The JI
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     
 

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Doi, T.
Right arrow Articles by Yoshikai, Y.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Doi, T.
Right arrow Articles by Yoshikai, Y.
The Journal of Immunology, 2007, 178: 3806-3813.
Copyright © 2007 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.

H2-M3-Restricted CD8+ T Cells Induced by Peptide-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confer Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis1

Takehiko Doi*,{dagger}, Hisakata Yamada2,*, Toshiki Yajima*, Worawidh Wajjwalku{ddagger}, Toshiro Hara{dagger} and Yasunobu Yoshikai*

* Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; {dagger} Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and {ddagger} Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
One of the oligopolymorphic MHC class Ib molecules, H2-M3, presents N-formylated peptides derived from bacteria. In this study, we tested the ability of an H2-M3-binding peptide, TB2, to induce protection in C57BL/6 mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunization with bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) pulsed with TB2 or a MHC class Ia-binding peptide, MPT64190–198 elicited an expansion of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen and the lung. The number of TB2-specific CD8+ T cells reached a peak on day 6, contracted with kinetics similar to MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells and was maintained at an appreciable level for at least 60 days. The TB2-specific CD8+ T cells produced less effector cytokines but have stronger cytotoxic activity than MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells. Mice immunized with TB2-pulsed BMDC as well as those with MPT64190–198-pulsed BMDC showed significant protection against an intratracheal challenge with M. tuberculosis H37Rv. However, histopathology of the lung in mice immunized with TB2-pulsed BMDC was different from mice immunized with MPT64190–198-pulsed BMDC. Our results suggest that immunization with BMDC pulsed with MHC class Ib-restricted peptides would be a useful vaccination strategy against M. tuberculosis.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
Tuberculosis is one of the major public health problems. About one-third of the world population has been latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1). The tuberculosis incidence is increasing in association with increased numbers of HIV/AIDS patients. Furthermore, the emergency of multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis has worsened the problems. To prevent an epidemic of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)3 is the only vaccine currently available against tuberculosis. Although BCG vaccine protect children efficiently against the early manifestations of tuberculosis (2, 3), especially meningeal tuberculosis (4), it confers incomplete protection against tuberculosis in adults presumably because BCG may not be effective for inducing long-term cellular immunity sufficient for protection against pulmonary disease (5). Furthermore, BCG, a live vaccine, may not be safe for immunocompromised hosts such as AIDS and aged patients. Therefore, it is urgently required to develop prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for tuberculosis in place of BCG (6).

Although protection against infection with intracellular bacteria such as M. tuberculosis depends mainly on CD4+ Th1 cells, there are substantial lines of evidence that CD8+ T cells also play a requisite role (7, 8, 9). beta2-microglobulin-deficient mice and TAP-deficient mice, both of which lack functional CD8+ T cells, are susceptible to infection with M. tuberculosis (10, 11). Adoptive transfer of immunized CD8+ T cells conferred protection against subsequent challenge with M. tuberculosis (12). Thereafter, various vaccination strategies have settled to efficiently induce protective memory CD8+ T cells. Peptide-pulsed mature bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) efficiently generate high numbers of effector and memory CD8+ T cells (13, 14, 15) and there have been several studies on BMDC-based vaccines against M. tuberculosis (16, 17, 18) in which a certain level of protection was observed. However, an obstacle for clinical application of these peptide-based vaccination strategies is the polymorphism of MHC molecules (19).

Although most of CD8+ T cells recognize peptides on highly polymorphic class Ia molecules, some CD8+ T cells recognize peptides presented by class Ib molecules which have limited polymorphism (20). H2-M3 is a member of MHC class Ib molecules showing specificity for hydrophobic peptide sequences initiating with N-formyl methionine derived from only bacteria or mitochondrial proteins (21, 22). Chun et al. (23) have identified M. tuberculosis-derived peptides which bind H2-M3 and showed an involvement of H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cell response in murine models of M. tuberculosis infection. Thus, H2-M3-binding peptides may serve as a good candidate for universal vaccine against M. tuberculosis (24). At present, it is unclear whether immunization with H2-M3 peptide induces long-lasting protective immunity to M. tuberculosis infection.

In the present study, we examined the effects of vaccination with BMDC pulsed with a H2-M3-binding peptide, TB2 (23) or a MHC class Ia (H-2Db)- binding peptide, MPT64190–198 (25, 26, 27) on M. tuberculosis H37Rv infection in mice. We found that immunization with TB2-pulsed BMDC elicited long-lasting Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, leading to protection against intratracheal infection with M. tuberculosis at a level comparable to MPT64190–198-pulsed BMDC.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
Animals

Six- to 8-wk-old female C57BL/6 mice (Charles River Laboratories) and C57BL/6 Ly5.1-congenic mice (The Jackson Laboratory) were used. They were housed in a pathogen-free environment throughout the experiment. This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics on Animal Experiment in Faculty of Medicine (Kyushu University, Kyushu, Japan). Experiments were conducted under the control of the Guidelines for Animal Experiment and were performed mainly under barrier conditions in a level III biosafety animal facility.

Microorganisms

M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv was grown in Middlebrook 7H9 medium (Difco) supplemented with albumin-dextrose-catalase enrichment (Difco) and Tween 80 at 37°C. The bacteria in the culture were stored in Middlebrook 7H9 medium supplemented with 20% (v/v) glycerol at –80°C until they were used.

Abs and synthetic peptides

Following Abs were used: FITC-conjugated anti-IFN-{gamma} (R4-6A2), Cy5-conjugated anti-CD8a (53-6.7), PE-conjugated anti-CD44 (IM7), biotin-conjugated anti-CD45.1 (A20), and streptavidin-Cy5 (eBioscience). The H2-Db-restricted peptide, MPT64190–198 (FAVTNDGVI) (25, 26, 27), Mtb32A309–318 (GAPINSATAM) (28, 29), 38 kDa129–137 (AQQVNYNLP) (30), the H2-Kb-restricted peptide, OVA257–264 (SIINFEKL), and the H2-M3-restricted peptide, TB2 (f-MLVLLV), TB4 (f-MFLIDV), TB7 (f-MILLV) (23), and LemA (f-MIGWII) (Table I) were purchased from Greiner Bio-One.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table I. Synthetic peptides used in this studya

 
Generation of peptide-pulsed BMDCs and immunization

RBC-depleted bone marrow cells were cultured at 1 x 106 cells/ml in RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 20 ng/ml murine IL-4 and 20 ng/ml murine GM-CSF (PeproTech) at 37°C with 5% CO2. Three days after the initial culture, two-thirds of the medium containing small nonadherent cells were removed and fresh RPMI 1640 containing GM-CSF and IL-4 was added back. At day 6, 1 µg/ml LPS (Sigma- Aldrich) was added to induce maturation. After an overnight culture, 5 µM synthetic peptides are added to the cultures 3 h before harvest. The nonadherent cells were harvested and then layered onto 15% metrazimade (Sigma-Aldrich). After a centrifugation at 600 x g for 20 min at 20°C, mononuclear cells at the interface were collected and washed twice before immunization. These cells were 80–90% CD11c+ and expressed high levels of CD80, CD86, CD40 molecules. C57BL/6 mice were injected i.v. with 1 x 106 peptide-pulsed BMDC via the dorsal tail vein. Control mice received either PBS or none peptide-pulsed BMDC.

Quantification of Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response

The number of CD8+ T cells specific for MPT64190–198 or TB2 was determined by intracellular staining for IFN-{gamma}. The cells were incubated for 5–6 h with or without 5 µM of synthetic peptides in the presence of 10 µg/ml brefeldin A at 37°C. For the surface staining, cells were first incubated with a mAb directed against the Fc{gamma} II/III receptors (2.4G2) and were incubated with PE-conjugated anti-CD44 mAb and Cy5-conjugated anti-CD8 mAb. The cells were fixed, permeabilized, and further stained with FITC-conjugated anti-IFN-{gamma} mAb. Samples were run on a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and analyzed with CellQuest software (BD Biosciences).

Quantification of cytokine by ELISA

CD8+ T cells in the spleens were purified after depleting nylon wool-adherent cells by positive selection using anti-CD8 magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec). CD8+ T cells (2 x 105) were cocultured with mitomycin C-treated syngeneic splenocytes (2 x 105) from naive C57BL/6 mice at a volume of 200 µl in the presence or absence of different concentrations of synthetic peptides. The cells were incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 48 h and culture supernatants were collected and stored at –20°C. The amount of IFN-{gamma} and TNF-{alpha} was measured by ELISA kit (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer’s protocols.

In vivo cytotoxicity assay

B6-Ly5.1+ splenocytes were divided and labeled with either a high concentration (5 µM) or a low concentration (0.5 µM) of CFSE (Invitrogen Life Technologies). CFSEhigh cells were pulsed with 5 µM synthetic peptide for 1 h at 37°C, whereas CFSElow cells left uncoated. After washing, the cells were mixed in equal proportions (2 x 107 total cells/200 µl) and injected i.v. into mice immunized with peptide-pulsed DC 6 days previously. Splenocytes in the recipients were harvested 4 h later for flow cytometric analysis. Percent-specific lysis was calculated according to the formula (1 – (ratio primed/ratio unprimed) x 100), where the ratio unprimed = percent CFSElow/percent CFSEhigh cells remaining in nonimmunized recipients, and ratio primed = percent CFSElow/percent CFSEhigh cells remaining in immunized recipients.

Infection of immunized mice with M. tuberculosis

Mice were anesthetized by i.p. injection of pentobarbital sodium and tracheae were exposed. Infection was effected by intratracheal inoculation with 1 x 105 viable CFU of M. tuberculosis H37Rv diluted in 50 µl of PBS. The numbers of viable bacteria in organs were measured 7 or 28 days after infection by plating serial dilutions of whole organ homogenates on supplemented Middlebrook 7H10 agar (Difco) enriched with 10% oleic acid-albumin-dextrose-catalase (Difco) and 0.5% glycerol, and incubated at 37.5°C for 3 wk. Colonies were counted and total tissue CFU calculated.

ELISPOT assay

The numbers of MPT64190–198- or TB2-specific T cells in the lungs and spleen after infection with M. tuberculosis were determined by an ELISPOT assay (Mouse IFN-{gamma} ELISPOT Set; BD Biosciences) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Lung mononuclear cells were prepared by collagenase digestion and were pooled from three mice. To supplement APCs in the lung cells, mitomycin C-treated syngeneic splenocytes were added at a ratio of 1:1 lung cells/APCs. Two-fold serial dilutions of the 100-µl admixture were added in triplicate to the wells precoated with anti-mouse IFN-{gamma} mAb starting at 1 x 105 lung cells/well. The wells were further added with 100 µl of RPMI 1640-FCS containing no Ag, 5 µM MPT64190–198 or 5 µM TB2. After 24 h of incubation at 37°C and 5% CO2, unattached cells were aspirated from the wells and the remaining cells were lysed with distilled water. The wells were washed again with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 and incubated with a second biotinylated anti-mouse IFN-{gamma} mAb. The wells were then washed with PBS-Tween 20, incubated for 1 h with streptavidin-HRP, washed, and developed with 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazol as substrate. After washing and drying, the number of spots per well was counted with the aid of a digital microscope at x40. The number of cells specific for each peptide was calculated by subtracting the number of spots formed in the absence of Ag from that formed in its presence. Experiments were repeated twice.

Histopathology

Tissues were preserved in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with H&E. Random sections including hilar of the lung from five mice per group were examined.

Statistical analysis

The statistical significance of the bacteria number was determined by one-way ANOVA. Other data were determined by the Student t test. Differences with a p value of <0.05 were considered significant. Analyses were completed using SPSS software.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
Induction of MHC class Ia- and H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cell expansion by peptide-pulsed BMDCs

Chun et al. (23) have identified several M. tuberculosis-derived peptides binding to a MHC class Ib molecule, H2-M3. We first compared immunogenicity of three of these peptides named TB2, TB4, and TB7 (Table I), all of which were shown to be immunogenic in M. tuberculosis-infected C57BL/6 mice (23). We examined expansion of Ag-specific T cells after immunization with peptide-pulsed BMDC, which were treated with LPS to induce full maturation. We found this maturation step was necessary for inducing clear expansion of Ag-specific T cells in preliminary experiments (data not shown). As shown in Fig. 1A, an expansion of CD8+ T cells producing IFN-{gamma} was observed 6 days after immunization with H2-M3-binding peptides. Among the peptides tested, TB2 induced the strongest expansion of Ag-specific T cells. We also tested three MHC class Ia-restricted peptides derived from M. tuberculosis (Table I) for their immunogenicity. Although MPT64190–198 gave a strong T cell response similar to the control OVA, the other two M. tuberculosis-derived peptides induced only marginal expansion of Ag-specific T cells. Therefore, we used TB2 and MPT64190–198 as representative of H2-M3-binding and MHC class Ia-binding peptides, respectively, in the subsequent experiments. It is of note to find that, mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) for IFN-{gamma} staining of MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells was higher than that of TB2-specific CD8+ T cells at any concentration of the peptides (Fig. 1, B and C). Furthermore, CD8+ T cells specific for MHC class Ia-restricted peptides generally showed higher MFI than those specific for H2-M3-binding peptide (average MFI 77.8 vs 55.0, respectively, p = 0.007) (Fig. 1D).


Figure 1
View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 1. Expansion of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells after immunization with M. tuberculosis-derived peptide-pulsed BMDCs. A, CD8+ T cells in the spleens of naive mice or the mice immunized with H2-M3 (upper panels) or MHC class Ia (lower panels) restricted peptide-pulsed BMDCs 6 days previously were harvested and restimulated with the indicated peptide in vitro. IFN-{gamma}-producing CD8+ T cells were detected by a flow cytometer. Data are representative of three separate experiments and are expressed as means of three mice in each group. DC-MPT64, MPT64190–198-pulsed BMDC; DC-Mtb32, Mtb32A309–318-pulsed BMDC; DC-38 kDa, 38-kDa129–137-pulsed BMDC; DC-OVA, OVA257–264-pulsed BMDC; DC-TB2, TB2-pulsed BMDC; DC-TB4, TB4-pulsed BMDC; DC-TB7, TB7-pulsed BMDC; DC-LemA, LemA-pulsed BMDC. B, Expression levels of intracellular IFN-{gamma} of TB2-specific CD8+ T cells (upper panel) and MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells (lower panel) were depicted as histograms. C, MFI of IFN-{gamma} staining of CD8+ T cells induced by different concentrations of peptide was shown. Data are representative of three separate experiments and are expressed as means + SD of three mice in each group. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01, significantly different from the value of TB2-specific CD8+ T cells. D, MFI of IFN-{gamma} staining of CD8+ T cells induced by different peptides was shown. Data are representative of three separate experiments and are expressed as means + SD of three mice in each group.

 
Kinetic analysis revealed that the number of MPT64190–198- or TB2-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen and the lung peaked on day 6 after immunization and contracted until day 20, and then was maintained an appreciable level at least 60 days (Fig. 2). The absolute number of TB2-specific CD8+ T cells tended to be higher than that of MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen at the peak, but there were no significant differences. Although the number of TB2-specific CD8+ T cells was lower than that of MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells at day 60, it was still above background. These data showed that not only MHC class Ia-restricted MPT64190–198- but also H2-M3-restricted TB2-pulsed mature BMDC induced long-lasting Ag-specific CD8+ T cells.


Figure 2
View larger version (13K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 2. Kinetics of the absolute number of MPT64190–198-specific or TB2-specific, IFN-{gamma}-producing CD8+ T cells in the spleens and the lungs. To calculate the number of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, we subtracted the percentage of IFN-{gamma}+ CD8+ T cells in unstimulated samples from the peptide-stimulated value. Data are representative of three separate experiments and are expressed as means + SD of three mice in each group. *, p < 0.05, significantly different from the value of MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells.

 
Effector functions of TB2- and MPT64-specific CD8+ T cells

As potential of IFN-{gamma} production seemed different between MHC class Ia- and H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells by intracellular flow cytometric analysis (Fig. 1, B–D), we further compared the functions of TB2-specific CD8+ T cells and MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells 6 days after immunization. IFN-{gamma} and TNF-{alpha} production by spleen CD8+ T cells were measured by ELISA. Although there was no significant difference between the number of TB2-specific CD8+ T cells and that of MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen as shown in Fig. 2, TB2-specific CD8+ T cells produced less IFN-{gamma} than MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells at any concentration of the peptide (Fig. 3A). The level of TNF-{alpha} production was also lower in TB2-specific CD8+ T cells than MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells (Fig. 3B).


Figure 3
View larger version (25K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 3. Cytokine production by MPT64190–198- or TB2-specific CD8+ T cells. Mice were immunized with MPT64190–198 (DC-MPT64), TB2 (DC-TB2), or no peptide-pulsed BMDC (DC-NONE). After 6 days, purified CD8+ T cells from the spleens were cultured with PBS or different concentrations of MPT64190–198 or TB2 and syngeneic mitomycin C-treated splenocytes for 48 h. IFN-{gamma} (A) and TNF-{alpha} (B) in the supernatants was measured by ELISA. Data are representative of three separate experiments and are expressed as means + SD of triplicate cultures of each group. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01, significantly different from the value of TB2- specific CD8+ T cells.

 
We next evaluated the cytotoxic activity of MPT64190–198- or TB2-specific CD8+ T cells by measuring in vivo cytotoxic activity against syngeneic peptide-pulsed splenocytes 6 days after immunization. Both MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells and TB2-specific CD8+ T cells lysed peptide-pulsed syngeneic splenocytes (Fig. 4). As opposed to the case of IFN-{gamma} or TNF-{alpha} production, the cytotoxic activity of TB2-specific CD8+ T cells was significantly higher than that of MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells. Taken together, these data indicated that, although H2-M3-restricted TB2-specific CD8+ T cells and MHC class Ia-restricted MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells expand in similar extent with similar time kinetics after immunization with BMDC, they have somewhat different activities of function.


Figure 4
View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 4. In vivo cytotoxic activity of MPT64190–198- or TB2-specific CD8+ T cells. Mice were immunized with MPT64190–198 (DC-MPT64), TB2 (DC-TB2), or no peptide-pulsed BMDC (DC-NONE). Six days after immunization, CFSE-labeled, MPT64190–198-, or TB2-pulsed and untreated (UN) target splenocytes (Ly5.1+) were coinjected. Cytotoxic activity was expressed as the percent of specific killing of the targets. Data are representative of three separate experiments and are expressed as means + SD of four mice in each group. **, p < 0.01 significantly different from the value of MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells.

 
Response of MPT64190–198- or TB2-specific CD8+ T cells during infection with M. tuberculosis

To examine whether CD8+ T cell response to MPT64190–198 or TB2 was elicited during infection with M. tuberculosis, the number of MPT64190–198- or TB2-specific T cells in the lung or spleen from 2 x 102 CFU M. tuberculosis H37Rv-infected mice was measured by an ELISPOT assay (Fig. 5). Two weeks after infection, a small number of peptide-specific IFN-{gamma} spots was detected in the lung and the spleen. The frequency of MPT64190–198- and TB2-specific CD8+ T cells both rapidly increased from 3 wk after infection then reached a peak at 4 wk after infection. These results clearly indicate that MPT64190–198 and TB2 are presented during M. tuberculosis infection. There was no clear difference in kinetics of the response between MPT64190–198- and TB2-specific CD8+ T cells.


Figure 5
View larger version (11K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 5. Kinetics of the number of MPT64190–198- or TB2-specific CD8+ T cells in M. tuberculosis-infected mice. Mice were infected intratracheally with 2 x 102 CFU M. tuberculosis. Number of CD8+ T cells producing IFN-{gamma} in response to MPT64190–198 or TB2 per organ was measured by an ELISPOT assay. Results were obtained with pooled lung and spleen cells from three mice. Shown are the means + SD of the number of spots in triplicate wells. Similar results were obtained in two separate experiments.

 
H2-M3-restricted TB2-specific CD8+ T cells protect mice from intratracheal M. tuberculosis infection

To examine whether these CD8+ T cells are both protective against M. tuberculosis, we challenged the mice intratracheally with M. tuberculosis H37Rv 6 days after immunization with MPT64190–198-pulsed BMDC (DC-MPT64), TB2-pulsed BMDC (DC-TB2), or BMDC without peptides (DC-NONE) (Fig. 6A). One or 4 wk after infection, lungs and spleens were prepared from the mice and the extent of bacterial growth was determined. At 1 wk, the CFU in the lung of DC-TB2-immunized mice tended to be lower than those of DC-NONE-immunized mice or naive mice, but it was not statistically significant. At 4 wk, the CFU in these organs of DC-MPT64 or DC-TB2 immunized mice was significantly lower than that of DC-NONE-immunized mice or naive mice. The difference of the CFU in the lung was ~1 log10 order. Thus, both MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells and TB2 specific-CD8+ T cells were protective against respiratory M. tuberculosis infection.


Figure 6
View larger version (13K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 6. Protection against virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv by immunization with MPT64190–198 or TB2. Mice were immunized with BMDC pulsed with MPT64190–198 (DC-MPT64), TB2 (DC-TB2), or no peptide (DC-NONE). Control mice were given PBS alone. At 6 days (A) or 60 days (B) postimmunization, the mice were challenged intratracheally with 1 x 105 CFU of live M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Data are representative of two separate experiments and are expressed as means + SD of four mice of each group. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01 significantly different from the values of PBS and DC-NONE-immunized mice.

 
Vaccination with TB2-pulsed BMDC conferred long-lasting protective immunity against M. tuberculosis

As shown in Fig. 2, MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells and TB2-specific CD8+ T cells were maintained for 60 days after immunization. To evaluate whether BMDC immunization can induce long-lasting protective immunity against M. tuberculosis, we challenged intratracheally with M. tuberculosis 60 days later after immunization. At 4 wk, the CFU in the lungs of DC-MPT64- or DC-TB2-immunized mice was significantly lower than those of DC-NONE-immunized mice and naive mice (Fig. 6B). The difference of the CFU in the lungs was ~1 log10 order. Although the CFU in the spleens was considerably lower than that of DC-NONE-immunized mice or naive mice, there was no statistical difference. These data suggested that both MHC class Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells and H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells induced by peptide-pulsed mature BMDC elicited long-lasting protection against respiratory M. tuberculosis infection.

Lung histopathology of the mice immunized with TB2 or MPT64190–198 after intratracheal M. tuberculosis infection

As we observed some differences in the activity of function between MPT64190–198- and TB2-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo as well as in vitro (Figs. 3 and 4), it is of interest to compare histopathological changes in the lungs of the mice immunized with the different peptides. DC-MPT64-immunized mice had larger pulmonary infiltrates composed of formed macrophages (Fig. 7, B and E) compared with control (Fig. 7, A and D) or DC-TB2-immunized mice (Fig. 7, C and F). Areas of bronchopneumonia were clearly evident and frankly necrotic areas were observed in part (Fig. 7B). In contrast, although large infiltrates were also observed in the lungs of DC-TB2-immunized mice, there were few necroses and the structure of the walls of the alveoli comparatively avoided destruction (Fig. 7C). There tended to be greater numbers of lymphocytes in the inflammatory infiltrate compared with DC-MPT64-immunized mice. Both perivascular and interstitial lymphoid infiltrates were observed (Fig. 7F). These histopathological features suggest that the protection mechanism of TB2-specific CD8+ T cells against M. tuberculosis infection is different from that of MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells.


Figure 7
View larger version (138K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 7. Lung histopathology of the mice immunized with MPT64190–198- or TB2-pulsed BMDC following M. tuberculosis infection. Control PBS-injected mice (A and D) or the mice immunized with BMDC pulsed with MPT64190–198 (DC-MPT64) (B and E) or TB2 (DC-TB2) (C and F) were challenged intratracheally with M. tuberculosis. After 8 wk, histology of the lungs was examined by staining with H&E. Lungs from five mice per group were examined. Representative figures are shown. Original magnification, x4, scale length, 100 µm (A–C); x20, scale length, 50 µm (D–F).

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
Disclosures
 References
 
Because CD8+ T cells play a requisite role in the resistance to mycobacterial infection, Ag-specific CD8+ T cells are major target for vaccine design for tuberculosis. We here showed the first evidence that immunization with mature BMDC pulsed with either MHC class Ia (H-2Db) binding MPT64190–198 or class Ib (H2-M3) binding TB2 peptide induced long-lasting Ag-specific CD8+ T cells and conferred protection against an intratracheal challenge with M. tuberculosis.

There have been several studies on BMDC-based vaccination against M. tuberculosis infection models in mice (16, 17, 18). McShane et al. (18) reported that mice immunized with immature BMDC pulsed with either MHC class I- or MHC class II-restricted Ag85A peptide was not protective against M. tuberculosis challenge. Nakano et al. (16) reported that retroviral Ag85A gene-transduced, incompletely matured BMDC immunization was not effective enough in terms of clearance of M. tuberculosis from the tissues. In contrast, Malowany et al. (17) reported that adenoviral Ag85A gene-transduced mature BMDC induced much longer immune response compare with immature peptide-pulsed BMDC. These findings clearly indicated the importance of maturational stage of BMDC for vaccination. We also observed a clear difference in inducing T cell response between immature and mature BMDC (data not shown). Thereafter, we used LPS-stimulated BMDC for immunization and successfully induced protective CD8+ T cell responses against M. tuberculosis infection.

There have been some reports showing an involvement of H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells in M. tuberculosis infection. Chun et al. (23) identified several H2-M3-binding peptides by scanning the full sequence of the M. tuberculosis genome. Although they showed CD8+ T cell responses to some of these peptides including TB2 after infection with M. tuberculosis, it has been unknown whether the H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells are protective against M. tuberculosis infection. Dow et al. (31) also identified several H2-M3-binding peptides derived from M. tuberculosis and showed CTL response to these peptides. They also examined protection against M. tuberculosis challenged 10 days after immunization with some of these peptides. However, these peptides were longer than the predicted length of H2-M3-binding peptides revealed by the crystallography (32) and also by bioassays (33), and none of these peptides were identical with the peptides identified by Chun et al. (23). In this study, we found TB2 elicited strongest T cell response after immunization with peptide-pulsed BMDC. Thereafter, we used TB2 and found that immunization with TB2 confers significant protection as vaccine against M. tuberculosis challenged even 60 days after immunization.

The importance of H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells has been more clearly shown in Listeria monocytogenes infection. It was recently reported that H2-M3-deficient mice were impaired in early bacterial clearance during primary L. monocytogenes infection (34). H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells play a role in early protection against a primary L. monocytogenes infection by expanding quicker than class Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells (35, 36). In the present study, however, we did not find difference in the kinetics of expansion between H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells and MHC class Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells either after immunization with BMDC or during M. tuberculosis infection. In the former case, the discrepancy between the previous observations and our findings may be explained by different efficacy in Ag processing between MHC class Ia-binding peptides and H2-M3-binding peptides. For the presentation by MHC class Ia molecules, antigenic peptides in the cytosol are translocated to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum by TAP and loaded onto peptide-receptive MHC class Ia complexes. Stably conformed and peptide-filled class Ia complexes then egress from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. In contrast, TAP did not appear to be absolutely necessary for the presentation of N-formylated peptides by H2-M3 molecules (37). In addition, the supply of endogenous N-formylated mitochondrial peptides is limited and a significant pool of H2-M3 exists intracellularly, which can be rapidly mobilized to the surface when provided with appropriate exogenous N-formylated peptides (38). Therefore, it is suggested that MHC class Ib-binding Ag peptides are more rapidly presented by APCs. Immunization with peptide-pulsed mature BMDC may circumvent these time-dependent factors. In the case of in vivo infection, one of the major differences between L. monocytogenes and M. tuberculosis is their growth rate. M. tuberculosis divide slowly and their Ags are presented gradually with time, which may conceal the lag of response of MHC class Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells behind that of H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells. Additionally, there seems to be a difference in Ag processing between L. monocytogenes and M. tuberculosis. In contrast to L. monocytogenes, which actively escapes phagosomes and enters the cytosol, M. tuberculosis resides within phagosomes which has features similar to those of an early endosome (39, 40). Nevertheless, M. tuberculosis-derived peptides are cross-presented by MHC class I pathway, which is supposed to be far less efficient than the case of L. monocytogenes. These differences in Ag processing and presentation of different microbes may also be involved in the discrepancy.

There were some differences in the activities of effector functions between H2-M3-restricted TB2-specific CD8+ T cells and MHC class Ia-restricted MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells, although both were protective against M. tuberculosis infection. Cytotoxic activity of TB2-specific CD8+ T cells was higher than that of MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells, whereas the ability to produce IFN-{gamma} or TNF-{alpha} was the opposite. Such differences are usually observed after immunization with different peptides, even restricted by the same MHC molecule and could be related to the stability of the MHC complexes. In this regard, it is notable to find that the expression levels of IFN-{gamma} were generally lower in H2-M3-restricted CD8+ T cells than in MHC class Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells by intracellular flow cytometric analysis (Fig. 1D), suggesting that the difference in the activities of function between TB2- and MPT64190–198-specific CD8+ T cells may be generalized to difference between MHC class Ia- and MHC class Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells. Further detailed analysis is needed to test this possibility. These differences in activities of function of CD8+ T cells might result in the different histopathology of the lung between MPT64190–198- and TB2-immunized mice. The lungs of MPT64190–198-pulsed BMDC-immunized mice following M. tuberculosis infection had large pulmonary infiltrates composed of formed macrophages. In contrast, the lungs of TB2-pulsed BMDC-immunized mice following M. tuberculosis infection had less necrosis and reduced pulmonary injury.

In conclusion, our results clearly indicated that vaccination with mature BMDC pulsed with a H2-M3-binding peptide significantly confers protection against M. tuberculosis. Because MHC class Ib molecules including H2-M3 have an advantage of limited polymorphism, immunization with MHC class Ib-restricted peptides would be a novel vaccination strategy against M. tuberculosis infection for a broad range of recipients.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank Kazue Hirowatari and Yoko Tagawa for their excellent technical assistance.


   Disclosures
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
References
 
The authors have no financial conflict of interest.


   Footnotes
 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1 This work was supported in part by the Program of Founding Research Centers for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases launched as a project commissioned by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, by a Grant-in-Aid for Japan Society for Promotion of Science, and grants from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture (to Y.Y.). Back

2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Hisakata Yamada, Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. E-mail address: hisaky{at}hotmail.com Back

3 Abbreviations used in this paper: BCG, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin; DC, dendritic cell; BMDC, bone marrow-derived DC; MFI, mean fluorescent intensity. Back

Received for publication August 1, 2006. Accepted for publication January 10, 2007.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 

  1. Dye, C., S. Scheele, P. Dolin, V. Pathania, M. C. Raviglione. 1999. Consensus statement: global burden of tuberculosis: estimated incidence, prevalence, and mortality by country. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 282: 677-686. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Lanckriet, C., D. Levy-Bruhl, E. Bingono, R. M. Siopathis, N. Guerin. 1995. Efficacy of BCG vaccination of the newborn: evaluation by a follow-up study of contacts in Bangui. Int. J. Epidemiol. 24: 1042-1049. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Colditz, G. A., C. S. Berkey, F. Mosteller, T. F. Brewer, M. E. Wilson, E. Burdick, H. V. Fineberg. 1995. The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses of the published literature. Pediatrics 96: 29-35. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Mittal, S. K., V. Aggarwal, A. Rastogi, N. Saini. 1996. Does B.C.G. vaccination prevent or postpone the occurrence of tuberculous meningitis?. Indian J. Pediatr. 63: 659-664. [Medline]
  5. Colditz, G. A., T. F. Brewer, C. S. Berkey, M. E. Wilson, E. Burdick, H. V. Fineberg, F. Mosteller. 1994. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analysis of the published literature. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 271: 698-702. [Abstract]
  6. Kaufmann, S. H.. 2006. Tuberculosis: back on the immunologists’ agenda. Immunity 24: 351-357. [Medline]
  7. Flynn, J. L., J. Chan. 2001. Immunology of tuberculosis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19: 93-129. [Medline]
  8. Kaufmann, S. H.. 2001. How can immunology contribute to the control of tuberculosis?. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1: 20-30. [Medline]
  9. Lalvani, A., R. Brookes, R. J. Wilkinson, A. S. Malin, A. A. Pathan, P. Andersen, H. Dockrell, G. Pasvol, A. V. Hill. 1998. Human cytolytic and interferon {gamma}-secreting CD8+ T lymphocytes specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 270-275. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Sousa, A. O., R. J. Mazzaccaro, R. G. Russell, F. K. Lee, O. C. Turner, S. Hong, L. Van Kaer, B. R. Bloom. 2000. Relative contributions of distinct MHC class I-dependent cell populations in protection to tuberculosis infection in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 4204-4208. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Flynn, J. L., M. M. Goldstein, K. J. Triebold, B. Koller, B. R. Bloom. 1992. Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted T cells are required for resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 12013-12017. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Orme, I. M.. 1987. The kinetics of emergence and loss of mediator T lymphocytes acquired in response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 138: 293-298. [Abstract]
  13. Badovinac, V. P., K. A. Messingham, A. Jabbari, J. S. Haring, J. T. Harty. 2005. Accelerated CD8+ T-cell memory and prime-boost response after dendritic-cell vaccination. Nat. Med. 11: 748-756. [Medline]
  14. Hamilton, S. E., J. T. Harty. 2002. Quantitation of CD8+ T cell expansion, memory, and protective immunity after immunization with peptide-coated dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 169: 4936-4944. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Steinman, R. M., M. Pope. 2002. Exploiting dendritic cells to improve vaccine efficacy. J. Clin. Invest. 109: 1519-1526. [Medline]
  16. Nakano, H., T. Nagata, T. Suda, T. Tanaka, T. Aoshi, M. Uchijima, S. Kuwayama, N. Kanamaru, K. Chida, H. Nakamura, et al 2006. Immunization with dendritic cells retrovirally transduced with mycobacterial antigen 85A gene elicits the specific cellular immunity including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity specific to an epitope on antigen 85A. Vaccine 24: 2110-2119. [Medline]
  17. Malowany, J. I., S. McCormick, M. Santosuosso, X. Zhang, N. Aoki, P. Ngai, J. Wang, J. Leitch, J. Bramson, Y. Wan, Z. Xing. 2005. Development of cell-based tuberculosis vaccines: genetically modified dendritic cell vaccine is a much more potent activator of CD4 and CD8 T cells than peptide- or protein-loaded counterparts. Mol. Ther. 13: 766-775.
  18. McShane, H., S. Behboudi, N. Goonetilleke, R. Brookes, A. V. Hill. 2002. Protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced by dendritic cells pulsed with both CD8+- and CD4+-T-cell epitopes from antigen 85A. Infect. Immun. 70: 1623-1626. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Banchereau, J., A. K. Palucka. 2005. Dendritic cells as therapeutic vaccines against cancer. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5: 296-306. [Medline]
  20. Gulden, P. H., P. Fischer, III, N. E. Sherman, W. Wang, V. H. Engelhard, J. Shabanowitz, D. F. Hunt, E. G. Pamer. 1996. A Listeria monocytogenes pentapeptide is presented to cytolytic T lymphocytes by the H2-M3 MHC class Ib molecule. Immunity 5: 73-79. [Medline]
  21. Wong, P., E. G. Pamer. 2003. CD8 T cell responses to infectious pathogens. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21: 29-70. [Medline]
  22. Rodgers, J. R., R. G. Cook. 2005. MHC class Ib molecules bridge innate and acquired immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5: 459-471. [Medline]
  23. Chun, T., N. V. Serbina, D. Nolt, B. Wang, N. M. Chiu, J. L. Flynn, C. R. Wang. 2001. Induction of M3-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses by N-formylated peptides derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Exp. Med. 193: 1213-1220. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Lauvau, G., E. G. Pamer. 2001. CD8 T cell detection of bacterial infection: sniffing for formyl peptides derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Exp. Med. 193: F35-F39. [Free Full Text]
  25. Feng, C. G., C. Demangel, A. T. Kamath, M. Macdonald, W. J. Britton. 2001. Dendritic cells infected with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guerin activate CD8+ T cells with specificity for a novel mycobacterial epitope. Int. Immunol. 13: 451-458. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Harboe, M., S. Nagai, M. E. Patarroyo, M. L. Torres, C. Ramirez, N. Cruz. 1986. Properties of proteins MPB64, MPB70, and MPB80 of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect. Immun. 52: 293-302. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  27. Roche, P. W., J. A. Triccas, D. T. Avery, T. Fifis, H. Billman-Jacobe, W. J. Britton. 1994. Differential T cell responses to mycobacteria-secreted proteins distinguish vaccination with bacille Calmette-Guerin from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dis. 170: 1326-1330. [Medline]
  28. Skeiky, Y. A., M. R. Alderson, P. J. Ovendale, J. A. Guderian, L. Brandt, D. C. Dillon, A. Campos-Neto, Y. Lobet, W. Dalemans, I. M. Orme, S. G. Reed. 2004. Differential immune responses and protective efficacy induced by components of a tuberculosis polyprotein vaccine, Mtb72F, delivered as naked DNA or recombinant protein. J. Immunol. 172: 7618-7628. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Skeiky, Y. A., M. J. Lodes, J. A. Guderian, R. Mohamath, T. Bement, M. R. Alderson, S. G. Reed. 1999. Cloning, expression, and immunological evaluation of two putative secreted serine protease antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 67: 3998-4007. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Zhu, X., H. J. Stauss, J. Ivanyi, H. M. Vordermeier. 1997. Specificity of CD8+ T cells from subunit-vaccinated and infected H-2b mice recognizing the 38 kDa antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int. Immunol. 9: 1669-1676. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Dow, S. W., A. Roberts, J. Vyas, J. Rodgers, R. R. Rich, I. Orme, T. A. Potter. 2000. Immunization with f-Met peptides induces immune reactivity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuber. Lung Dis. 80: 5-13. [Medline]
  32. Wang, C. R., A. R. Castano, P. A. Peterson, C. Slaughter, K. F. Lindahl, J. Deisenhofer. 1995. Nonclassical binding of formylated peptide in crystal structure of the MHC class Ib molecule H2-M3. Cell 82: 655-664. [Medline]
  33. Dabhi, V. M., K. F. Lindahl. 1998. Short peptides sensitize target cells to CTL specific for the MHC class Ib molecule, H2-M3. Eur. J. Immunol. 28: 3773-3782. [Medline]
  34. Xu, H., T. Chun, H. J. Choi, B. Wang, C. R. Wang. 2006. Impaired response to Listeria in H2-M3-deficient mice reveals a nonredundant role of MHC class Ib-specific T cells in host defense. J. Exp. Med. 203: 449-459. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  35. Kerksiek, K. M., D. H. Busch, I. M. Pilip, S. E. Allen, E. G. Pamer. 1999. H2-M3-restricted T cells in bacterial infection: rapid primary but diminished memory responses. J. Exp. Med. 190: 195-204. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  36. Seaman, M. S., C. R. Wang, J. Forman. 2000. MHC class Ib-restricted CTL provide protection against primary and secondary Listeria monocytogenes infection. J. Immunol. 165: 5192-5201. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Levitt, J. M., D. D. Howell, J. R. Rodgers, R. R. Rich. 2001. Exogenous peptides enter the endoplasmic reticulum of TAP-deficient cells and induce the maturation of nascent MHC class I molecules. Eur. J. Immunol. 31: 1181-1190. [Medline]
  38. Chiu, N. M., T. Chun, M. Fay, M. Mandal, C. R. Wang. 1999. The majority of H2-M3 is retained intracellularly in a peptide-receptive state and traffics to the cell surface in the presence of N-formylated peptides. J. Exp. Med. 190: 423-434. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  39. Sturgill-Koszycki, S., P. H. Schlesinger, P. Chakraborty, P. L. Haddix, H. L. Collins, A. K. Fok, R. D. Allen, S. L. Gluck, J. Heuser, D. G. Russell. 1994. Lack of acidification in Mycobacterium phagosomes produced by exclusion of the vesicular proton-ATPase. Science 263: 678-681. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  40. Clemens, D. L., M. A. Horwitz. 1995. Characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome and evidence that phagosomal maturation is inhibited. J. Exp. Med. 181: 257-270. [Abstract/Free Full Text]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
J. Nishimura, H. Saiga, S. Sato, M. Okuyama, H. Kayama, H. Kuwata, S. Matsumoto, T. Nishida, Y. Sawa, S. Akira, et al.
Potent Antimycobacterial Activity of Mouse Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor
J. Immunol., March 15, 2008; 180(6): 4032 - 4039.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Doi, T.
Right arrow Articles by Yoshikai, Y.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Doi, T.
Right arrow Articles by Yoshikai, Y.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS