HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kim, H.-R. Articles by Kang, I. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kim, H.-R. Articles by Kang, I.

Down-Regulation of IL-7R Expression in Human T Cells via DNA Methylation¹

Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 
IL-7 is critical for the development and survival of T cells. Recently, we found two subsets of human CD8⁺ T cells expressing IL-7R^high and IL-7R^low with different cell survival responses to IL-7. Although these CD8⁺ T cell subsets have differential IL-7R gene expression, the mechanism for this is unknown. DNA methylation is an important gene regulatory mechanism and is associated with the inactivation of gene expression. Thus, we investigated a role for DNA methylation in differentially regulating IL-7R gene expression in human CD8⁺ T cells and Jurkat T cells. IL-7R^highCD8⁺ T cells had decreased methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter compared with IL-7R^lowCD8⁺ T cells and Jurkat T cells with low levels of IL-7R. Treating Jurkat T cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, which reduced DNA methylation, increased IL-7R expression. Plus, the unmethylated IL-7R gene promoter construct had higher levels of promoter activity than the methylated one as measured by a luciferase reporter assay. These findings suggest that DNA methylation is involved in regulating IL-7R expression in T cells via affecting IL-7R gene promoter activity, and that the methylation of this gene promoter could be a potential target for modifying IL-7-mediated T cell development and survival.

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 
Interleukin 7, a member of the common cytokine receptor -chain family of cytokines, is critically involved in the development and maintenance of naive and memory CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). IL-7 is produced largely by epithelial cells in the thymus and bone marrow (5) and promotes CD8⁺ T cell survival by up-regulating Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic molecule, via sequential activation of JAK1, JAK3, and STAT5 (7, 8). The IL-7R complex that consists of two chains, the high-affinity IL-7R chain and common cytokine receptor -chain (9), dictates cell survival responses to IL-7. For example, in mice infected with lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus, CD8⁺ T cells expressing IL-7R^high had better survival and differentiation into memory cells compared with CD8⁺ T cells expressing IL-7R^low (3). Similarly, when CD8⁺ T cells from IL-7R intact and knockout mice were adoptively transferred to wild-type mice, cells from IL-7R knockout mice had decreased survival compared with those from IL-7R-intact mice (1).

Recently, we identified two subsets of cells expressing IL-7R^high and IL-7R^low in human peripheral CD8⁺ T cells (10). IL-7R^lowCD8⁺ T cells had decreased cell signaling and survival responses to IL-7 compared with IL-7R^highCD8⁺ T cells, which demonstrates the physiologic significance of differential IL-7R expression on CD8⁺ T cell subsets (10). The underlying molecular mechanism for the generation and maintenance of IL-7R^lowCD8⁺ T cells is largely unknown. However, IL-7R^lowCD8⁺ T cells had decreased mRNA expression of the IL-7R gene compared with IL-7R^highCD8⁺ T cells, which indicates that the regulation of IL-7R gene expression operates differently in IL-7R^high and IL-7R^low CD8⁺ T cells in homeostasis (10).

The regulation of gene expression is a complicated process that is achieved through the action of selective transcriptional factors, as well as via epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications (11). In mammals, DNA methylation occurs at cytosines within CpG dinucleotides and is regulated by DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts)³ that add methyl groups to cytosines (12). DNA hypomethylation is generally associated with active gene expression (12), and differential methylation of DNA has been noticed in T cells at different stages of cell differentiation (13, 14, 15). For example, hypomethylation of the IFN- gene occurred during in vitro differentiation of cells into Th1 cells that produced IFN- in humans (16). Furthermore, hypomethylation of the same gene was observed in memory T cells that produced high levels of IFN-, but not in naive T cells, which produced only low levels of IFN- in mice infected with lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus (17).

In the current study, we investigated the role for DNA methylation in differentially regulating IL-7R expression in human CD8⁺ T cells in homeostasis. The results of our study demonstrate that IL-7R^highCD8⁺ T cells, including naive (CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺) and IL-7R^high memory (CD45RA^+/–CCR7^–) CD8⁺ T cells, have decreased methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter compared with IL-7R^low memory CD8⁺ T cells and Jurkat T cells expressing low levels of IL-7R. The treatment of Jurkat T cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), a Dnmt inhibitor that reduces DNA methylation, increased the mRNA and protein expression of IL-7R. In addition, a luciferase reporter assay showed that the unmethylated form of the IL-7R gene promoter construct had higher levels of promoter activity than the methylated form of the IL-7R gene promoter construct, further supporting the role for DNA methylation in regulating IL-7R gene expression. These findings suggest that a novel mechanism is involved in differentially regulating IL-7R expression by T cells through altering DNA methylation of the IL-7R gene promoter, and that methylation of this gene promoter could be a potential target for modifying IL-7-mediated T cell development and survival.

	Materials and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 
Cells and FACS sorting

This work was approved by the institutional review committee of Yale University. Human peripheral blood was drawn from healthy adult subjects after obtaining informed consent. As previously described (10), PBMCs were purified and stained with Abs to CD8, CD45RA, CCR7, and IL-7R (all from BD Pharmingen, except anti-IL-7R Abs from R&D Systems). Stained cells were sorted into naive (CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺), IL-7R^high, and IL-7R^lowCCR7^– memory (CD45RA^+/–CCR7^–) CD8⁺ T cells using a FACSAria (BD Immunocytometry Systems). Jurkat T cells (E6-1 clone, TIB-153) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection.

Cell culture, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR

Sorted CD8⁺ T cell subsets and Jurkat T cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 (Invitrogen Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 IU/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin. In experiments blocking Dnmts, 5-aza-dC (Sigma-Aldrich) at final concentrations of 0.025–0.4 µM or PBS was added to Jurkat T cells (18). In stimulating CD8⁺ T cells, cells were incubated for 4 or 14 days in a 48-well tissue culture plate coated with anti-CD3 Abs (BD Pharmingen) at 10 µg/ml or PBS in the presence of anti-CD28 Abs (10 µg/ml; BD Pharmingen). Some cells were additionally stimulated with IL-4 (50 ng/ml), IL-7 (20 ng/ml), IL-15 (50 ng/ml), and IFN- (2 x 10³ U/ml; R&D Systems) (19). In measuring the expression of IL-7R, PBMCs were stained with goat anti-human IL-7R or isotype Abs as well as with Abs to CD8, CD45RA, CCR7, and donkey anti-goat IgG. Jurkat T cells were stained with goat anti-human IL-7R or isotype Abs, followed by donkey anti-goat IgG. Stained cells were analyzed on a FACSCalibur (BD Immunocytometry Systems). Flow cytometry data were analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star). Total RNA was isolated from sorted CD8⁺ T cell subsets and Jurkat T cells and used for cDNA synthesis. The real-time PCR for IL-7R gene expression were performed as previously described (10). All results were normalized to -actin gene expression.

Determining DNA methylation using Pyrosequencing

Genomic DNA was isolated from Jurkat T cells and sorted CD8⁺ T cell subsets using a DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen). Extracted DNA was amplified using high-fidelity DNA polymerase, and the sequence of the IL-7R gene promoter (–1346 to –1 bp) was verified by sequencing (GenBank accession number DQ821273) (20, 21). To determine the methylation status of CpG sequences in the IL-7R gene promoter, bisulfite modification and Pyrosequencing were performed at EpigenDX as previously described (22). Bisulfite modification, which converted unmethylated cytosines to uracils, was performed using an EZ DNA Methylation Kit (Zymo Research) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The efficiency of bisulfite treatment, measured by the conversion of cytosines not contained in CpG sites into uracils, was >97% in all experiments. The promoter sequence of the IL-7R gene was PCR amplified by using 100 ng bisulfite-modified DNA and 200 µM each of dNTP, 1x PCR buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, and 0.2 µM PCR primers (for site –1064: forward, 5'-TGATATATAAATGGGTGAGGTTGT-3', reverse, 5'-biotin-CTTTTTTTTTCCCAAATAAACCTT-3'; for sites –656, –586, –563, and –555: forward, 5'-GTGAAATTTGGAAGTTGGAGGTAA-3', reverse, 5'-biotin-CCCAAATTCAAACAATTCTCCT-3'; and for site –435: forward, 5'-TTGGGAGGTGAAAATTGTAGTGAG-3', reverse, 5'-biotin-TAAATATTCCCTACAACCCCCACA-3'). The PCR condition was as follows: 15 min at 94°C, 45 cycles of 15 s at 95°C, 30 s at 58°C, and 15 s at 72°C, followed by a final extension step for 5 min at 72°C. The biotinylated PCR product was purified and made single-stranded to act as a template in a Pyrosequencing reaction. Four sequencing primers (for site –1064: 5'-TGAGGTTGTATTTTAAATGA-3'; for site –656, –586, –563, and –555: 5'-TAGATTTTTTTAAAGTGGGT-3', 5'-AGGTAGATTATTTGAGGTTA-3'; and for site –435: 5'-GGAGGTGAAAATTGTAGTG-3') were designed to determine the CpG dinucleotide methylation status. The Pyrosequencing reactions were performed on a PSQ HS96 Pyrosequencing system (Biotage) and data were analyzed using its methylation-analysis software.

Reporter gene construction, methylation, and reporter gene transfection assay

The IL-7R gene promoter region was amplified using high-fidelity DNA polymerase (Invitrogen Life Technologies) with primers containing KpnI and XhoI restriction sites. The IL-7R gene promoter construct (pGL-IL7RP) was produced by cloning a 1346-bp fragment of the IL-7R gene promoter fragment into the KpnI/XhoI sites of pGL3-basic vector (Promega), and verified by sequencing. In methylating the IL-7R gene promoter construct, pGL-IL7RP construct and pGL3-basic vector were incubated for 1 h at 37°C in the presence or absence (control, mock) of SssI methylase (New England Biolabs) with 80 µM S-adenosylmethionine (23, 24). The extent of methylation status was confirmed by digestion with HpyCH4IV, a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme. Methylated and unmethylated constructs were ethanol-precipitated after phenol-chloroform extraction and were transfected into Jurkat T cells suspended in Nucleofector Solution V (Amaxa) using an Amaxa nucleofector apparatus (Amaxa) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The pRL-TK (Promega) was cotransfected as an internal control for transfection efficiency. Transfected cells were harvested after 24 h and used for measuring luciferase and Renilla activities according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Promega).

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 
IL-7R gene expression is different in IL-7R^high and IL-7R^low CD8⁺ T cells and Jurkat T cells with IL-7R^low expression

Two different subsets of CD8⁺ T cells expressing IL-7R^high and IL-7R^low were identified in human peripheral blood as previously reported (10). Naive (CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺) and central memory (CD45RA^–CCR7⁺) CD8⁺ T cells were homogeneously IL-7R^high cells (Fig. 1A). In contrast, CCR7^– memory CD8⁺ T cells, including effector memory (EM; CD45RA^–CCR7^–) and CD45RA⁺ EM (EM_CD45RA+, CD45RA⁺CCR7^–) CD8⁺ T cells had IL-7R^high and IL-7R^low cells (Fig. 1A). We also measured the expression of IL-7R on Jurkat T cells, a human leukemic cell line. Of interest, these leukemic T cells also had low expression of IL-7R similar to IL-7R^lowCD8⁺ T cells (Fig. 1B). We next measured the expression levels of IL-7R mRNA in naive and IL-7R^high CCR7^– memory CD8⁺ T cells as well as in IL-7R^lowCCR7^– memory CD8⁺ T cells and Jurkat T cells. The expression of IL-7R mRNA was lower in IL-7R^lowCCR7^– memory CD8⁺ T cells and Jurkat T cells compared with naive and IL-7R^highCCR7^– memory CD8⁺ T cells (Fig. 1C).

View larger version (39K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 1. IL-7R expression by CD8+ T cell subsets and Jurkat T cells. IL-7R expression was measured on naive (CD45RA+CCR7+), CM (CD45RA–CCR7+), EM (CD45RA–CCR7–), and CD45RA+ EM (EMCD45RA+, CD45RA+CCR7–) CD8+ T cell subsets in healthy subjects as well as on Jurkat T cells. A and B, Representative histograms of IL-7R (shaded) and isotype control (open) staining from >10 independent experiments. C, IL-7R mRNA expression as measured by real-time PCR. PBMCs from a healthy adult were stained with Abs to CD8, CD45RA, CCR7, and IL-7R and sorted into naive, CCR7– memory IL-7Rhigh, and IL-7Rlow CD8+ T cells. The expression of the IL-7R gene in freshly sorted naive, IL-7RhighCCR7– memory, IL-7RlowCCR7– memory CD8+ T cells, and Jurkat T cells was measured using real-time PCR. Data were normalized to -actin gene expression in individual samples. Results are representative data from four independent experiments.

DNA methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter is lower in naive and IL-7R^high memory CD8⁺ T cells than in IL-7R^low memory CD8⁺ T cells and Jurkat T cells

The gene regulatory mechanism is a complicated process that involves discriminatory activation of transcriptional factors as well as epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones (11). A growing body of evidence indicates that methylation of cytosines within CpG dinucleotides in genes is an important mechanism for differentially regulating transcriptions of specific genes in mammalian cells, including T cells (12, 13, 14, 15). Thus, we have investigated whether methylation of the IL-7R gene promoter has a role in differentially regulating the expression of IL-7R mRNA in human primary CD8⁺ T cells and Jurkat T cells. First, we identified six sites of CpG dinucleotides, potential sites of DNA methylation, within the human IL-7R gene promoter (–1346 to –1 bp relative to the start codon) based on the gene sequence (20, 21). These sites are located at –1064, –656, –586, –563, –555, and –435 bp relative to the start codon ATG (Fig. 2A). Second, we measured the methylation status of these six CpG sites in naive, IL-7R^high, and IL-7R^lowCCR7^– memory CD8⁺ T cells. In addition, the methylation status of the same CpG sites in Jurkat T cells was analyzed.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 2. The methylation status of CpG sequences in the IL-7R gene promoter in CD8+ T cell subsets and Jurkat T cells. A, The genomic region of human IL-7R gene encompassing eight exons is schematically shown. and | with numbers, exons and the locations of CpG dinucleotides relative to the start codon in the IL-7R gene promoter (–1346 to –1), respectively. B, Methylation status of six individual CpG dinucleotides in the IL-7R gene promoter. PBMCs from healthy adult subjects were sorted into naive (n = 3), IL-7Rhigh (n = 5), and IL-7Rlow (n = 5) CCR7– memory (CD45RA+/– CCR7–) CD8+ T cell subsets. Genomic DNA was isolated from sorted CD8+ T cell subsets and Jurkat T cells (n = 3), treated with bisulfite, amplified by PCR, and sequenced as described in Materials and Methods. Each bar indicates the mean and SD for individual CpG sites (x-axis) from the different CD8+ T cell subsets. *, Differences in DNA methylation between IL-7Rlow and naive cells as well as between IL-7Rlow and IL-7Rhigh cells for individual CpG sites were statistically significant (p < 0.05 for all sites by the Student t test).

5-aza-dC up-regulates the expression of IL-7R by Jurkat T cells via inhibiting DNA methylation

5-aza-dC is a nucleoside analog of cytidine that specifically inhibits DNA methylation by trapping Dnmts during cell replication (25, 26). This chemical can affect gene expression by inducing hypomethylation of DNA (17, 26). Thus, we studied whether the treatment of cells expressing IL-7R^low with 5-aza-dC could up-regulate the expression of IL-7R by reducing methylation of the IL-7R gene promoter. In this experiment, Jurkat T cells were used because primary IL-7R^low memory CD8⁺ T cells poorly proliferate in response to TCR triggering (10), and the effect of 5-aza-dC requires cell replication (25, 26). Treating Jurkat T cells with 5-aza-dC up-regulated the expression of IL-7R mRNA and protein in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 3, A–C). Jurkat T cells treated with 0.4 µM 5-aza-dC had the highest up-regulation of IL-7R compared with cells treated with 0.025 and 0.1 µM 5-aza-dC. In analyzing DNA methylation, Jurkat T cells treated with 5-aza-dC had decreased DNA methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter at days 2 and 4 of tissue culture compared with cells treated with PBS (Fig. 3, D and E, day 2; data not shown).

View larger version (45K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 3. 5-aza-dC up-regulates the expression of IL-7R by Jurkat T cells. Jurkat T cells were cultured for 1, 2, and 4 days with 5-aza-dC (0.025, 0.1, or 0.4 µM) or PBS. A, Cells were stained with anti-IL-7R Abs or isotype Abs and analyzed on a flow cytometer. Numbers on histograms indicate the differences in the mean fluorescent intensity of IL-7R staining (MFI) between samples treated with PBS and 5-aza-dC. Results are representative data from six independent experiments. B and C, Comparing mean fluorescence intensity of IL-7R staining (B) and mRNA expression (C) of the IL-7R gene among Jurkat T cells treated with PBS and different doses of 5-aza-dC (four samples for each treatment group). The expression of IL-7R mRNA was measured by real-time PCR. Graphs (C) show relative expression of IL-7R mRNA. Data were normalized to -actin gene expression in individual samples. D, The methylation status of six CpG dinucleotides in the IL-7R gene promoter was determined in PBS- or 5-aza-dC-treated Jurkat T cells at day 4 of tissue culture that were analyzed in A. E, Comparing DNA methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter between Jurkat T cells treated with PBS and 5-aza-dC (0.4 µM; four samples for each treatment group). A value of p was obtained by the Student t test.

Methylated and unmethylated forms of the IL-7R gene promoter have different promoter activities

To determine the promoter activity of methylated and unmethylated forms of the IL-7R gene promoter, we constructed a pGL-IL7RP plasmid containing a human IL-7R gene promoter region (1346 bp) from human CD8⁺ T cells. The promoter activity of the IL-7R gene promoter fragment was demonstrated by measuring luciferase activity relative to pGL3-basic vector alone. The luciferase activity of the pGL-IL7RP construct was 10-fold higher than the pGL3-basic vector (Fig. 4A). To measure the effect of DNA methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter, pGL-IL7RP and pGL3-basic vector were methylated and transfected into Jurkat T cells. The methylated form of the IL-7R gene promoter construct had lower levels of promoter activities compared with the unmethylated form (Fig. 4B). This finding further supports the role for DNA methylation in the regulation of IL-7R gene expression.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 4. IL-7R gene promoter activity is affected by DNA methylation. A, The pGL-IL7RP was constructed by inserting the promoter region of the human IL-7R gene (–1346 to –1 bp) into the pGL3-basic vector. The pGL-IL7RP and pGL3-basic vector were transfected into Jurkat T cells, with pRL-TK vector as an internal control. Promoter activity is expressed as relative light units (RLU) to the pGL3-basic vector. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD from four samples for each group. B, The pGL-IL7RP was methylated using SssI methylase (0, 2.5, and 5 U/µg; see details in Materials and Methods). Methylated and unmethylated (mock) pGL-IL7RP constructs were transfected into Jurkat T cells. The data were normalized to the unmethylated constructs (mock), of which activity was set as 1. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD from four samples for each group.

TCR triggering and cytokines induce the down-regulation of IL-7R expression by naive and IL-7R^high memory CD8⁺ T cells without altering DNA methylation of the IL-7R gene promoter

TCR triggering is known to rapidly suppress IL-7R expression by T cells (10, 27). Thus, we determined whether TCR triggering-mediated suppression of IL-7R expression was related to an alteration in DNA methylation of the IL-7R gene promoter. Naive and IL-7R^highCCR7^– memory CD8⁺ T cells were sorted and incubated for 4 or 14 days in the presence of anti-CD3 and -CD28 Abs or PBS. The suppressed expression of IL-7R protein and mRNA by CD8⁺ T cells was confirmed by flow cytometry (Fig. 5A) and real-time PCR (data not shown). Despite the decreased IL-7R expression by IL-7R^highCD8⁺ T cells, including naive and memory CD8⁺ T cells in response to TCR stimulation, the methylation patterns of the IL-7R gene promoter in these cells remained unchanged (Fig. 5, B and C). Furthermore, we stimulated IL-7R^highCD8⁺ T cells with a combination of anti-CD3/-CD28 Abs, as well as IFN-, IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15, which also are known to suppress IL-7R expression on T cells (19) (IFN-; H. R. Kim and I. Kang, unpublished observation). However, there was no change noticed in DNA methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter in such stimulated cells, while these cells still had decreased IL-7R expression (Fig. 5D). These findings suggest that the mechanism(s) involved in generating IL-7R^low memory CD8⁺ T cells with increased levels of DNA methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter in vivo may not be simply dependent on the factors that are associated with suppressing IL-7R expression in vitro, and that there are several different mechanisms in regulating IL-7R gene expression in T cells that operate differently depending on cell activation stages.

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 5. TCR triggering and cytokines suppresses IL-7R expression, but not the methylation status of the IL-7R gene promoter in IL-7RhighCD8+ T cells. PBMCs were sorted as described in Fig. 2. A–C, Sorted cells were cultured for 4 or 14 days with anti-CD3 Abs at 10 µg/ml or PBS in the presence of anti-CD28 Abs (10 µg/ml). A, At day 4, cells were stained with anti-IL-7R or isotype Abs and analyzed with flow cytometry. B, At day 4, genomic DNA isolated from cells was analyzed for the methylation status of six individual CpG dinucleotides in the IL-7R gene promoter. C, The average methylation of all six CpG dinucleotides in the IL-7R gene promoter at days 4 and 14. D, Some sorted cells were cultured for 4 days with anti-CD3 Abs at 10 µg/ml in the presence of anti-CD28 Abs (10 µg/ml), IL-4 (50 ng/ml), IL-7 (20 ng/ml), IL-15 (50 ng/ml), and IFN- (2 x 103 U/ml; labeled as ST) or PBS. Results are representative data from three independent experiments.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

In our study, the methylation status of IL-7R^highCCR7^– memory CD8⁺ T cells was similar to that of naive CD8⁺ T cells that have different cell phenotypes and functions compared with CCR7^– memory CD8⁺ T cells (Fig. 2B). This finding suggests that the differential regulation of IL-7R gene expression by DNA methylation occurs independently of other cell functions and differential markers, such as CCR7 and CD45RA. Although it is still unknown how altered methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter affects the transcription of this gene, the decreased IL-7R gene expression could be the result of direct blocking of the binding of transcriptional factors that have CpG sites in their recognition motifs (12). Alternatively, DNA methylation could indirectly alter gene expression by interacting with methyl-CpG-binding proteins as well as histone deacetylases and histone methyltransferases that are involved in modifications of chromatic structure (11).

The role for DNA methylation in regulating IL-7R gene expression is further supported by the results of two experiments in our study. First, Jurkat T cells treated with Dnmt inhibitor 5-aza-dC had increased mRNA and protein expression of IL-7R with reduced DNA methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter (Fig. 3). The change in DNA methylation occurred dose dependently and was found at all of the CpG sites of the IL-7R gene promoter (Fig. 3, D and E). Second, the unmethylated form of the IL-7R gene promoter construct had higher levels of promoter activity than the methylated form of the same promoter when they were transfected into Jurkat T cells (Fig. 4B). These findings demonstrate the role for DNA methylation in differentially regulating the expression of IL-7R by primary CD8⁺ T cells and Jurkat T cells. The results of our study also raise the possibility of altering IL-7R expression in T cells by targeting DNA methylation of the IL-7R gene promoter which can affect the survival of memory CD8⁺ T cells in infection, autoimmunity, and malignancy. In fact, azacytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methylation, has been clinically used to treat myelodysplastic syndrome, including chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (28).

TCR stimulation is known to down-regulate IL-7R expression on T cells (10, 27). Thus, we measured DNA methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter in IL-7R^highCD8⁺ T cells, including naive and IL-7R^high memory cells, after stimulating them with anti-CD3/-CD28 Abs up to 14 days. Of interest, stimulated IL-7R^high cells had no change in DNA methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter, despite the down-regulation of IL-7R protein and mRNA expression (Fig. 5, A and C; mRNA data now shown). In addition, the combination of anti-CD3/-CD28 Abs and other cytokines including IFN-, IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15 that can suppress IL-7R expression on T cells (19) (IFN-; H. R. Kim and I. Kang, unpublished observation) did not change DNA methylation of the IL-7R gene promoter (Fig. 5D). These findings suggest several points. First, an additional factor(s) appears to be necessary for changing the DNA methylation of the IL-7R gene promoter in IL-7R^highCD8⁺ T cells. Second, we suspect that such findings are secondary to the existence of several different mechanisms in regulating IL-7R gene expression in T cells, and that these mechanisms operate differently depending on cell activation stages. Indeed, it has been reported that the transcriptional factors, guanine- and adenine-binding protein (GABP) and growth factor independence 1 (GFI-1), play a role in regulating IL-7R gene expression by T cells. GABP was required for the expression of the IL-7R gene by mouse and human T cells (29), whereas GFI-1 was involved in down-regulating IL-7R gene expression on mouse lymph node T cells (19). Previously, we found that the levels of GABP and IL-7R mRNA were down-regulated in human peripheral IL-7R^highCD8⁺ T cells in response to TCR stimulation, supporting the role for GABP in differentially regulating IL-7R expression (10). However, in the same study, there was no inverse correlation noticed between IL-7R and GFI-1 mRNA expression (10), which raises the question on the role for this transcriptional factor in regulating IL-7R gene expression in human peripheral CD8⁺ T cells. Our observations suggest that DNA methylation appears to be a dominant mechanism in regulating IL-7R gene expression in resting IL-7R^high and IL-7R^low T cells, whereas transcriptional factor(s) such as GABP has a leading role in controlling the same gene expression in activated T cells via TCR triggering.

In summary, our study shows that DNA methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter is different among Jurkat T cells and CD8⁺ T cell subsets with different levels of IL-7R expression and that DNA methylation in the IL-7R gene promoter affects its activity. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that reducing methylation of the IL-7R gene promoter can up-regulate IL-7R mRNA and protein expression by Jurkat T cells. These findings suggest that a novel mechanism is involved in differentially regulating IL-7R expression in T cells through altering the DNA methylation of the IL-7R gene promoter and that methylation of this gene promoter could be a potential target for modifying IL-7-mediated T cell development and survival. The results of our study are unique by providing a new research and clinical venue in the IL-7-mediated regulation of T cell survival via epigenetics.

	Acknowledgments

 
We thank Drs. Susan Kaech and Alexia Belperron for critical reviews of this manuscript.

	Disclosures

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 
The authors have no financial conflict of interest.

	Footnotes

 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (K08 AR49444-02), the American College of Rheumatology, the Arthritis Foundation, the American Foundation for Aging Research, and Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center at Yale University School of Medicine (P30AG21342 NIH/NIA).

² Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Insoo Kang, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology TAC S541C, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208031, New Haven, CT 06520. E-mail address: Insoo.kang{at}yale.edu

³ Abbreviations used in this paper: Dnmt, DNA methyltransferase; 5-aza-dC, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine; EM, effector memory; GABP, guanine- and adenine-binding protein ; GFI-1, growth factor independence 1.

Received for publication December 7, 2006. Accepted for publication February 16, 2007.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 

1. Schluns, K. S., W. C. Kieper, S. C. Jameson, L. Lefrancois. 2000. Interleukin-7 mediates the homeostasis of naive and memory CD8 T cells in vivo. Nat. Immunol. 1: 426-432. [Medline]
2. Goldrath, A. W., P. V. Sivakumar, M. Glaccum, M. K. Kennedy, M. J. Bevan, C. Benoist, D. Mathis, E. A. Butz. 2002. Cytokine requirements for acute and basal homeostatic proliferation of naive and memory CD8⁺ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 195: 1515-1522. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Kaech, S. M., J. T. Tan, E. J. Wherry, B. T. Konieczny, C. D. Surh, R. Ahmed. 2003. Selective expression of the interleukin 7 receptor identifies effector CD8 T cells that give rise to long-lived memory cells. Nat. Immunol. 4: 1191-1198. [Medline]
4. Seddon, B., P. Tomlinson, R. Zamoyska. 2003. Interleukin 7 and T cell receptor signals regulate homeostasis of CD4 memory cells. Nat. Immunol. 4: 680-686. [Medline]
5. Fry, T. J., C. L. Mackall. 2005. The many faces of IL-7: from lymphopoiesis to peripheral T cell maintenance. J. Immunol. 174: 6571-6576. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. Surh, C. D., J. Sprent. 2005. Regulation of mature T cell homeostasis. Semin. Immunol. 17: 183-191. [Medline]
7. Khaled, A. R., S. K. Durum. 2003. Death and baxes: mechanisms of lymphotrophic cytokines. Immunol. Rev. 193: 48-57. [Medline]
8. Jiang, Q., W. Q. Li, R. R. Hofmeister, H. A. Young, D. R. Hodge, J. R. Keller, A. R. Khaled, S. K. Durum. 2004. Distinct regions of the interleukin-7 receptor regulate different Bcl2 family members. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24: 6501-6513. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Fry, T. J., C. L. Mackall. 2002. Interleukin-7: from bench to clinic. Blood 99: 3892-3904. [Free Full Text]
10. Kim, H. R., M. S. Hong, J. M. Dan, I. Kang. 2006. Altered IL-7R expression with aging and the potential implications of IL-7 therapy on CD8⁺ T-cell immune responses. Blood 107: 2855-2862. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. Wilson, C. B., K. W. Makar, M. Shnyreva, D. R. Fitzpatrick. 2005. DNA methylation and the expanding epigenetics of T cell lineage commitment. Semin. Immunol. 17: 105-119. [Medline]
12. Bird, A. P., A. P. Wolffe. 1999. Methylation-induced repression: belts, braces, and chromatin. Cell 99: 451-454. [Medline]
13. Ansel, K. M., D. U. Lee, A. Rao. 2003. An epigenetic view of helper T cell differentiation. Nat. Immunol. 4: 616-623. [Medline]
14. Smale, S. T., A. G. Fisher. 2002. Chromatin structure and gene regulation in the immune system. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20: 427-462. [Medline]
15. Wilson, C. B., K. W. Makar, M. Perez-Melgosa. 2002. Epigenetic regulation of T cell fate and function. J. Infect. Dis. 185: (Suppl. 1):S37-S45. [Medline]
16. Yano, S., P. Ghosh, H. Kusaba, M. Buchholz, D. L. Longo. 2003. Effect of promoter methylation on the regulation of IFN- gene during in vitro differentiation of human peripheral blood T cells into a Th2 population. J. Immunol. 171: 2510-2516. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
17. Kersh, E. N., D. R. Fitzpatrick, K. Murali-Krishna, J. Shires, S. H. Speck, J. M. Boss, R. Ahmed. 2006. Rapid demethylation of the IFN- gene occurs in memory but not naive CD8 T cells. J. Immunol. 176: 4083-4093. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
18. Holling, T. M., E. Schooten, A. W. Langerak, P. J. van den Elsen. 2004. Regulation of MHC class II expression in human T-cell malignancies. Blood 103: 1438-1444. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
19. Park, J. H., Q. Yu, B. Erman, J. S. Appelbaum, D. Montoya-Durango, H. L. Grimes, A. Singer. 2004. Suppression of IL-7R transcription by IL-7 and other prosurvival cytokines: a novel mechanism for maximizing IL-7-dependent T cell survival. Immunity 21: 289-302. [Medline]
20. Puel, A., S. F. Ziegler, R. H. Buckley, W. J. Leonard. 1998. Defective IL7R expression in T^–B⁺NK⁺ severe combined immunodeficiency. Nat. Genet. 20: 394-397. [Medline]
21. Teutsch, S. M., D. R. Booth, B. H. Bennetts, R. N. Heard, G. J. Stewart. 2003. Identification of 11 novel and common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the interleukin-7 receptor- gene and their associations with multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 11: 509-515. [Medline]
22. Soderback, E., A. L. Zackrisson, B. Lindblom, A. Alderborn. 2005. Determination of CYP2D6 gene copy number by pyrosequencing. Clin. Chem. 51: 522-531. [Medline]
23. Singal, R., J. van Wert, M. Bashambu. 2001. Cytosine methylation represses glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) gene expression in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 61: 4820-4826. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
24. Abdollahi, A., D. Pisarcik, D. Roberts, J. Weinstein, P. Cairns, T. C. Hamilton. 2003. LOT1 (PLAGL1/ZAC1), the candidate tumor suppressor gene at chromosome 6q24–25, is epigenetically regulated in cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 6041-6049. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
25. Agarwal, S., A. Rao. 1998. Modulation of chromatin structure regulates cytokine gene expression during T cell differentiation. Immunity 9: 765-775. [Medline]
26. Lu, Q., A. Wu, D. Ray, C. Deng, J. Attwood, S. Hanash, M. Pipkin, M. Lichtenheld, B. Richardson. 2003. DNA methylation and chromatin structure regulate T cell perforin gene expression. J. Immunol. 170: 5124-5132. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
27. Xue, H. H., P. E. Kovanen, C. A. Pise-Masison, M. Berg, M. F. Radovich, J. N. Brady, W. J. Leonard. 2002. IL-2 negatively regulates IL-7 receptor chain expression in activated T lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 13759-13764. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
28. Issa, J. P., H. Kantarjian. 2005. Azacitidine. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. Suppl. 4: S6-S7.
29. Xue, H. H., J. Bollenbacher, V. Rovella, R. Tripuraneni, Y. B. Du, C. Y. Liu, A. Williams, J. P. McCoy, W. J. Leonard. 2004. GA binding protein regulates interleukin 7 receptor -chain gene expression in T cells. Nat. Immunol. 5: 1036-1044. [Medline]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				N. L. Alves, E. M. M. van Leeuwen, I. A. M. Derks, and R. A. W. van Lier Differential Regulation of Human IL-7 Receptor {alpha} Expression by IL-7 and TCR Signaling J. Immunol., April 15, 2008; 180(8): 5201 - 5210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Chandele, N. S. Joshi, J. Zhu, W. E. Paul, W. J. Leonard, and S. M. Kaech Formation of IL-7R{alpha}high and IL-7R{alpha}low CD8 T Cells during Infection Is Regulated by the Opposing Functions of GABP{alpha} and Gfi-1 J. Immunol., April 15, 2008; 180(8): 5309 - 5319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-R. Kim, K.-A Hwang, and I. Kang Dual Roles of IL-15 in Maintaining IL-7R{alpha}lowCCR7 Memory CD8+ T Cells in Humans via Recovering the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT Pathway J. Immunol., November 15, 2007; 179(10): 6734 - 6740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kim, H.-R. Articles by Kang, I. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kim, H.-R. Articles by Kang, I.