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Cancer Immunology Program, Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
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) (4), secretion of cytotoxic granules (5), and expression of TNF superfamily death-inducing ligands (6) that effectively control virus infection and tumor initiation and spread (7, 8, 9). Furthermore, NK cells can also regulate subsequent components of the adaptive immune system in host protection from tumors or viruses, via their capacity to cross talk with APCs like dendritic cells (DCs)3 (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17).
The multiple stages of NK cell development have been proposed on the basis of their function, phenotype, and proliferative capacities (18, 19, 20, 21). In the mouse, the earliest lineage-committed precursors are characterized by expression of the IL-2R and IL-15R common 
subunit (IL-2/IL-15R or CD122). At the next stage of maturation, there is sequential acquisition of NK1.1 and CD94-NKG2 receptors and the integrin 
v subunit. NK cells then express Ly-49 and c-kit, followed by an NK cell expansion stage that is characterized by an up-regulation of DX5 and down-regulation of the integrin v subunit. During the perceived final stage of NK cell maturation, NK cells up-regulate Mac-1 (CD11) and CD43 and acquire effector function, producing high levels of IFN- and exerting high levels of cytotoxicity (22). We have recently demonstrated that TRAIL identifies immature mouse NK cells during adult life, and it is the dominant cytotoxic effector molecule expressed by NK cells in fetal mice (23). These observations gained from in vivo analysis suggest that mouse NK cell development is much more complicated and sophisticated than the simple picture that in vitro NK cell cultures might predict.
The subdivision of NK cells into functional subsets was originally proposed in the early 1980s by Lanier et al. (24), and then revisited in late 1990s with the discovery that CD56 expression levels distinguished functionally distinct human NK cell subsets (25, 26, 27). It has been shown that human CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells are distinct in their functions, including cytotoxicity, cytokine production, and migratory capacity (27). However, CD56 is not expressed in rodents, and there has been no similar clear evidence for functionally distinct mature NK cell subsets in mice. Thus, until now it has been very difficult to relate our knowledge of mouse NK cell biology with human NK cell biology and translate this information into clinical practice.
In this study, we show in mice that the mature Mac-1high NK cell pool can be further dissected into two functionally distinct CD27high and CD27low subsets. In concert with distinct patterns of surface receptor expressed by these two NK cell subsets, their prototypic NK cell effector functions, proliferative capacity, tissue organization, interactions with DCs, and response to chemokines can be clearly distinguished. Furthermore, CD27 can dissect human peripheral blood NK cells into similar two subsets that provide a new definition distinct from CD56. Thus, this study provides the first functional dissection of mature NK cell subsets in the mouse and begins to provide a platform from which both mouse and human NK cells can be explored in immune response and disease.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
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Inbred wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice were purchased from The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research. CD45.1 congenic C57BL/6 mice were purchased from the Animal Resources Centre. B6 RAG-1–/– mice were bred and maintained at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre. All experiments were performed according to animal experimental ethics committee guidelines.
Reagents
Abs to TCR (H57-597), NK1.1 (PK136), pan NK cells (DX5), CD122 (TM-1), CD11b (M1/70), CD27 (LG.3A10), CD69 (H1.2F3), CD45R/B220 (RA3-6B2), CD94 (18d3), Ly-49C/I (5E6), Ly-49D (4E5), Ly-49G2 (4D11), Ly-49I (YLI-90), NKG2D (CX5), NKG2A/C/E (20d5), NKG2AB6 (16a11), killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1; 2F1), CD43 (S7), CD127 (A7R34), CD62L (MEL-14), c-kit (2B8), CXCR3 (220803), CCR5 (C34-3448), CXCR4 (2B11/CXCR4), and CD45.1 (A20) were purchased form BD Pharmingen, R&D Systems, and eBioscience. Purified anti-mouse CCR7 was kindly provided by J. Swirner (Gottingen, Germany).
Flow cytometry
Mononuclear cells from the spleen, liver, bone marrow (BM), lymph node (LN), blood, and lung were isolated, as described. For staining NK cells, mononuclear cells were first preincubated with CD16/32 (2.4G2) mAb to avoid the nonspecific binding of Abs to FcR. Then the cells were incubated with a saturating amount of mAbs. Flow cytometric analysis was performed with an LSR II instrument (BD Biosciences).
BM chimeras
BM cells were isolated from B6 CD45.1 congenic mice and transferred (2 x 106) into sublethally irradiated (5 Gy) wild-type B6 mice (CD45.2). Some mice were injected with 500 µg of anti-CD70 (FR70) at days –1, 0, 1, and 3, and then every 3 days. Cells from spleen were harvested at the indicated time points after transfer and stained for CD45.1, NK1.1, TCR, Mac-1, and CD27. NK cells from donor BM origin were determined by electronic gating on NK1.1+ TCR– CD45.1+ cells.
In vivo BrdU uptake assay
Mice were injected i.p. with 2 mg of BrdU (Sigma-Aldrich) twice per day (10–12 h apart). On the day of analysis, cells were harvested from BrdU-injected mice, and at least two non-BrdU-treated control mice were included with each experiment as negative control. Cells were stained for NK1.1, TCR, Mac-1, and CD27, and then subsequently stained for intracellular incorporation of BrdU (BrdU Flow Kit; BD Biosciences), according to manufacturer’s instruction. Some mice were injected daily with 500 µg of anti-CD70 (FR70) together with BrdU injection. This dose has been shown to neutralize CD70 function in vivo (12).
Cytotoxicity assay
Cytotoxic activity was assessed against Yac-1 or RMA-Rae-1 target cells by a standard 51Cr release assay. Effector cells were isolated from RAG-1–/– spleen and purified Mac-1highCD27high and Mac-1highCD27low NK cells by cell sorting (>95% purity). Target cells were labeled with 100 µCi/ml Na251CrO4 for 60 min at 37°C, and labeled target cells (104/well) were incubated in a total volume of 200 µl with effector cells in 96-well U-bottom plates. The plates were centrifuged before incubation, and after 4 h the supernatant was harvested and counted in a gamma counter.
Cytokine assay
For in vitro NK cell culture, NK cells were isolated from B6 RAG-1–/– spleen and purified Mac-1highCD27high and Mac-1highCD27low NK cells by cell sorting (>95% purity). Cells (5 x 104/well) were stimulated with IL-12 (100 ng/ml; R&D Systems) and/or IL-18 (100 ng/ml; R&D Systems), or BM-derived DCs (1:1 ratio) in RPMI 1640 medium with human rIL-2 (500 U/ml; Chiron). BM-derived DCs were generated with culture supernatants from GM-CSF- and IL-4-producing cell lines, as previously described (28). After 24-h incubation, the cell-free supernatants were harvested and subjected to ELISA. The amounts of IFN- (BD Pharmingen) were quantitated by specific sandwich ELISAs.
Chemotaxis assay
Chemotactic migration activity was performed, as previously described (29). Briefly, RAG-1–/– splenocytes (106) or purified NK cells (105) were placed in the upper chamber of Transwell inserts (8-µm pore size; Corning Costar). For assays with purified NK cells, spleen cells were isolated from B6 RAG-1–/– and purified Mac-1highCD27high and Mac-1highCD27low NK cells by cell sorting (>95% purity), and then placed in the upper chamber. Inserts were placed in wells containing medium alone (control) or medium containing recombinant chemokine. The chemokines secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine/CCL21, IFN--inducible protein-10 (IP-10)/CXCL10, IFN-inducible T cell chemoattractant (I-TAC)/CXCL11, MIP-1/CCL3, and stromal cell-derived factor 1/CXCL12 were kindly provided by S. McColl (University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia). After incubation and harvest, the number of cells migrating to the bottom chamber were counted. With B6 RAG-1–/– splenocytes, the cells were further subjected to staining with Abs and quantified by flow cytometry.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed for statistical significance using the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test. Values of p <0.05 were considered significant.
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Results |
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Generally, lymphocyte differentiation into specific subsets and/or long-lived, Ag-specific effector/memory cells is critical for effective adaptive immunity. In particular, interactions between a variety of TNFR superfamily and TNF superfamily members have been shown to play a key role in promoting lymphocyte survival, and the expression level of TNF receptor super family correlates with the maturity of T cells and B cells (30). Interestingly, proportion of naive NK cells constitutively expresses CD27, and we have shown previously that stimulation via CD27 triggers NK cell activation, cytokine production, and induction of subsequent adaptive immune responses (12, 31). We initially investigated the expression of CD27 on naive NK cells in the context of known NK cell maturation and differentiation markers (Fig. 1). Surprisingly, CD27 expression dissected the mature spleen Mac-1high NK cell population into Mac-1highCD27high and Mac-1highCD27low NK cells. CD27low NK cells expressed a mature CD122+ DX5high Ly-49s+ CD43highMac-1high NK cell phenotype, clearly demonstrating dissection of the mature NK cell pool by CD27 expression.
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Because it had been previously suggested that NKR expression was tightly linked to the maturation of NK cells (3, 32, 33), we next examined the expression of NKR and other maturation and activation molecules on immature Mac-1low and mature Mac-1high NK cell subsets. In this respect, there were clear differences among the NK cell subsets defined as Mac-1lowCD27high, Mac-1highCD27high, and Mac-1highCD27low expression (Fig. 2). The Mac-1highCD27low NK cell subset demonstrated higher proportions of cells expressing Ly-49C and I (which recognize self MHC class I molecules in C57BL/6 mice) and KLRG1. By contrast, a reduced proportion of CD94/NKG2high cells was observed in the Mac-1highCD27low NK cell subset (Fig. 2). Furthermore, the activation/differentiation marker expression was also distinct among these NK cell subsets, with Mac-1high NK cell subsets displaying higher CD62L expression, and a proportion of CD27high NK cells constitutively expressing CD69. Interestingly, Mac-1lowCD27high NK cells specifically expressed IL-7R (CD127) and higher level of c-kit, confirming that Mac-1lowCD27high NK cells may represent an earlier stage of NK cell development.
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The tissue distribution of the lymphocyte subsets has been considered diverse and may be important for tissue-resident/specific immune responses in general. Therefore, the tissue distribution of NK cell subsets in vivo may provide clues as to their involvement and role in immune responses in their microenvironment. Thus, we examined the distribution of Mac-1/CD27 NK cell subsets in various lymphoid organs and other tissues, including BM, spleen, LN, peripheral blood, liver, and lung (Fig. 3). Surprisingly, Mac-1highCD27low NK cells were comparatively excluded from LN, whereas this subset was the dominant tissue-resident NK cell population within lung (Fig. 3). Interestingly, Mac-1highCD27low NK cells were also the dominant population circulating within peripheral blood (Fig. 3). In agreement with previous observations, BM NK cells mainly consisted of a mixture of immature Mac-1lowCD27high NK cells and Mac-1highCD27high NK cells. Importantly, these NK cell subsets faithfully maintained their distinct cell surface phenotype (as shown for spleen in Fig. 2) in all of the organs we have examined (data not shown), suggesting that this definition of NK cell subsets is not microenvironment dependent.
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We next examined the kinetics of the appearance of mature NK cell subsets in a BM chimera assay using B6 Ly-5.2 congenic mice (Fig. 4). Upon congenic BM transfer into sublethally irradiated B6 Ly-5.1 mice, donor-derived Ly-5.2+ NK cells developed from the transferred BM progenitor cells and expressed an immature Mac-1lowCD27high NK cell phenotype 1 wk posttransfer (Fig. 4a). At 2 wk post-BM, the appearance of Mac-1highCD27high NK cells was observed, and then Mac-1highCD27low NK cells finally began to appear by 4 wk post-BM transfer. Eight weeks after BM transfer, a dominant proportion of Mac-1highCD27low NK cells was observed in the spleens of host mice, indicating that the Mac-1highCD27low NK cell subset appears as a relatively late stage of NK cell differentiation after BM reconstitution. Furthermore, continuous neutralization of CD70 by Ab did not affect NK cell subset formation following BM transfer (Fig. 4b), suggesting that the CD27-CD70 interaction may not be critical for NK cell subset formation in vivo.
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A recent study demonstrated that a large proportion of BM NK cells was in cell cycle and was most likely the precursors of the nondividing or slowly dividing spleen NK cells (34, 35). We have conducted an analysis that indicates that mature Mac-1highCD27high NK cells are the predominant population in both the spleen (Fig. 5a) and BM (data not shown) that actively take up BrdU together with immature Mac-1lowCD27high NK cells (data not shown) (22). Thus, the CD27low subset has a very limited capacity for proliferation and turnover among NK cell subsets (Fig. 5a). Consistently, Mac-1highCD27low NK cells were the predominant proportion of NK cells that survived upon administration of hydroxyurea, a cell cycle-specific cytotoxic agent (data not shown), implying that Mac-1highCD27low NK cells may represent a long-lived/senescent subset of NK cells. Furthermore, continuous inhibition of CD70 did not affect this NK cell turnover, as determined by in vivo uptake of BrdU (Fig. 5b), indicating that the CD27-CD70 interaction is not involved in maintaining the homeostasis of NK cells in vivo.
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Because self MHC-recognizing inhibitory Ly-49 receptors are thought to prevent autoaggression by NK cells, a Mac-1highCD27low NK cell subset that expresses a more abundant level of self MHC-recognizing Ly-49s (Ly-49 C and I) might be expected to react distinctly with self vs nonself cells. Indeed, after purifying the Mac-1highCD27high and Mac-1highCD27low subsets by cell sorting, the Mac-1highCD27high NK cell subset demonstrated its distinct cytotoxic capacity against MHC class I-, NKG2D ligand-expressing RMA-Rae-1 target tumor cells (Fig. 5c). By contrast, the CD27low subset displayed only background levels of cytotoxicity against RMA-Rae-1 cells. The cytotoxic capacity of Mac-1highCD27low NK cells against the class I MHC-mismatched NK cell-sensitive (NKG2D ligand-expressing) Yac-1 target cells was relatively lower (2-fold) than that mediated by Mac-1highCD27high NK cells (Fig. 5d), while NKG2D expression was similar between the populations (Fig. 2). Interestingly, Mac-1highCD27high NK cells displayed non-NKG2D-dependent cytotoxicity against Yac-1 target cells, suggesting that Mac-1highCD27high NK cells can kill target cells by an activation pathway distinct from NKG2D (Fig. 5d).
Early cytokine production by NK cells in response to a variety of APC (e.g., DC)-derived factors, such as IL-12 and IL-18, is known to be critical for effective early NK cell control of infection and the induction of subsequent adaptive immune responses. Therefore, we next examined the potential of mature NK cell subsets to produce cytokine in response to IL-12 and IL-18 in vitro. Surprisingly, only Mac-1highCD27high NK cells produced detectable amounts of IFN- in response to either IL-12 or IL-18 alone (Fig. 5e). Although Mac-1highCD27low NK cells produced IFN- upon stimulation with both IL-12 and IL-18, considerably higher amounts of IFN- were produced by Mac-1highCD27high NK cells (Fig. 5e). These results clearly indicated that Mac-1highCD27high NK cells possessed a greater ability to produce IFN-, compared with Mac-1highCD27low NK cells, in response to cytokine stimulation. Recently, human and mouse NK cells have been shown to engage in a productive cross talk with DCs, resulting in NK cell IFN- secretion (15, 16). Importantly, Mac-1high CD27high NK cells also displayed a far greater ability to produce IFN-, compared with CD27low NK cells, when they were cocultured with DCs (Fig. 5e), strongly suggesting that Mac-1highCD27high NK cells may play a predominant role in NK:DC cross talk in lymphoid organs, where they are the predominant NK cell population (Fig. 3).
Distinct chemokine sensitivity of NK cell subsets
A recent study has demonstrated the importance of chemokines for NK cell recruitment to LN, and this NK cell recruitment appears to be involved in subsequent Th1 immune responses through NK cell IFN- production (17). In this context, we comprehensively examined the expression of chemokine receptors on NK cell subsets as determined by Mac-1 and CD27 expression. Notably, we found distinct chemokine receptor expression on mature NK cell subsets (Fig. 6a). Importantly, Mac-1high CD27high NK cells constitutively express CXCR3, whereas there was no detectable CXCR3 on Mac-1highCD27low NK cells among mature NK cell pool. Both of the mature NK cell subsets demonstrated a very broad level of expression of CXCR4, while neither CCR5 nor CCR7 expression was detected (Fig. 6a). Furthermore, we have also confirmed functional evidence for a distinct chemokine sensitivity of mature NK cell subsets using an in vitro chemotaxis assay. In response to CXCR3 ligands (IP-10, I-TAC), Mac-1highCD27high NK cells showed specific chemotactic activity, whereas Mac-1highCD27low NK cells did not (Fig. 6b). Both of the mature NK cell subsets responded to CXCR4 ligand (stromal cell-derived factor 1), although there were slight differences in their responsiveness (Fig. 6b). Thus, NK cell subsets may be functionally divided based on their distinct migratory capacity and their chemokine receptor expression. Specific chemotaxis of the NK cell subsets was confirmed by assays using IP-10 or secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine and purified Mac-1highCD27high and Mac-1highCD27low NK cells (Fig. 6c).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
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The concept of dissecting mature NK cells into functionally distinct subpopulations has previously been pursued in humans. Human NK cells can be subclassified into two functionally distinct subsets, CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells (20, 27). Human CD56bright NK cells are considered to be poorly cytotoxic, but potent cytokine producers, whereas CD56dim NK cells express higher levels of cytotoxicity, but are poor cytokine producers. It has also been shown that CD56bright NK cells express distinct levels of chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules (26) and may accumulate within inflammatory sites (36). Because a functional homologue of the human CD56 molecule does not exist in the mouse, it has been impossible to discern the relationships between these human NK cell subsets and mature NK cells studied in the mouse. Consequently, the mouse studies have been limited in their impact on the clinical monitoring of human NK cell function and the design of improved therapeutics for human disease.
Our analysis has now clearly dissected the mature mouse NK cell pool into at least two major subsets, Mac-1highCD27high and Mac-1highCD27low NK cells. Most importantly, each of these NK cell populations displayed a distinct NKR expression profile that correlated with their functions. In particular, it was striking that Mac-1highCD27low NK cells displayed skewed expression of inhibitory Ly-49 receptors (C and I isoforms) that recognize self MHC class I molecule on the B6 background (H-2b). Comparatively, the Mac-1highCD27low NK cell population contained a greater proportion of Ly-49 C- and I-expressing NK cells, whereas Ly-49G2-expressing NK cells were similarly distributed in both Mac-1highCD27high and Mac-1highCD27low NK cell subsets. Similar distinctions in killer Ig-related receptor expression were noted on CD27high and CD27low human NK cell subsets (data not shown). There was also a significant difference in the constitutive expression of the KLRG1 between the mouse NK cell subsets, with only Mac-1highCD27low NK cells expressing abundant levels of KLRG1. Interestingly, it has been reported that following virus-induced proliferation/expansion of NK cells and virus-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo, the responsiveness of effector cells is impaired and such senescent effector cells expressed higher levels of KLRG1 (37, 38). We have demonstrated that the KLRG1-expressing, Mac-1highCD27low NK cells can be distinguished from the NK cells incorporating BrdU in vivo. Consistently, Mac-1high CD27low NK cells were resistant to a cell cycle-sensitive cytotoxic agent; therefore, they may represent long-lived/senescent NK cells.
Functionally, Mac-1highCD27high and Mac-1highCD27low NK cells displayed distinct cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Mac-1highCD27high NK cells showed much greater responsiveness to activatory ligand expressed on tumor cells (NKG2D and non-NKG2D pathway), and demonstrated effective cytotoxicity against such tumor target cells even in the presence of MHC class I expression. Moreover, Mac-1highCD27high NK cells responded to IL-12 and IL-18, key cytokines derived from professional APCs, by rapidly producing IFN-. Conversely, Mac-1highCD27low NK cells displayed very low or no responsiveness to the same cellular (NKG2D ligand) and cytokine (IL-12/IL-18) stimulation. Surprisingly, Mac-1highCD27low NK cells were not able to override inhibitory signals from their Ly-49 receptors even when they recognized ligands to NKG2D. Mac-1highCD27low NK cells could be stimulated to make IFN- with a combination of IL-12 and IL-18; however, the amount of IFN- produced was still far lower than that of Mac-1highCD27high NK cells, suggesting that in a competitive environment the Mac-1highCD27low cells would be relatively nonresponsive. In addition, Mac-1highCD27high NK cells produced detectable amounts of GM-CSF upon IL-12 and IL-18 stimulation, whereas GM-CSF production was not detectable from Mac-1highCD27low cells (data not shown). Neither TNF-, IL-10, nor IL-13 was detectable upon IL-12/IL-18 stimulation of mature NK cell subsets, although such stimulation may not be optimal to induce these cytokines from NK cells (data not shown). It now remains to examine the production of other NK cell-derived cytokines under the appropriate stimulatory conditions. Furthermore, Mac-1highCD27high NK cells showed greater responsiveness to DCs. Mac-1highCD27high NK cells produced higher amount of IFN- upon in vitro coculture with BM-derived DCs, compared with Mac-1highCD27low cells. A similar observation has been reported for the human CD56bright NK cell subset (39). Considering the preferential distribution of Mac-1highCD27high NK cells in lymphoid organs, this particular NK cell subset may have a predominant role in cross talk with other immune cells, particularly DCs. It remains unclear which type of cells might interact with CD27low NK cells, but their expression of MHC class I and NKG2D ligands will be an important determinant of the outcome. It also remains to be determined whether distinct monokine responsiveness was simply due to their distinct receptor expression or to distinct responsiveness, such as intracellular signaling pathway, of each subset to those monokines.
Collectively, the specific functional characteristics and tissue distribution displayed prompts us to propose a novel classification of mature NK cell subpopulations. We contend there are two mature Mac-1high NK cell subsets: 1) CD27high NK cells that have a lower activation threshold and are predominantly involved in NK:DC cross-talk, and 2) CD27low NK cells that have a greater restriction by self MHC, are long-lived, and preferentially reside among nonlymphoid tissues.
The functional distinctions between the CD27high and CD27low NK cell subsets also correlated with very distinct chemokine responsiveness and in vivo distribution of these NK cell subsets. Surprisingly, we have now shown that Mac-1highCD27low NK cells are normally excluded from the LN and lack CXCR3 expression (Fig. 6) (17). By contrast, CD27high NK cells were the predominant proportion of NK cells resident among the LN NK cells and expressed high constitutive levels of CXCR3. CD27high NK cells displayed active chemotaxis toward CXCR3 ligands (CXCL10; IP–10, CXCL11; I-TAC) that are generally induced by IFN- (40), implying that the CXCR3-CXCR3 ligand pathway may be a feedback regulatory loop for NK cell IFN- production, and further recruit this effector type NK cells into sites of IFN- production. Interestingly, we demonstrated that Mac-1highCD27low NK cells were the predominant NK cell subset in lung and peripheral blood. Considering Mac-1highCD27low NK cells are the predominant proportion among NK cell subsets in peripheral blood, the NK cell distribution in lung tissue may largely depend on vascular supply. Therefore, if the Mac-1highCD27low NK cell subset is distributed in all nonlymphoid tissues, it is possible this subset plays a distinct surveillance/patrolling role outside of the lymphoid tissue environment.
It has been recognized that there is clear, but lineage distinct, correlation of CD27 expression with lymphocyte differentiation (30, 41, 42). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated recently that the interaction between CD27 and CD70 plays an important role in hemopoiesis (43). Although our data suggest that the CD27-CD70 interaction does not appear to be critical for the appearance of mature NK cells from BM precursors, it will be crucial to determine the molecular factors that control formation and differentiation of mature NK cell subset in vivo.
Importantly, we have verified that CD27high and CD27low subsets with distinct cell surface phenotypes also exist in human peripheral blood (data not shown), and therefore, CD27 is also a novel mature subset marker in the human NK cell lineage. In agreement with observations in the mouse, we detected in a number of healthy donors two distinct CD27high and CD27low subpopulations among human peripheral blood CD3–CD161+ NK cells. Evidently, like human CD56bright NK cells, mouse CD27high NK cells are effective producers of IFN-. In the mouse, we have demonstrated that both monokines IL-12 and IL-18, and DCs themselves, induce more IFN- from the CD27high NK cell subset. What is more perplexing is that, in contrast to mouse CD27high NK cells, human CD56bright NK cells are described as a poorly cytotoxic subset. Further studies will now be required to determine all the functional distinctions between human CD27high and CD56bright NK cell subsets. Nevertheless, by discovering CD27 as a common marker for human and mouse NK cell subsets, our study provides a very important platform on which to study mature NK cells in immune responses in experimental animals. It is very likely this may provide a rapid conduit of information from the mouse that can be potentially applied in the study of human NK cells following vaccination and in a variety of human infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Acknowledgments |
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Disclosures |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
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Footnotes |
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1 This work was supported by a Cancer Research Institute postdoctoral fellowship (to Y.H.) and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia research fellowships and a program grant (to M.J.S.). 
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Yoshihiro Hayakawa, Cancer Immunology Program, Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. E-mail address: yoshihiro.hayakawa{at}petermac.org
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: DC, dendritic cell; IP-10, IFN--inducible protein-10; I-TAC, IFN-inducible T cell chemoattractant; KLRG1, killer cell lectin-like receptor G1; LN, lymph node.
Received for publication September 15, 2005. Accepted for publication November 2, 2005.
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
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for T(H)1 priming. Nat. Immunol. 5: 1260-1265. [Medline] production upon interaction with dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 34: 1715-1722. [Medline]This article has been cited by other articles:
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 H. Guo, A. Samarakoon, B. Vanhaesebroeck, and S. Malarkannan The p110{delta} of PI3K plays a critical role in NK cell terminal maturation and cytokine/chemokine generation J. Exp. Med., September 29, 2008; 205(10): 2419 - 2435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. J. Pegram, J. T. Jackson, M. J. Smyth, M. H. Kershaw, and P. K. Darcy Adoptive Transfer of Gene-Modified Primary NK Cells Can Specifically Inhibit Tumor Progression In Vivo J. Immunol., September 1, 2008; 181(5): 3449 - 3455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. W. MacFarlane IV, T. Yamazaki, M. Fang, L. J. Sigal, T. Kurosaki, and K. S. Campbell Enhanced NK-cell development and function in BCAP-deficient mice Blood, July 1, 2008; 112(1): 131 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Strowig, F. Brilot, and C. Munz Noncytotoxic Functions of NK Cells: Direct Pathogen Restriction and Assistance to Adaptive Immunity J. Immunol., June 15, 2008; 180(12): 7785 - 7791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Mignot, E. Ullrich, M. Bonmort, C. Menard, L. Apetoh, J. Taieb, D. Bosisio, S. Sozzani, M. Ferrantini, J. Schmitz, et al. The Critical Role of IL-15 in the Antitumor Effects Mediated by the Combination Therapy Imatinib and IL-2 J. Immunol., May 15, 2008; 180(10): 6477 - 6483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kheradmand, P. P. Trivedi, N. A. Wolf, P. C. Roberts, and R. H. Swanborg Characterization of a subset of bone marrow-derived natural killer cells that regulates T cell activation in rats J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2008; 83(5): 1128 - 1135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. L. Veinotte, T. Y. F. Halim, and F. Takei Unique subset of natural killer cells develops from progenitors in lymph node Blood, April 15, 2008; 111(8): 4201 - 4208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Silva, D. M. Andrews, A. G. Brooks, M. J. Smyth, and Y. Hayakawa Application of CD27 as a marker for distinguishing human NK cell subsets Int. Immunol., April 1, 2008; 20(4): 625 - 630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. T. M. Vossen, M. Matmati, K. M. L. Hertoghs, P. A. Baars, M.-R. Gent, G. Leclercq, J. Hamann, T. W. Kuijpers, and R. A. W. van Lier CD27 Defines Phenotypically and Functionally Different Human NK Cell Subsets J. Immunol., March 15, 2008; 180(6): 3739 - 3745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Alici, T. Sutlu, B. Bjorkstrand, M. Gilljam, B. Stellan, H. Nahi, H. C. Quezada, G. Gahrton, H.-G. Ljunggren, and M. S. Dilber Autologous antitumor activity by NK cells expanded from myeloma patients using GMP-compliant components Blood, March 15, 2008; 111(6): 3155 - 3162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Pilbeam, P. Basse, L. Brossay, N. Vujanovic, R. Gerstein, A. N. Vallejo, and L. Borghesi The Ontogeny and Fate of NK Cells Marked by Permanent DNA Rearrangements J. Immunol., February 1, 2008; 180(3): 1432 - 1441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Hayakawa, S. V. Watt, K. Takeda, and M. J. Smyth Distinct receptor repertoire formation in mouse NK cell subsets regulated by MHC class I expression J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2008; 83(1): 106 - 111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. L. Blasius, W. Barchet, M. Cella, and M. Colonna Development and function of murine B220+CD11c+NK1.1+ cells identify them as a subset of NK cells J. Exp. Med., October 29, 2007; 204(11): 2561 - 2568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. D. Huntington, H. Tabarias, K. Fairfax, J. Brady, Y. Hayakawa, M. A. Degli-Esposti, M. J. Smyth, D. M. Tarlinton, and S. L. Nutt NK Cell Maturation and Peripheral Homeostasis Is Associated with KLRG1 Up-Regulation J. Immunol., April 15, 2007; 178(8): 4764 - 4770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Coban, K. J. Ishii, S. Uematsu, N. Arisue, S. Sato, M. Yamamoto, T. Kawai, O. Takeuchi, H. Hisaeda, T. Horii, et al. Pathological role of Toll-like receptor signaling in cerebral malaria Int. Immunol., January 1, 2007; 19(1): 67 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. C. Walser, S. Rifat, X. Ma, N. Kundu, C. Ward, O. Goloubeva, M. G. Johnson, J. C. Medina, T. L. Collins, and A. M. Fulton Antagonism of CXCR3 Inhibits Lung Metastasis in a Murine Model of Metastatic Breast Cancer. Cancer Res., August 1, 2006; 66(15): 7701 - 7707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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