The JI
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     
 

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Stel, A. J.
Right arrow Articles by Kroesen, B. J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Stel, A. J.
Right arrow Articles by Kroesen, B. J.
Right arrowPubmed/NCBI databases
*Substance via MeSH
The Journal of Immunology, 2007, 178: 2287-2295.
Copyright © 2007 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.

Fas Receptor Clustering and Involvement of the Death Receptor Pathway in Rituximab-Mediated Apoptosis with Concomitant Sensitization of Lymphoma B Cells to Fas-Induced Apoptosis1

Alja J. Stel*, Bram ten Cate*, Susan Jacobs*, Jan Willem Kok{dagger}, Diana C. J. Spierings§, Monica Dondorff*, Wijnand Helfrich*, Hanneke C. Kluin-Nelemans{ddagger}, Lou F. M. H. de Leij*, Sebo Withoff2,§ and Bart Jan Kroesen2,3,*

* University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section Medical Biology–Laboratory Tumor Immunology, Groningen, The Netherlands; {dagger} Department of Membrane Cell Biology and {ddagger} Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and § Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
Ab binding to CD20 has been shown to induce apoptosis in B cells. In this study, we demonstrate that rituximab sensitizes lymphoma B cells to Fas-induced apoptosis in a caspase-8-dependent manner. To elucidate the mechanism by which Rituximab affects Fas-mediated cell death, we investigated rituximab-induced signaling and apoptosis pathways. Rituximab-induced apoptosis involved the death receptor pathway and proceeded in a caspase-8-dependent manner. Ectopic overexpression of FLIP (the physiological inhibitor of the death receptor pathway) or application of zIETD-fmk (specific inhibitor of caspase-8, the initiator-caspase of the death receptor pathway) both specifically reduced rituximab-induced apoptosis in Ramos B cells. Blocking the death receptor ligands Fas ligand or TRAIL, using neutralizing Abs, did not inhibit apoptosis, implying that a direct death receptor/ligand interaction is not involved in CD20-mediated cell death. Instead, we hypothesized that rituximab-induced apoptosis involves membrane clustering of Fas molecules that leads to formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and downstream activation of the death receptor pathway. Indeed, Fas coimmune precipitation experiments showed that, upon CD20-cross-linking, Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) and caspase-8 were recruited into the DISC. Additionally, rituximab induced CD20 and Fas translocation to raft-like domains on the cell surface. Further analysis revealed that, upon stimulation with rituximab, Fas, caspase-8, and FADD were found in sucrose-gradient raft fractions together with CD20. In conclusion, in this study, we present evidence for the involvement of the death receptor pathway in rituximab-induced apoptosis of Ramos B cells with concomitant sensitization of these cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis via Fas multimerization and recruitment of caspase-8 and FADD to the DISC.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
The efficient B cell depletion induced by the chimeric anti-CD20 Ab rituximab in vivo is due to simultaneous activation of multiple cell death-inducing mechanisms. It is well established that rituximab can activate both Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (1, 2). In addition, cross-linking of rituximab, for example via FcR-positive cells, leads to the activation of an intracellular signaling cascade which results in B cell death by apoptosis (3, 4). Rituximab has been described to sensitize lymphoma cells to standard chemotherapeutic reagents used for treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and, very recently, to Fas receptor-induced apoptosis (5, 6, 7). These observations are of significant clinical importance as exemplified by the implementation of combination therapies with rituximab, which have shown to prolong progression free and overall survival (8, 9). Despite its undisputed clinical relevance, the exact way by which rituximab exerts its apoptosis inducing activities is still not understood.

Several signaling molecules and pathways have been described to be involved in rituximab-induced apoptosis. cross-linking of anti-CD20 Abs on B cells leads to translocation of CD20 to lipid microdomains know as rafts, followed by activation of members of the src family of tyrosine kinases, elevation in intracellular Ca2+, and phospholipase C{gamma} activation (10, 11). In addition, CD20 cross-linking results in a rapid up-regulation of Bax, changes in RNA level of c-myc and Berg36, activation of MAPK family members p44 and 42, and increased AP-1 DNA binding activity (12). p38 MAPK and STAT3 protein activity have been reported to be inhibited as a result of CD20 cross-linking by rituximab, subsequently down-regulating the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, and inducing apoptosis protease activating factor 1 (13, 14, 15). Other antiapoptotic signaling pathways, including the ERK 1/2 and the NF-{kappa}B pathway, have been reported to be inhibited by rituximab, resulting in the sensitization of various B cell lines to chemotherapy (5, 16) and Fas receptor (7)-mediated apoptosis induction.

In vivo, in chronic lymphocyte leukemia patients, rituximab treatment results in activation of caspase-9 and -3, followed by the execution of apoptosis (4). Although it is generally believed that the mitochondrial pathway, activated via caspase-9, is the main apoptotic cascade induced by rituximab, other routes, activated via caspase-7 and -8, have been reported as well (17, 18).

To further delineate the significance of apoptosis inducing and apoptosis sensitizing signaling characteristics of rituximab, we studied the possible involvement of the death receptor pathway in rituximab-mediated apoptosis induction. We used the Burkitt lymphoma cell line Ramos and retrovirally transduced derivatives of this cell line, expressing high levels of FLIP and X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)4 as a model. This allowed us to differentiate between the involvement of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and caspase-9 and -3 mediated apoptosis. Both the death receptor and the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were triggered upon cross-linking of rituximab, resulting in the activation of caspase-9 as well as caspase-8. Rituximab-induced activation of caspase-8 was preceded by a death receptor/ligand-independent clustering of Fas in membrane microdomains and by formation of the DISC. The lateral membrane reorganisation of Fas and the formation of a functional DISC by rituximab was instrumental to a significant part of rituximab-induced apoptosis and resulted in concomitant sensitization to apoptosis induction via the Fas receptor. In conclusion, in this study, we demonstrate a novel, initiating role for the death receptor pathway in the process of rituximab-mediated cell death, which provides a new, membrane-dependent mechanism to overcome Fas resistance and sensitize B cells to the death receptor-mediated apoptosis.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
Cells and culture media

The Burkitt lymphoma type, germinal center B cell line Ramos-RA1 (American Type Culture Collection), and retrovirally transduced derivatives of this cell line were cultured in RPMI 1640 culture medium (containing 25 mM HEPES and L-glutamin) obtained from BioWhittaker supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FCS from Bodinco, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamin, 0.5 mM 2-ME, and 0.1 mg/ml gentamicin sulfate all obtained from BioWhittaker and 0.02 µg/ml Fungizone (Bristol-Meyers). All cell lines were maintained at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2.

Abs and reagents

Rituximab was provided by Roche. F(ab')2 of goat anti-human-IgG (further denoted as cross-linker or CL) used for cross-linking of rituximab, and the anti- BCR Ab (goat anti-human IgM) were obtained from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories. Rabbit-anti-human DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) and rabbit-anti-human active caspase-3 Abs were obtained from BD Pharmingen. Anti-actin Abs were purchased from ICN Biochemicals, and hybridoma supernatant containing mouse-anti-human-caspase-8 Ab (clone C15; Ref. 19) was provided by Dr. H. Walczak (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany). Mouse-anti-human-caspase-9 and rabbit-anti-human Bid Abs were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology. Mouse-anti-human-Fas-associated death domain (FADD) Abs were purchased from BD Transduction Laboratories. HRP-conjugated secondary Abs for Western blotting were obtained from DakoCytomation or from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Rabbit-anti-human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) Abs, rabbit-anti-human Lyn Abs and the blocking anti-human-Fas ligand (FasL) Ab NOK-1 were also obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Soluble human recombinant SuperKillerTRAIL, the TRAIL-neutralizing Ab 2E5, the mouse-anti-human-CD95/Fas Ab APO1–3, the mouse-anti-human-FLIP Ab NF6, and soluble human recombinant FasL APO-1L were purchased from Alexis. As a cross-linking enhancer of FasL APO-1L, the mouse-anti-FLAG M2 Ab was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The mouse IgM anti-human Fas Ab 7C11 was purchased from Immunotech. The caspase-inhibitors zVAD-FMK and zIETD-FMK were obtained from Calbiochem. Triton X-100, propidium iodide (PI), RNase A, puromycin, PMSF, sodium deoxycholate, trichloroacetic acid, and Tween 20 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Polyacrylamide and Bradford reagent were purchased from Bio-Rad. Skim milk was obtained from Difco (BD Biosciences). The restriction enzymes XhoI and NotI were purchased from Invitrogen Life Technologies. Protein-A Sepharose 4 Fast Flow beads were purchased from Pharmacia Biotech, and complete protease inhibitors mixture was obtained from Roche Diagnostics.

Generation of retroviral particles encoding short form of cellular FLIP (cFLIPS (cFLIPS))

The human cFLIPS (GenBank accession no. U97075) gene was obtained using mRNA isolated from the testicular germ cell tumor cell line Tera, provided by Dr. S de Jong (Groningen University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands). RNA was isolated using the StrataPrep Total RNA microprep kit (Stratagene). The Sensiscript Reverse Transcriptase kit (Qiagen) was used to generate cDNA. The forward primer used for amplification of cFLIPS was 5'-ATCTCGAGATGTCTGCTGAAGTCATCCAT-3'. The sequence of the backward primer was 5'-ATGCGGCCGCTCACATGGAACAATTTCCAAG-3'. In these primers XhoI and NotI restriction sites were introduced to enable shuttling into the retroviral vectors. PCR cycling was performed from 95 to 55 to 68°C and back, using eLONGase (Invitrogen Life Technologies). PCR-products were isolated from agarose gels using the QIAquick cel extraction kit (Qiagen), subcloned into the TOPO XL PCR-cloning vector (Invitrogen Life Technologies) and sequence analyzed. Subsequently, the genes were shuttled into the retroviral vector LZRS-pBMN-IRES-eGFP, provided by Dr. H. Spits (Dutch Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), which was derived from LZRS-lacZ(A) (20). Amphotropic Phoenix packaging cells were transfected using Fugene (Roche Diagnostics) as described by the manufacturer. Transfected packaging cells were selected by culturing in the presence of 1 µg/ml puromycin. Retroviral particle batches were obtained by isolating culture supernatant from large scale cultures (without puromycin) and stored at –80°C.

Transduction of Ramos cells

Ramos cells were transduced by coculturing 2 x 106 Ramos cells (in 2 ml) with 3 ml retroviral supernatant. The cultures were expanded and transduced cells were sorted on GFP-fluorescence by flow cytometry using the MoFlo (Modular Flow Cytometer; DakoCytomation). The XIAP overexpressing Ramos cell line was generated according to a similar protocol, as described previously (21). Overexpression of cFLIPS and XIAP was confirmed by Western blot (results not shown).

Induction of apoptosis by cross-linking rituximab on Ramos B cells

One day before each experiment, Ramos cells or cells from its retrovirally transduced derivatives were harvested and diluted to a concentration of 0.25 x 106 cells/ml. The following day, cells were harvested and incubated for 30 min with 10 µg/ml rituximab at a concentration of 5.0 x 106 cells/ml in culture medium at 37°C. Hereafter, the cells were washed to remove unbound rituximab and plated at a concentration of 1.0 x 106 cells/ml in 24-well plates. Cross-linking was achieved by adding CL in a final concentration of 15 µg/ml. To inhibit caspase activity 20 µM (final concentration) zVAD-FMK or zIETD-FMK was added in the experiments.

Detection of DNA fragmentation

DNA fragmentation was analyzed as described previously (22, 23). In short, cells were washed in PBS containing 1% BSA and resuspended in a hypotonic buffer (0.1% sodium citrate, 0.1% Triton X-100, and 0.1 mg/ml RNase A) containing PI at a final concentration of 50 µg/ml. PI-fluorescence was detected at 625 nm by flow cytometry (Epics Elite; Coulter Electronics).

Preparation of cell lysates for Western blotting

Cells were lysed in lysis buffer (30 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, 10% glycerol, and 1 mM PMSF, supplemented with complete protease inhibitors mixture) for 15 min at 4°C. After sonification on ice for 5 s (Bandelin sonopuls), cell debris was pelleted by centrifugation at 10,000 x g for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatant was collected, and protein concentrations of each sample were determined using Bradford reagent (24). Samples for SDS-PAGE and Western blotting were prepared by mixing with an equal volume of 2x sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, 5% 2–2-ME, and 0.002% bromophenol blue) and heating the samples for 5 min at 95°C. SDS-PAGE size-separated proteins were transferred onto Bio-Rad Trans-blot nitrocellulose membrane for immunodetection according the manufacturer’s protocol.

Protein detection

Blots were blocked for at least 1 h at room temperature in blocking buffer (PBS, 5% skim milk, and 0.1% Tween 20). Primary Abs were diluted in blocking buffer as recommended by the supplier, and blots were incubated for at least 1 h. Subsequently, the blots were washed in PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 and secondary Ab (HRP conjugated, 1/2000 diluted in blocking buffer) was added for 30 min. Finally, after washing, the conjugates were visualized using Lumi-LightPLUS Western blot substrate (Roche Diagnostics) and Kodak Biomax MR-1 film (Sigma-Aldrich).

Immune precipitation of CD95/Fas

CD20 cross-linking was induced as described above, using 10 µg/ml rituximab for the 30-min pretreatment period and 15 µg/ml CL for cross-linking on 10 x 106 Ramos cells per sample at a concentration of 1.0 x 106 cells/ml. Cells were harvested at various time points, washed using cold PBS and gently lysed in immunoprecipitation buffer (30 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, 10% glycerol, and 1 mM PMSF, supplemented with complete protease inhibitors mixture). Protein concentration was determined and aliquots of total lysates were used separately for Western blot analysis. The remaining samples were all adjusted to equal concentrations in 1 ml precipitation buffer and Fas was immune precipitated for 1 h using 2 µg/ml anti-CD95/Fas Ab (APO 1–3). Precipitated Fas, together with coprecipitated proteins of the DISC, was extracted from the samples using protein A-Sepharose 4 Fast Flow beads. The beads plus the precipitate were mixed with an equal volume of 2x sample buffer, heated for 5 min at 95°C and spun down at 70 x g for 3 min at 4°C. Finally, the supernatant, including the precipitated proteins, was carefully separated from the beads, run on a SDS-polyacrylamide gel and transferred onto a Bio-Rad Trans-blot nitrocellulose membrane for immunodetection.

Analysis by fluorescence microscopy

To perform fluorescent staining of CD20, rituximab was labeled with tetramethylrhodamine (TRITC) according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Molecular Probes). Ramos cells (1.0 x 106 cells/ml) were cultured for 15 min in presence or absence of TRITC-labeled rituximab (10 µg/ml), washed using cold PBS and fixated with 3,5% paraformaldehyde (Merck) during 10 min on ice. Samples were subsequently incubated on ice with 2 µg/ml anti-Fas Abs (7C11) and 5% goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated Abs (Molecular Probes), each for 20 min, after which two rounds of washing with cold PBS were performed. Untreated cells were directly fixed with paraformaldehyde and subsequently stained with both anti-Fas and rituximab-TRITC. After staining cells were analyzed using a Quantimet 600S digital analysis system (Leica Microsystems).

Isolation of lipid rafts by sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation

Ramos cells 5.0 x 106 cells/ml were incubated with 10 µg/ml rituximab for 15 min in culture medium at room temperature. After incubation, medium was removed by centrifugation and the cells were dissolved in ice-cold Tris-buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, and 1 mM EDTA) with 1% Triton X-100 and 1 µM aprotinin, leupeptin, and pepstatin A, all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. The solution was vortexed and kept on ice for 30 min. The lysate was homogenized by passing it 20 times through a 21-gauge needle. To isolate lipid rafts, lysates were mixed with an equal volume of ice-cold 80% sucrose in Tris-buffer and overlaid with a 35% sucrose and a 5% sucrose layer in Tris-buffer. The gradients were centrifuged in a Beckman SW41 swing-out rotor at 40,000 rpm for 18 h at 4°C, to allow equilibration.

After centrifugation, 10 fractions were taken from top to bottom of the gradients. They were transferred to micro test tubes and vortexed. Protein content of the fractions was determined, and 10 µg of protein was taken from each fraction and adjusted to 10 µg/ml. Five microliters of sodium deoxycholate 25 mg/ml was added to each tube, followed by 5 min incubation on ice. Subsequently, 60 µl of trichloroacetic acid 100% (w/v) was added and the samples were vortexed, incubated on ice for 10 min, and centrifuged for 15 min, 4500 x g at 4°C. Supernatant was removed and the precipitated proteins in the pellets were dissolved in 20-µl sample buffer, neutralized for 10 min with ammonia vapor, and stored at –20°C. Western blotting and protein detection were performed as described.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
Rituximab sensitizes Ramos cells for Fas-mediated apoptosis

Rituximab sensitizes B cells to other apoptosis inducing drugs like cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, paclitaxel, and cisplatin (9, 18, 25). In addition, it was recently described that rituximab is able to revert Fas resistance (7, 26). We treated Ramos cells with combinations of rituximab, goat anti-human-IgG (CL), and anti-Fas Abs. As positive controls for the mitochondrial and the death receptor pathway, Ramos cells were treated with anti-BCR Abs (anti-IgM) or soluble TRAIL. Upon cross-linking, up to 55% apoptosis was induced by rituximab. Without cross-linking, no apoptosis was induced by rituximab. Thus, although the death receptor pathway is functional, it appeared that Ramos cells are relatively resistant to Fas-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, in the absence of cross-linking secondary Abs, rituximab significantly increased apoptosis induction via Fas. Upon treatment with rituximab (without secondary cross-linking), Fas resistance was abrogated and up to 45% apoptosis was induced by anti-Fas Abs (Fig. 1A). In the presence of additionally applied secondary rituximab cross-linking Abs, apoptosis further increased to 62%, which is approximately similar to the level of apoptosis found after treatment with cross-linked rituximab without additionally applied anti-Fas Abs. Western blot analysis revealed that cell death via sensitization to Fas involved PARP cleavage, activation of caspase-8 by cleaving its 55-kDa proform, activation of caspase-3 and also cleavage of Bid (Fig. 1B).


Figure 1
View larger version (24K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 1. Rituximab sensitizes Ramos B cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. A, Ramos cells (1.0 x 106) were preincubated with 10 µg/ml rituximab (RITX) for 30 min and subsequently incubated overnight (16 h) with either medium control, 15 µg/ml secondary cross-linking Ab (CL), or the anti-Fas Ab 7C11 (Fas). CL alone and Fas alone were added as controls. To have an independent-positive control for both mitochondrial and death receptor-mediated apoptosis, Ramos cells were incubated with 5 µg/ml anti-BCR Abs (IgM) and 500 ng/ml soluble SuperKillerTRAIL (TRAIL). DNA fragmentation was determined by means of PI staining to measure the percentage of apoptotic cells. Experiments were performed in quadruplicate and the mean percentage of apoptosis is displayed along with the SEM. B, Ramos cells (1.0 x 106) were cultured for 16 h with rituximab, Fas, or the combination as described before. Western blot lysates were prepared, and blotted and blots were stained for PARP cleavage (118 kDa and its 89-kDa cleavage product), procaspase-8 (55 kDa), Bid (26 kDa), procaspase-3 (32 kDa), and the housekeeping protein actin (36 kDa).

 
Fas sensitization by rituximab is dependent on caspase-8 activation

Rituximab is described to activate signaling cascades, including the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, whereas Fas triggering classically induces the death receptor pathway. To explore the mechanism of rituximab-induced sensitization to Fas-mediated apoptosis, two Ramos-derived cell lines, overexpressing ectopic FLIP or XIAP (Ramos-FLIP and Ramos-XIAP), were used. FLIP overexpression specifically blocks the activation of the death receptor apoptosis pathway at the level of caspase-8 activation, whereas XIAP prevents apoptosis downstream from mitochondrial damage and death receptor apoptosis at the level of caspase-9 and -3. All cell lines were incubated overnight with rituximab, anti-Fas Abs and the combination thereof. As shown in Fig. 2A, Fas resistance could be overcome by rituximab-mediated sensitization in both the parental Ramos cell line and the empty vector control, Ramos-LZRS. However, apoptosis at the level of DNA fragmentation was almost completely blocked in both Ramos-FLIP and Ramos-XIAP. In accordance, inhibition of caspase activation, by a pancaspase inhibitor (zVAD-FMK) and by caspase-8 inhibition (zIETD-FMK), resulted in a complete inhibition of apoptosis induced by the combined treatment with rituximab and anti-Fas Abs, indicating that rituximab-mediated Fas sensitization is dependent on the activation of caspase-8 and its downstream effectors (Fig. 2B). In time, apoptosis induced by anti-Fas Abs alone or in combination with rituximab increased to the same extend and with similar kinetics during the first 1–2 h. Thereafter, Fas triggering sustained at a maximum level of 20% of apoptosis, whereas the combination of rituximab and anti-Fas Abs induced a further increase in apoptosis levels up to 46%. In the Ramos-FLIP derivate, both the early and the late effects were inhibited regardless whether apoptosis was induced by anti-Fas Abs alone or in combination with rituximab (Fig. 2, C and D).


Figure 2
View larger version (21K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 2. Rituximab-mediated Fas sensitization is caspase-8 dependent. A, Ramos cells, the Ramos subline cells Ramos-XIAP, Ramos-FLIP, and the negative (empty vector) control derivative Ramos-LZRS (all 1.0 x 106) were incubated overnight with 10 µg/ml rituximab, 2 µg/ml Fas, or the combination of both. DNA fragmentation was determined to measure the percentage of apoptotic cells. Experiments were performed in quadruplicate and the mean percentage of apoptosis is displayed along with the SEM. B, Ramos cells (1.0 x 106) were incubated as described before with rituximab, Fas, or the combination of both. Caspase activation was inhibited with 20 µM of the general caspase inhibitor zVAD-FMK or the caspase-8-specific inhibitor zIETD-FMK. The percentage of apoptotic cells was determined after 16 h measuring DNA fragmentation, and the mean percentage is displayed together with the SEM. C and D, Ramos cells and the Ramos-FLIP cells were cultured with rituximab, Fas, or the combination for different time periods. After each period of incubation, apoptosis levels were defined in the samples by determining DNA fragmentation. One example of three separate experiments is displayed in both graphs.

 
Rituximab induces caspase-mediated apoptosis

Although rituximab is not known to activate the death receptor pathway, rituximab-mediated Fas sensitization appeared to depend completely on the activation of caspase-8. In addition, sensitization to Fas-induced apoptosis was observed in the absence of rituximab cross-linking, suggesting direct modulation of the Fas/death receptor complex by rituximab. To further investigate the role of the death receptor pathway in CD20-mediated apoptosis, we extensively studied the activation of caspases and the initiation of apoptosis by rituximab. Rituximab was cross-linked at the surface of Ramos B cells and initiator caspase cleavage was monitored. Anti-IgM and soluble TRAIL were used as positive controls for the mitochondrial and the death receptor pathway, respectively. Rituximab-mediated apoptosis was first detected between 8 and 12 h of incubation and increased up to 40% after 24 h (Fig. 3A). Subsequently, Western blot analysis was used to determine the kinetics of processing of caspase-8 and caspase-9 along with the proteolytic cleavage of DFF and PARP (Fig. 3B). The kinetics of DFF and PARP cleavage were similar to the kinetics found for DNA fragmentation. A concurrent processing of both caspase-8 and caspase-9 preceded DFF and PARP cleavage as well as DNA fragmentation. Degradation of both proforms of caspase-8 and -9 could be detected as early as 2 h after starting rituximab cross-linking.


Figure 3
View larger version (45K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 3. Rituximab-mediated apoptosis induction in time. A, Ramos cells (1.0 x 106) were incubated with 10 µg/ml rituximab for 30 min and subsequently incubated for the described time periods with 15 µg/ml CL (cross-linking Ab). Apoptosis was quantified by determination of DNA fragmentation by PI staining. The mean result of quadruplicate assays along with the SEM is displayed for each condition. B, Western blots were prepared from matching sample lysates and stained for the proforms of caspase-8 (55 kDa) and -9 (46 kDa), DFF (45 kDa), and PARP (118 and 89 kDa). Actin (36 kDa) was included as a housekeeping protein to have a control for protein concentrations.

 
The death receptor pathway plays an initiating role in rituximab-mediated apoptosis

The involvement of the death receptor pathway in rituximab- mediated apoptosis induction was studied in more detail using the Ramos-FLIP and Ramos-XIAP cell lines. As shown in Fig. 4A, overexpression of XIAP and, interestingly, also of FLIP, inhibited apoptosis induction at the level of DNA fragmentation by cross-linked rituximab. This strongly suggested a direct role for the death receptor pathway in rituximab-mediated apoptosis. In accordance with these results, addition of zIETD-FMK inhibited rituximab-mediated apoptosis at the level of DNA fragmentation (Fig. 4B) and PARP cleavage (Fig. 4C). zVAD-FMK (pancaspase inhibitor) was applied as a control to confirm the involvement of caspases in general. The results presented in Fig. 4, A–C, demonstrated that rituximab-mediated apoptosis induction is caspase dependent and showed that the death receptor pathway is at least partially responsible for CD20-mediated cell death.


Figure 4
View larger version (20K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 4. Rituximab-induced apoptosis is partly induced via caspase-8 activation. A, Ramos cells and the Ramos subline cells Ramos-XIAP, Ramos-FLIP, and Ramos-LZRS (all 1.0 x 106) were preincubated with 10 µg/ml rituximab and incubated overnight with or without 15 µg/ml CL (cross-linking Ab) or with CL alone. DNA fragmentation was determined to measure the percentage of apoptotic cells. Experiments were performed in quadruplicate and the mean percentage of apoptosis is displayed along with the SEM. B, Ramos cells (1.0 x 106) were cultured overnight with rituximab, CL, or the combination. General caspase activation or specific caspase-8 activation was inhibited with 20 µM zVAD-FMK or zIETD-FMK. The percentage of apoptotic cells was determined after 16 h measuring DNA fragmentation, and the mean percentage is displayed, including the SEM. C, Western blot lysates were prepared and blotted and blots were stained for PARP cleavage (118 and 89 kDa) to confirm DNA fragmentation results. D, Ramos cells were incubated as described before with 10 µg/ml rituximab, 500 ng/ml FasL plus 2.5 µg/ml enhancer (FasL), or 500 ng/ml soluble TRAIL. Where indicated, Ramos cells were preincubated with saturating amounts of blocking NOK-1 anti-FasL (aFasL) and 2E5 anti-TRAIL (aTRAIL) Abs (10 µg/ml). DNA fragmentation was determined by PI staining and the mean result of triplicate assays along with the SEM is displayed for each condition.

 
It was shown by Shan et al. (3) that apoptosis induction by fratricide, via interaction of membrane-bound FasL or soluble FasL with the Fas receptor, is not involved in CD20-mediated cell death. To confirm this finding in our experimental setting and to investigate if the interaction between another well described ligand, TRAIL, and its death receptors, plays a role in rituximab-induced apoptosis, and FasL- and TRAIL-neutralizing Abs were added as described previously (27, 28). Both Abs were capable of completely neutralizing apoptosis induced by soluble FasL and TRAIL. However, neither blocking of FasL nor blocking of TRAIL decreased the percentage of apoptotic cells induced by cross-linking of rituximab (Fig. 4D), implying that rituximab-induced activation of the death receptor pathway is independent of death receptor/ligand interaction.

Rituximab initiates formation of the DISC

Spontaneous multimerization of CD95/Fas occurs in germinal center B cells and has been shown to play a role in clonal selection of maturating B cells (29). Algeciras-Schimnich et al. (30) showed that multimerization of Fas is followed by the formation of microaggregates and receptor clustering before the actual induction of apoptosis can proceed. Fas-induced apoptosis is considered to be dependent on death receptor translocation to rafts where receptor clustering and DISC formation takes place (31, 32). We hypothesized that rituximab-induced CD20 translocation to rafts induces concurrent clustering of multimerized Fas and subsequently allows formation of the DISC, resulting in the activation of caspase-8. We investigated whether or not the DISC was formed in Ramos cells upon CD20-triggering by immune precipitating Fas and analysis of coprecipitated proteins like caspase-8 and FADD. As shown in Fig. 5A, a time-dependent recruitment of both caspase-8 and FADD to the DISC was observed in cross-linked rituximab-treated Ramos cells. As a positive control for immunodetection of caspase-8 and FADD, 10 µg of total lysate of untreated Ramos cells was applied on the same blot. To ensure that equal amounts of protein were used as starting material, equal fractions of the total lysates of all samples are depicted separately.


Figure 5
View larger version (54K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 5. DISC isolation via Fas immune precipitation (IP). A, After culturing, either in control medium (untr) or with cross-linked rituximab for 10 min up to 120 min (2 h), Ramos cells (10.0 x 106) were lysed gently, and Fas was immune precipitated using 2.0 µg/ml anti-Fas APO1–3 Abs together with possible attached proteins of the DISC as described in the Materials and Methods. Western blots were prepared, followed by immunodetection of coprecipitated caspase-8 and FADD. As a positive control for the detected bands, one lane of 10 µg of total lysate from untreated Ramos cells was displayed together with the IP samples. Total lysate controls of all samples are displayed in the small pictures to confirm that differences in intensity of the detected bands are not an effect of differences in general sample protein concentration. B, To exclude the interaction of caspase-9 and -3 activation, experiments were repeated using Ramos-XIAP cells. Both the displayed immune precipitation and the total lysate blots are representatives of three separate experiments.

 
Although we demonstrated that the classical DISC, initiating the death receptor pathway, was formed upon rituximab cross-linking, we wanted to make certain that CD20 triggering was the initiative stimulus for this complex to be formed. It is known that continuous processing of caspase-8 is necessary for efficient multimerization of the DISC (38). This process is likely to be catalyzed by activated caspase-3, which can cleave initiator caspases like caspase-8 and is even reported to be a possible component of the DISC (33, 34).

To exclude the possibility that the observed formation of the DISC via CD20 triggering is a secondary response resulting from activation of caspase-3 and/or -9, we used the Ramos-XIAP cell line in which the cleaving potential of these downstream effector-caspases is completely blocked (35, 36). Indeed, DNA fragmentation in Ramos-XIAP cells was significantly inhibited confirming the involvement of effector caspases in the end-stage execution of rituximab-induced apoptosis (Fig. 4A). In contrast, DISC formation by recruitment of caspase-8 and FADD in Ramos-XIAP and subsequent loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential was found to be equivalent to the parental Ramos cells (Fig. 5, B and C). This shows that CD20 triggering is followed by an immediate formation of the DISC, which is not initiated via a downstream secondary caspase activating loop.

Rituximab induces translocation of Fas to rafts

Fas-mediated apoptosis is dependent on translocation of Fas to rafts, where receptor clustering and DISC formation takes place. We hypothesized that the initiation of DISC formation and activation of the death receptor pathway as well as Fas sensitization might result from rituximab-induced receptor translocation into rafts. We therefore examined the membrane localization of CD20 and Fas following rituximab treatment. In untreated cells, both CD20 and Fas were present on the membrane in a homogeneous, dispersed pattern. In contrast, upon treatment with rituximab alone, this pattern changed both for CD20 and Fas into a patched pattern, indicating rapid translocation and clustering of both CD20 and multimerized Fas to raft-like domains upon CD20 stimulation (Fig. 6A). To study the translocation of DISC components, like Fas, caspase-8 and FADD into rafts upon rituximab triggering, we incubated Ramos cells with rituximab and subsequently isolated lipid rafts by sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation. Translocation of Fas, caspase-8, and FADD to rafts was determined by Western blot analysis. As a control for proper lipid raft isolation, the blots were also probed for the lipid raft marker src-kinase Lyn (Fig. 6B). Indeed, Fas, caspase-8 and FADD, along with CD20 itself, were found in the raft fractions upon treatment of Ramos cells with rituximab.


Figure 6
View larger version (44K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		FIGURE 6. Rituximab induces Fas translocation into raft-like lipid domains. A, Ramos cells (1.0 x 106 cells/ml) were cultured for 15 min in presence or absence of TRITC-labeled rituximab (10 µg/ml) at room temperature. After fixation with paraformaldehyde, cells were stained with anti-Fas Abs (7C11) followed by goat anti-mouse IgM Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated Abs. Untreated cells were directly fixed with paraformaldehyde and subsequently stained with both anti-Fas/anti-mouse IgM Alexa Fluor 488 and rituximab-TRITC. After staining, cytospots were prepared and analyzed on a Quantimet 600S digital analysis system (Leica Microsystems). B, Ramos cells (5.0 x 106 cells/ml) were incubated with 10 µg/ml rituximab without cross-linking Abs for 15 min at room temperature. After incubation, lysates were prepared, and lipid rafts were isolated by sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation as described in Materials and Methods. After centrifugation, fractions were taken from top to bottom of the gradients and pooled into raft and nonrafts fractions. Western blotting and protein detection were performed as described before, and blots were stained for CD20 (35 kDa), caspase-8 (55 kDa), and FADD (28 kDa), the specific raft marker src-kinase Lyn (56 kDa), and the housekeeping protein Actin (36 kDa).

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
Disclosures
 References
 
Rituximab sensitizes malignant B cells to several chemotherapeutic drugs via intracellular mechanisms influencing the pro- and antiapoptotic balance within the B cell. Recently, Vega et al. (7, 26) reported that rituximab is capable of inducing sensitization to apoptosis induced by the death receptor Fas via increased Fas expression and concurrent inhibition of the NF-{kappa}B signaling pathway. In this study, we describe another mechanism involved in the sensitization of lymphoma B cells to Fas-induced apoptosis. Treatment with rituximab resulted in lateral translocation and clustering of CD20 and Fas at the membrane in raft-like microdomains, resulting in the formation of a functional death-inducing signaling complex, and thus functional sensitization toward Fas-induced apoptosis induction. Rituximab has been described to cause modification of raft organization on the surface of B cells (37, 38, 39). Also, binding by anti-CD20 Abs leads to CD20-multimerization and translocation of CD20 to lipid rafts where it can associate with other signaling molecules (10, 40). We hypothesized that rituximab-induced raft-reorganisation facilitates clustering of multimerized death receptors, thereby stimulating the recruitment and activation of caspase-8, resulting in death receptor signaling. A direct interaction between CD20 and death receptors or the death receptor pathway has, to our knowledge, not been described before.

The decision to respond to Fas induced apoptosis was determined within the first 2 h of treatment. We therefore focused on the early activation of caspases in the classical induction of apoptosis via rituximab cross-linking, to examine which cell death-inducing processes are initiated by CD20 stimulation. We show that the death receptor pathway plays a significant initiating role in CD20-mediated apoptosis. Although the involvement of caspase-8 activation in rituximab-mediated apoptosis has been described before, until recently this was generally believed to be a secondary result of activation of the mitochondrial pathway (21, 40, 41). We show that caspase-8 is activated within 2 h of rituximab cross-linking. This is accompanied by the activation of caspase-9, followed by PARP cleavage. Rituximab-induced apoptosis was inhibited by ectopic FLIP-overexpression and by zIETD-FMK, demonstrating rituximab-induced apoptosis to be dependent on caspase-8 activation. This also further underlines that rituximab-induced apoptosis by itself is, at least partly, dependent on activation of the death receptor pathway.

Intertwining of rituximab-induced apoptosis with the functional activation of the death receptor pathway and its consequence for sensitization to anti-Fas-induced apoptosis induction was subsequently demonstrated at the molecular level using immune precipitation and fluorescence microscopy. We show that rituximab cross-linking leads to membrane clustering of Fas, resulting in recruitment of FADD and caspase-8 to the DISC. To exclude the possibility that rituximab-mediated recruitment of caspase-8 and FADD to the DISC was the result of a secondary apoptotic signaling loop, initiated or amplified by the intrinsic/mitochondrial activation of caspase-9 and/or -3, we performed additional DISC immune precipitation experiments in Ramos cells overexpressing XIAP. XIAP acts as a potent inhibitor of proteolytically processed caspase-9 and -3, preventing downstream continuation of apoptosis signaling as well as secondary triggering of upstream caspases, such as caspase-8 (41, 42). In Ramos-XIAP cells, rituximab-induced formation of the DISC and upstream hallmarks of apoptosis (loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential) were completely intact, confirming that the initiation of the death receptor pathway was a primary consequence of Fas redistribution into multimeric clusters and not a secondary effect of caspase-9 or caspase-3 activation.

The clustering of Fas in rafts upon rituximab treatment in combination with the rituximab-induced increase in expression of Fas described by Vega et al. (7) may contribute to an efficient DISC formation. Subsequently, caspase-8 is activated, providing an essential step for the execution of apoptosis. The dependence on adequate levels of activated caspase-8 may explain the typical divergence in the kinetics of progression of apoptosis observed after incubation with anti-Fas Abs alone vs the combined treatment of rituximab and anti-Fas Abs (Fig. 2C). Possibly, anti-Fas Abs alone do not induce sufficient activation of caspase-8 for persistent induction of apoptosis. Cotreatment with rituximab could provide B cells with an essential signal for enhanced Fas expression and clustering, resulting in an optimized condition for DISC formation, amplification of caspase-8 activation, and, subsequently, to a sustained intracellular delivery of the apoptotic signal. Based on the use of PP2 and calpeptin, which did not affect the intrinsic sensitivity toward agonistic anti-Fas Abs or the sensitization of the cells to anti-Fas-induced apoptosis by rituximab (data not shown), signaling via src kinases and calcium does not seem to be involved in the here described sensitization of B cells to Fas-induced apoptosis by rituximab.

Within the Fas signaling cascade, it is not uncommon that clustering of Fas molecules, induced by either Fas overexpression or chemotherapy, can trigger activation of the death receptor pathway independent of Fas ligation by FasL (43). For example, during clonal selection in the germinal center, B cells possess preassembled Fas-DISC, which enables ligand independent induction of apoptosis through Fas (44). Fas trimerization alone, however, is not sufficient for induction and execution of apoptosis. Translocation of Fas to rafts, Fas clustering, and the subsequent formation of microaggregates all appear critical in the regulation of this process (38, 39, 43).

Vega et al. (7) described sensitization of B cells to Fas by rituximab via a pathway that involves inhibition of p38 MAPK and the NF-{kappa}B signaling pathway, resulting in the inhibition of the transcription repressor Yin-Yang 1 and subsequent up-regulation of Fas expression by B cells (33). In addition to this, we postulate here a mechanism for Fas sensitization by rituximab based on a CD20 stimulation-induced translocation of Fas into lipid rafts, followed by the recruitment of caspase-8 and FADD to raft domains and formation of the DISC. Although forced overexpression of I{kappa}B-{alpha} in Ramos cells did not affect the intrinsic sensitivity toward agonistic anti-Fas Abs or sensitization to anti-Fas-induced apoptosis by rituximab (data not shown), we did observe an increase in Fas expression following treatment of Ramos cells with rituximab, which is in concordance with the results published by Vega et al. (7).

It is very well possible that the here described mechanism for sensitization of lymphoma B cells to anti-Fas Abs by rituximab is not limited uniquely to Fas. A similar phenomenon may occur for other ligands of the death receptor family or for unrelated apoptosis-inducing agents. The capacity of rituximab to influence the membrane composition of B cells by inducing the translocation of other proteins into rafts might be an intrinsic feature of CD20, activated by this Ab, thereby inducing an efficient proapoptotic shift in the apoptotic balance of malignant B cells. Besides in Ramos cells, rituximab-mediated sensitization to anti-Fas-induced apoptosis was observed in Raji cells and BJAB cells, confirming the here described phenomenon to apply more broadly for lymphoma cells. However, results were less clear in primary lymphoma cells, which was due to a high threshold for experimental induction of apoptosis in general (data not shown). The here described findings extend the clinical options for antilymphoma therapies combining rituximab with apoptosis inducing agents, targeting either the mitochondrial pathway (e.g., chemotherapy), the death receptor pathway (e.g., FasL or TRAIL), or both. The rationalized implementation of rituximab and CD20 as key regulators of B cell apoptosis could significantly improve rituximab-mediated treatment strategies for CD20-positive B cell malignancies in the upcoming years.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank Jelleke Dokter-Fokkens, Douwe Samplonius, Ingrid Drossaart, Vera Kovalchuk, Hisko Oeseburg, Andries van der Meer, Ramune Nedveckyte, Hans van Hateren, and Wouter Pattje (University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands) for their excellent technical assistance.


   Disclosures
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
References
 
The authors have no financial conflict of interest.


   Footnotes
 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1 This research was funded by grants of the research school Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, the J.K. de Cock Foundation, and the foundation Sacha Swarttouw-Hijmans. Back

2 S.W. and B.J.K. contributed equally to this work. Back

3 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Bart Jan Kroesen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section Medical Biology–Laboratory Tumor Immunology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands. E-mail address: B.J.Kroesen{at}med.umcg.nl Back

4 Abbreviations used in this paper: XIAP, X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein; CL, cross-linker (F(ab')2 of goat anti-human-IgG; DFF, DNA fragmentation factor; DISC, death-inducing signaling complex; FADD, Fas-associated death domain; FasL, Fas ligand; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PI, propidium iodide; TRITC, tetramethylrhodamine. Back

Received for publication January 3, 2006. Accepted for publication November 28, 2006.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 

  1. Flieger, D., S. Renoth, I. Beier, T. Sauerbruch, I. Schmidt-Wolf. 2000. Mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody IDEC-C2B8 in CD20-expressing lymphoma cell lines. Cell. Immunol. 204: 55-63. [Medline]
  2. Di Gaetano, N., E. Cittera, R. Nota, A. Vecchi, V. Grieco, E. Scanziani, M. Botto, M. Introna, J. Golay. 2003. Complement activation determines the therapeutic activity of rituximab in vivo. J. Immunol. 171: 1581-1587. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Shan, D., J. A. Ledbetter, O. W. Press. 2000. Signaling events involved in anti-CD20-induced apoptosis of malignant human B cells. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 48: 673-683. [Medline]
  4. Byrd, J. C., S. Kitada, I. W. Flinn, J. L. Aron, M. Pearson, D. Lucas, J. C. Reed. 2002. The mechanism of tumor cell clearance by rituximab in vivo in patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evidence of caspase activation and apoptosis induction. Blood 99: 1038-1043. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Jazirehi, A. R., S. Huerta-Yepez, G. Cheng, B. Bonavida. 2005. Rituximab (chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) inhibits the constitutive nuclear factor {kappa}B signaling pathway in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma B cell lines: role in sensitization to chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 65: 264-276. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Alas, S., B. Bonavida. 2001. Rituximab inactivates signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity in B-non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma through inhibition of the interleukin 10 autocrine/paracrine loop and results in down-regulation of Bcl-2 and sensitization to cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Res. 61: 5137-5144. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Vega, M. I., A. R. Jazirehi, S. Huerta-Yepez, B. Bonavida. 2005. Rituximab-induced inhibition of YY1 and Bcl-xL expression in Ramos non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cell line via inhibition of NF-{kappa}B activity: role of YY1 and Bcl-xL in Fas resistance and chemoresistance, respectively. J. Immunol. 175: 2174-2183. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Coiffier, B., E. Lepage, J. Briere, R. Herbrecht, H. Tilly, R. Bouabdallah, P. Morel, E. Van Den Neste, G. Salles, P. Gaulard, et al 2002. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B cell lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 346: 235-242. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Hiddemann, W., M. Kneba, M. Dreyling, N. Schmitz, E. Lengfelder, R. Schmits, M. Reiser, B. Metzner, H. Harder, S. Hegewisch-Becker, et al 2005. Front-line therapy with rituximab added to the combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP) significantly improves the outcome of patients with advanced stage follicular lymphomas as compared with CHOP alone: results of a prospective randomized study of the german low grade lymphoma study group. Blood 106: 3725-3732. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Hofmeister, J. K., D. Cooney, K. M. Coggeshall. 2000. Clustered CD20 induced apoptosis: src-family kinase, the proximal regulator of tyrosine phosphorylation, calcium influx, and caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 26: 133-143. [Medline]
  11. Deans, J. P., G. L. Schieven, G. L. Shu, M. A. Valentine, L. A. Gilliland, A. Aruffo, E. A. Clark, J. A. Ledbetter. 1993. Association of tyrosine and serine kinases with the B cell surface antigen CD20: induction via CD20 of tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase C-{gamma}1 and PLC phospholipase C-{gamma}2. J. Immunol. 151: 4494-4504. [Abstract]
  12. Mathas, S., A. Rickers, K. Bommert, B. Dorken, M. Y. Mapara. 2000. Anti-CD20- and B cell receptor-mediated apoptosis: evidence for shared intracellular signaling pathways. Cancer Res. 60: 7170-7176. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Jazirehi, A. R., X. H. Gan, S. De Vos, C. Emmanouilides, B. Bonavida. 2003. Rituximab (anti-CD20) selectively modifies Bcl-xL and apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) expression and sensitizes human non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma B cell lines to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2: 1183-1193. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Alas, S., C. Emmanouilides, B. Bonavida. 2001. Inhibition of interleukin 10 by rituximab results in down-regulation of bcl-2 and sensitization of B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma to apoptosis. Clin. Cancer Res. 7: 709-723. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Vega, M. I., S. Huerta-Yepaz, H. Garban, A. Jazirehi, C. Emmanouilides, B. Bonavida. 2004. Rituximab inhibits p38 MAPK activity in 2F7 B NHL and decreases IL-10 transcription: pivotal role of p38 MAPK in drug resistance. Oncogene 23: 3530-3540. [Medline]
  16. Jazirehi, A. R., M. I. Vega, D. Chatterjee, L. Goodglick, B. Bonavida. 2004. Inhibition of the Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway, Bcl-xL down-regulation, and chemosensitization of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma B cells by Rituximab. Cancer Res. 64: 7117-7126. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Chow, K. U., W. D. Sommerlad, S. Boehrer, B. Schneider, G. Seipelt, M. J. Rummel, D. Hoelzer, P. S. Mitrou, E. Weidmann. 2002. Anti-CD20 antibody (IDEC-C2B8, rituximab) enhances efficacy of cytotoxic drugs on neoplastic lymphocytes in vitro: role of cytokines, complement, and caspases. Haematologica 87: 33-43. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Janas, E., R. Priest, J. I. Wilde, J. H. White, R. Malhotra. 2005. Rituxan (anti-CD20 antibody)-induced translocation of CD20 into lipid rafts is crucial for calcium influx and apoptosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 139: 439-446. [Medline]
  19. Scaffidi, C., J. P. Medema, P. H. Krammer, M. E. Peter. 1997. FLICE is predominantly expressed as two functionally active isoforms, caspase-8/a and caspase-8/b. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 26953-26958. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Kinsella, T. M., G. P. Nolan. 1996. Episomal vectors rapidly and stably produce high-titer recombinant retrovirus. Hum. Gene Ther. 7: 1405-1413. [Medline]
  21. Kroesen, B. J., S. Jacobs, B. J. Pettus, H. Sietsma, J. W. Kok, Y. A. Hannun, L. F. de Leij. 2003. BcR-induced apoptosis involves differential regulation of C16 and C24-ceramide formation and sphingolipid-dependent activation of the proteasome. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 14723-14731. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Nicoletti, I., G. Migliorati, M. C. Pagliacci, F. Grignani, C. Riccardi. 1991. A rapid and simple method for measuring thymocyte apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. J. Immunol. Methods 139: 271-179. [Medline]
  23. Fried, J., A. G. Perez, B. D. Clarkson. 1978. Rapid hypotonic method for flow cytofluorometry of monolayer cell cultures: some pitfalls in staining and data analysis. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 26: 921-933. [Abstract]
  24. Bradford, M. M.. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72: 248-254. [Medline]
  25. Alas, S., C. P. Ng, B. Bonavida. 2002. Rituximab modifies the cisplatin-mitochondrial signaling pathway, resulting in apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 8: 836-845. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Vega, M. I., S. Huerta-Yepez, A. R. Jazirehi, H. Garban, B. Bonavida. 2005. Rituximab (chimeric anti-CD20) sensitizes B-NHL cell lines to Fas-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 24: 8114-8127. [Medline]
  27. Orlinick, J. R., K. B. Elkon, M. V. Chao. 1997. Separate domains of the human fas ligand dictate self-association and receptor binding. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 32221-32229. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Bremer, E., J. Kuijlen, D. Samplonius, H. Walczak, L. de Leij, W. Helfrich. 2004. Target cell-restricted and -enhanced apoptosis induction by a scFv:sTRAIL fusion protein with specificity for the pancarcinoma-associated antigen EGP2. Int. J. Cancer 109: 281-290. [Medline]
  29. Hennino, A., M. Berard, P. H. Krammer, T. Defrance. 2001. FLICE-inhibitory protein is a key regulator of germinal center B cell apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 193: 447-458. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Algeciras-Schimnich, A., L. Shen, B. C. Barnhart, A. E. Murmann, J. K. Burkhardt, M. E. Peter. 2002. Molecular ordering of the initial signaling events of CD95. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22: 207-220. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Grassme, H., A. Jekle, A. Riehle, H. Schwarz, J. Berger, K. Sandhoff, R. Kolesnick, E. Gulbins. 2001. CD95 signaling via ceramide-rich membrane rafts. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 20589-20596. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. Scheel-Toellner, D., K. Wang, R. Singh, S. Majeed, K. Raza, S. J. Curnow, M. Salmon, J. M. Lord. 2002. The death-inducing signalling complex is recruited to lipid rafts in Fas-induced apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 297: 876-879. [Medline]
  33. Slee, E. A., M. T. Harte, R. M. Kluck, B. B. Wolf, C. A. Casiano, D. D. Newmeyer, H. G. Wang, J. C. Reed, D. W. Nicholson, E. S. Alnemri, et al 1999. Ordering the cytochrome c-initiated caspase cascade: hierarchical activation of caspases-2, -3, -6, -7, -8, and -10 in a caspase-9-dependent manner. J. Cell Biol. 144: 281-292. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  34. Aouad, S. M., L. Y. Cohen, E. Sharif-Askari, E. K. Haddad, A. Alam, R. P. Sekaly. 2004. Caspase-3 is a component of Fas death-inducing signaling complex in lipid rafts and its activity is required for complete caspase-8 activation during Fas-mediated cell death. J. Immunol. 172: 2316-2323. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  35. Datta, R., E. Oki, K. Endo, V. Biedermann, J. Ren, D. Kufe. 2000. XIAP regulates DNA damage-induced apoptosis downstream of caspase-9 cleavage. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 31733-31738. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  36. Bratton, S. B., G. Walker, S. M. Srinivasula, X. M. Sun, M. Butterworth, E. S. Alnemri, G. M. Cohen. 2001. Recruitment, activation and retention of caspases-9 and -3 by Apaf-1 apoptosome and associated XIAP complexes. EMBO J. 20: 998-1009. [Medline]
  37. Deans, J. P., S. M. Robbins, M. J. Polyak, J. A. Savage. 1998. Rapid redistribution of CD20 to a low density detergent-insoluble membrane compartment. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 344-348. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  38. Semac, I., C. Palomba, K. Kulangara, N. Klages, G. Echten-Deckert, B. Borisch, D. C. Hoessli. 2003. Anti-CD20 therapeutic antibody rituximab modifies the functional organization of rafts/microdomains of B lymphoma cells. Cancer Res. 63: 534-540. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  39. Polyak, M. J., S. H. Tailor, J. P. Deans. 1998. Identification of a cytoplasmic region of CD20 required for its redistribution to a detergent-insoluble membrane compartment. J. Immunol. 161: 3242-3248. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  40. Mimori, K., N. Kiyokawa, T. Taguchi, T. Suzuki, T. Sekino, H. Nakajima, M. Saito, Y. U. Katagiri, K. Isoyama, K. Yamada, et al 2003. Costimulatory signals distinctively affect CD20- and B cell-antigen-receptor-mediated apoptosis in Burkitt’s lymphoma/leukemia cells. Leukemia 17: 1164-1174. [Medline]
  41. van der Kolk, L. E., L. M. Evers, C. Omene, S. M. Lens, S. Lederman, R. A. van Lier, M. H. van Oers, E. Eldering. 2002. CD20-induced B cell death can bypass mitochondria and caspase activation. Leukemia 16: 1735-1744. [Medline]
  42. Li, H., H. Zhu, C. J. Xu, J. Yuan. 1998. Cleavage of BID by caspase 8 mediates the mitochondrial damage in the Fas pathway of apoptosis. Cell 94: 491-501. [Medline]
  43. Micheau, O., E. Solary, A. Hammann, M. T. Dimanche-Boitrel. 1999. Fas ligand-independent, FADD-mediated activation of the Fas death pathway by anticancer drugs. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 7987-7992. [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  44. Hennino, A., M. Berard, P. H. Krammer, T. Defrance. 2001. FLICE-inhibitory protein is a key regulator of germinal center B cell apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 193: 447-458. [Abstract/Free Full Text]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
E. Bremer, B. ten Cate, D. F. Samplonius, N. Mueller, H. Wajant, A. J. Stel, M. Chamuleau, A. A. van de Loosdrecht, J. Stieglmaier, G. H. Fey, et al.
Superior Activity of Fusion Protein scFvRit:sFasL over Cotreatment with Rituximab and Fas Agonists
Cancer Res., January 15, 2008; 68(2): 597 - 604.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Stel, A. J.
Right arrow Articles by Kroesen, B. J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Stel, A. J.
Right arrow Articles by Kroesen, B. J.
Right arrowPubmed/NCBI databases
*Substance via MeSH

HOME HELP FEEDBACK