymph node dendritic cells control CD8⁺ T cell responses through regulated FasL expression. Immunity 23: 649-659. [Medline]
34. Gravestein, L. A., W. van Ewijk, F. Ossendorp, J. Borst. 1996. CD27 cooperates with the pre-T cell receptor in the regulation of murine T cell development. J. Exp. Med. 184: 675-685. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
35. Moyron-Quiroz, J. E., J. Rangel-Moreno, K. Kusser, L. Hartson, F. Sprague, S. Goodrich, D. L. Woodland, F. E. Lund, T. D. Randall. 2004. Role of inducible bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) in respiratory immunity. Nat. Med. 10: 927-934. [Medline]
36. Jung, S., D. Unutmaz, P. Wong, G. Sano, K. De los Santos, T. Sparwasser, S. Wu, S. Vuthoori, K. Ko, F. Zavala, et al 2002. In vivo depletion of CD11c⁺ dendritic cells abrogates priming of CD8⁺ T cells by exogenous cell-associated antigens. Immunity 17: 211-220. [Medline]
37. Shedlock, D. J., H. Shen. 2003. Requirement for CD4 T cell help in generating functional CD8 T cell memory. Science 300: 337-339. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
38. Sun, J. C., M. J. Bevan. 2003. Defective CD8 T cell memory following acute infection without CD4 T cell help. Science 300: 339-342. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
39. Schoenberger, S. P., R. E. Toes, E. I. van der Voort, R. Offringa, C. J. Melief. 1998. T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40-CD40L interactions. Nature 393: 480-483. [Medline]
40. Bennett, S. R., F. R. Carbone, F. Karamalis, R. A. Flavell, J. F. Miller, W. R. Heath. 1998. Help for cytotoxic-T-cell responses is mediated by CD40 signalling. Nature 393: 478-480. [Medline]
41. Ridge, J. P., F. Di Rosa, P. Matzinger. 1998. A conditioned dendritic cell can be a temporal bridge between a CD4⁺ T-helper and a T-killer cell. Nature 393: 474-478. [Medline]
42. Sun, M., K. T. Ames, I. Suzuki, P. J. Fink. 2006. The cytoplasmic domain of Fas ligand costimulates TCR signals. J. Immunol. 177: 1481-1491. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
43. Alderson, M. R., R. J. Armitage, E. Maraskovsky, T. W. Tough, E. Roux, K. Schooley, F. Ramsdell, D. H. Lynch. 1993. Fas transduces activation signals in normal human T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 178: 2231-2235. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
44. Watanabe-Fukunaga, R., C. I. Brannan, N. G. Copeland, N. A. Jenkins, S. Nagata. 1992. Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 356: 314-318. [Medline]
45. Roths, J. B., E. D. Murphy, E. M. Eicher. 1984. A new mutation, gld, that produces lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity in C3H/HeJ mice. J. Exp. Med. 159: 1-20. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
46. Morse, H. C., III, J. B. Roths, W. F. Davidson, W. Y. Langdon, T. N. Fredrickson, J. W. Hartley. 1985. Abnormalities induced by the mutant gene, lpr: patterns of disease and expression of murine leukemia viruses in SJL/J mice homozygous and heterozygous for lpr. J. Exp. Med. 161: 602-616. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
47. Jaleco, S., L. Swainson, V. Dardalhon, M. Burjanadze, S. Kinet, N. Taylor. 2003. Homeostasis of naive and memory CD4+ T cells: IL-2 and IL-7 differentially regulate the balance between proliferation and Fas-mediated apoptosis. J. Immunol. 171: 61-68. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
48. Refaeli, Y., L. Van Parijs, C. A. London, J. Tschopp, A. K. Abbas. 1998. Biochemical mechanisms of IL-2-regulated Fas-mediated T cell apoptosis. Immunity 8: 615-623. [Medline]
49. Lenardo, M. J.. 1991. Interleukin-2 programs mouse β T lymphocytes for apoptosis. Nature 353: 858-861. [Medline]
50. Blattman, J. N., J. M. Grayson, E. J. Wherry, S. M. Kaech, K. A. Smith, R. Ahmed. 2003. Therapeutic use of IL-2 to enhance antiviral T-cell responses in vivo. Nat. Med. 9: 540-547. [Medline]
51. Carr, J. M., M. J. Carrasco, J. E. D. Thaventhiran, P. J. Bambrough, M. Kraman, A. D. Edwards, A. Al-Shamkhani, D. T. Fearon. 2006. CD27 mediates interleukin-2-independent clonal expansion of the CD8⁺ T cell without effector differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 19454-19459. [Abstract/Free Full Text]

Related articles in The JI:

IN THIS ISSUE

The JI 2008 180: 2721-2722. [Full Text]  

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. Petrovas, B. Chaon, D. R. Ambrozak, D. A. Price, J. J. Melenhorst, B. J. Hill, C. Geldmacher, J. P. Casazza, P. K. Chattopadhyay, M. Roederer, et al. Differential Association of Programmed Death-1 and CD57 with Ex Vivo Survival of CD8+ T Cells in HIV Infection J. Immunol., July 15, 2009; 183(2): 1120 - 1132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. P. J. M. van Gisbergen, R. W. van Olffen, J. van Beek, K. F. van der Sluijs, R. Arens, M. A. Nolte, and R. A. van Lier Protective CD8 T Cell Memory Is Impaired during Chronic CD70-Driven Costimulation J. Immunol., May 1, 2009; 182(9): 5352 - 5362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. J. Kraus, J. S. Haring, and G. A. Bishop TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 5 Is Required for Optimal T Cell Expansion and Survival in Response to Infection J. Immunol., December 1, 2008; 181(11): 7800 - 7809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. P. O'Connor, S.-Y. Eun, Z. Ye, A. L. Zozulya, J. D. Lich, C. B. Moore, H. A. Iocca, K. E. Roney, E. K. Holl, Q. P. Wu, et al. Semaphorin 6D regulates the late phase of CD4+ T cell primary immune responses PNAS, September 2, 2008; 105(35): 13015 - 13020. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Xiao, V. Peperzak, A. M. Keller, and J. Borst CD27 Instructs CD4+ T Cells to Provide Help for the Memory CD8+ T Cell Response after Protein Immunization J. Immunol., July 15, 2008; 181(2): 1071 - 1082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Related articles in The JI Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Dolfi, D. V. Articles by Katsikis, P. D. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Dolfi, D. V. Articles by Katsikis, P. D.