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Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Abstract |
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E
7), and they have regulatory function ex vivo. Depletion of CD25+ cells inhibits the natural recovery from EAE. Also, depletion of CD25+ cells after recovery removes the resistance to reinduction of EAE observed in this model. Furthermore, passive transfer of CNS-derived CD4+CD25+ cells in low numbers provides protection from EAE in recipient mice. These are the first data demonstrating the direct involvement of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the natural resolution of autoimmune disease within the target organ. |
Introduction |
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14 days after immunization with the immunodominant 35–55 peptide of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) (1). A spontaneous recovery follows, making this a very useful model for studying the regulation of pathogenic self-reactive CD4+ T cells in vivo. A number of mechanisms are likely to contribute to this recovery (2, 3, 4). IL-10 has profound regulatory effects on the immune system (5) and is vital for recovery from EAE, because remission is impaired in IL-10–/– mice (6). The levels of IL-10 mRNA increase in the CNS during the recovery phase of EAE (7), and, importantly, exogenous administration of IL-10 is only truly effective at ameliorating EAE when targeted directly to the CNS (8). More recently, we have shown that a requirement for B cells in the recovery from EAE (9) can be narrowed to their production of IL-10 (10). However IL-10 can be produced by a variety of cell types, so B cell-derived IL-10 may be necessary but not sufficient for recovery. To fully understand the recovery from disease in our model, we have therefore performed a kinetic and functional analysis of the cellular composition of the EAE lesion in the CNS. In this study, we report that, although B cells play a role in recovery, they do not appear to migrate into the CNS to significant levels. Instead, IL-10 production in the CNS is concentrated in a CD4+CD25+ population. These cells have the hallmark phenotype of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) (11, 12), in that they are CTLA-4high, GITRhigh, and CD44high, and perhaps most importantly they are FoxP3+. CNS CD4+CD25+ cells are suppressive in vitro, confirming their regulatory function. In vivo, depletion of CD4+CD25+ cells before EAE induction leads to a significantly delayed recovery. In addition, postrecovery CD25+ cell depletion abrogates the resistance to reinduction in this model. Finally, transfer of low numbers of CD4+CD25+ cells from the CNS of recovering mice before EAE induction reduces disease severity in recipients. Taken together, these results show that, in addition to B cells, CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells are also involved in recovery from EAE, and their accumulation in the CNS suggests that this is at least partly through action in the effector site. Although a large body of evidence now details the role of Tregs in the prevention of spontaneous autoimmunity, this study provides evidence for the ability of these cells to mediate spontaneous recovery from an active disease process in the target organ.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
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C57BL/6 (Ly5.2+ and Ly5.1+) mice were bred under specific pathogen-free conditions at the University of Edinburgh. The MOG-(35–55) peptide (MEVGWYRSPFSRVVHLYRNGK) was prepared at the Advanced Biotechnology Centre, Imperial College (London, U.K.). Tissue culture medium was RPMI 1640 medium, supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, and 5 x 10–5 M 2-ME (all from Invitrogen Life Technologies) and FCS as indicated.
EAE induction
Each mouse received 100 µg of MOG-(35–55) peptide emulsified in CFA containing 50 µg of heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (Sigma-Aldrich) at a final volume of 100 µl injected s.c. into the hind legs. In addition, 200 ng of pertussis toxin (European Cell and Culture Collection, Dorset, U.K.) was given in 0.5 ml of PBS i.p. on the same day and 2 days later. Clinical signs of EAE were assessed daily with the following scoring system: 0, no signs; 1, flaccid tail; 2, impaired righting reflex and/or gait; 3, partial hindlimb paralysis; 4, total hindlimb paralysis; 5, hindlimb paralysis with partial forelimb paralysis; 6, moribund or dead. Differences in total disease burdens were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. In some experiments, EAE was reinduced by the same immunization protocol as above, using IFA, administered in two sites in the flanks.
Preparation of spinal cord mononuclear cells
Mice were sacrificed by CO2 asphyxiation and perfused with cold PBS. Spinal cords were removed by intrathecal hydrostatic pressure. Cords were cut into small pieces and digested with 2.5 mg/ml collagenase (Worthington Biochemical) and 1 mg/ml deoxyribonuclease (Sigma-Aldrich) for 25 min at 37°C followed by mechanical disaggregation. Single cell suspensions were washed once in tissue culture medium containing 30% percoll (Invitrogen Life Technologies). Mononuclear cells were prepared from the interface of a 30:70% discontinuous percoll gradient after centrifugation for 20 min at 2000 x g.
Abs and FACS analysis
Cells were stained for FACS using the following Abs (all from BD Pharmingen): anti-CD4-allophycocyanin, anti-CD19-FITC, anti-CD11c-allophycocyanin, anti-CD8-PE, anti-Ly5.1-FITC, anti-B220-peridinin chlorophyll-a protein (PcP), anti-CD25-biotin followed by streptavidin-PcP, anti-IL-10-PE, anti-IFN-
-FITC, anti-CTLA-4-PE, anti-GITR-FITC, anti-CD44-PE, anti-CD69-biotin followed by streptavidin-PcP, anti-E7-FITC, and relevant isotype controls as indicated in figure legends. Anti-FoxP3-FITC and isotype control (rat IgG2a-FITC) and staining kit were purchased from eBioscience and used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All FACS staining was done in the presence of anti-mouse FcR (24G2). FACS data were collected on a FACSCalibur machine (BD Biosciences), and data were analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star).
For intracellular cytokine staining, cells were stimulated for 4 h at 37°C with 50 ng/ml PMA and 1 µg/ml ionomycin (both Sigma-Aldrich) with 1 µl/ml Golgistop (BD Pharmingen). Cells were stained for expression of surface markers and then fixed, permeabilized, and stained using the Cytofix/cytoperm kit (BD Pharmingen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Intracellular CTLA-4 staining was performed on cells that had been fixed and permeabilized as for cytokine staining.
For in vivo CD25+ cell depletion experiments, 1 mg of PC61 or isotype control Ab (rat IgG1, MAC49 from ECACC) was given i.p. in 0.5 ml of PBS. Depletion was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis of the percentage of CD4+CD25+ cells in peripheral blood samples from mice, using an Ab that recognizes a distinct epitope of CD25 (7D4), and was consistently greater than 90% 3 days after PC61 administration.
Purification of B cells and CD4+ cells from spleen
B cells and CD4+ cells were purified from single cell spleen suspensions by first positively selecting CD4+ cells with CD4-microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) and then negatively selecting B cells with CD43-microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec), both according to manufacturer’s instructions. Purity of cells obtained was greater than 90%, as assessed by FACS. For transfer, cells were resuspended in PBS, filtered to remove clumps, and injected i.v. in the tail vein.
CD4+CD25+ purification
For lymph node (LN), single cell suspensions were enriched for CD4+ cells by incubating with the following mixture of Abs, all rat IgG: anti-CD8 (clone 53-6.72), anti-B220 (clone RAB632), anti-Mac1 (M1/70), anti-MHC class II (M5/114.15.2) each at 10 µg/ml in HBSS (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 µg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen Life Technologies) and 2% FCS (Sigma-Aldrich); followed by incubation with sheep anti-rat IgG M450 Dynabeads (Dynal Biotech). Cells not bound to the magnetic beads were collected. Purity of CD4+ cells was routinely above 70%. CD4-enriched LN cells, or whole mononuclear CNS cells, were labeled with anti-CD25-PE (Miltenyi Biotec) and anti-CD4-allophycocyanin (BD Pharmingen) before sorting on MoFlo (DakoCytomation) (see Fig. 6) or anti-CD25PE and anti-CD4-FITC (BD Pharmingen) before sorting on a FACStar cytometer (BD Biosciences). Purity of CD4+CD25+ cells was routinely above 98% for LN cells and above 85% for CNS cells.
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Triplicate cultures of 2 x 104 CD4+CD25– cells, 1 x 105 irradiated (30 Gy) splenic APC, 2.5 µg/ml anti-CD3 (clone 145.2C11), and the indicated number of CD4+CD25+ cells were incubated in tissue culture medium supplemented with 5% FCS (Sigma-Aldrich), for 96 h. [3H]TdR (0.5 µCi; Amersham Biosciences) was added for the final 18 h of culture. For some assays, anti-IL-10 (clone JES5–16E3; BD Pharmingen) or anti-IL-10R (clone 1B1.3; BD Pharmingen) was added at 10 µg/ml as indicated.
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Results |
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We have previously shown that production of IL-10 by B cells is vital for recovery from EAE (10), using bone marrow chimeras in which IL-10 deficiency was restricted to B cells. B cells might influence EAE through actions in the lymphoid organs or directly in the CNS. Kinetic analysis revealed that B cells did not accumulate in the CNS to any significant degree during the course of EAE (Fig. 1, A and B). In our previous study, transfer of B cells from the spleens of wild-type mice that had recovered from EAE (day 30) could restore recovery in chimeric mice, and in fact these mice developed EAE of milder severity than mice that had not received B cells (10). We have confirmed that post-EAE B cells also have a protective effect when transferred into wild-type B6 mice (Fig. 1C). Transfer of Ly5.1 disparate B cells again indicated that this protective effect did not correlate with B cell accumulation in the CNS (Fig. 1D). In contrast, CD4+ T cells isolated from spleens after recovery did not protect recipient mice from EAE induction and in fact enhanced disease severity in some mice (Fig. 1E). This correlated with a high proportion of Ly5.1+CD4+ cells in the CNS at the peak of disease (Fig. 1F), and many of these cells produced IFN- after ex vivo stimulation with PMA and ionomycin (data not shown).
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The above results suggested that the location for B cell IL-10 production during recovery from EAE is within the secondary lymphoid organs rather than the CNS. Because IL-10 is known to increase in the CNS and is likely to be important during recovery from EAE (7), the production of IL-10 by lymphoid cells in the CNS was investigated. CD4+ cells were found to be major producers of IL-10 (Fig. 2A). Although the proportion of CD4+ cells in the CNS producing IL-10 ex vivo was small compared with those producing IFN- (2–13% IL-10 producers vs 25–50% IFN- producers), there was an overall increase in the proportion of IL-10+ CD4+ cells over time (Fig. 2B) correlating with recovery. It was also interesting to note that the proportion of CD4+ cells able to produce IFN- did not appear to decrease as mice recovered (data not shown), indicating that Th1 cells were not simply eliminated during the recovery phase.
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appeared to be produced essentially by separate CD4+ populations, with relatively few cells being able to produce both (Fig. 2C). This suggested the presence of competing pathogenic and Treg populations. Because CD25 is constitutively expressed by some Treg populations, we examined its expression by the individual cytokine-producing populations in the CNS. There was a clear dichotomy: IL-10+ cells were CD25+, whereas IFN-+ cells were CD25– (Fig. 2C). IL-2-producing cells from the CNS were also negative for expression of CD25 (data not shown). Accumulation of CNS CD4+CD25+ cells correlates with recovery
Tregs of known Ag specificity have been shown to expand or accumulate in draining lymph nodes after immunization or in response to tissue inflammation (13, 14, 15, 16, 17), as well as at the site of inflammation (18). We found that the proportion of CD4+CD25+ cells in the inguinal LN (draining the site of immunization) and spleen remained fairly constant throughout the disease course (Fig. 3A). However, there was a marked increase in the percentage of CD4+ cells expressing CD25 in the CNS as EAE progressed from day 13 (peak) through to day 20 (recovery) (Fig. 3A). The number of CD4+CD25+ cells also increased with time, although to a lesser extent (Fig. 3B); 20–30% of CNS CD4+CD25+ cells produced IL-10 at all time points after ex vivo stimulation, whereas the proportion of LN CD4+CD25+ cells that produced IL-10 after ex vivo stimulation was low (Fig. 3C).
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Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ (Treg) cells are known to constitutively express several T cell activation markers in addition to CD25 (reviewed in Ref.11). The CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25– populations in LN and CNS were compared for their expression of GITR, CTLA-4, CD44, CD69, and CD103 (Fig. 4). CD4+CD25+ cells in the CNS displayed a similar phenotypic profile to CD4+CD25+ cells in the LN (of both naive mice and those with EAE). They were GITRhigh, CTLA-4+, and CD44high. In contrast, CD4+CD25– CNS cells expressed GITR and CTLA-4 at low levels, albeit slightly higher than LN CD4+CD25– cells. The majority of CD4+ cells in the CNS were CD44high, confirming the presence of mainly Ag-experienced/activated cells at the site of inflammation. The proportion of both CD25+ and CD25– cells expressing CD69 was also greater in the CNS than in the LN, suggesting recent activation within the CNS; indeed, CD69+ cells appeared to be the major cytokine producers ex vivo (data not shown).
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E7) has recently been shown to correlate with a more potent subpopulation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells (19, 20) that preferentially migrates to sites of inflammation (19). It was therefore interesting to note that CD4+CD25+ cells in the CNS of mice with EAE were enriched for CD103 expression (Fig. 4). The levels of expression of CTLA-4 and GITR were also higher on CD4+ (both CD25+ and CD25–) cells from the CNS than from LN of either naive mice or those with EAE (Fig. 4), and this was particularly evident when comparing CD25+ cells, again suggesting a high activation status of all CD4+ cells in the CNS. It is interesting to note that cells from the LN of naive mice or mice with EAE were phenotypically similar, apart from a slight increase in the proportion of CD25– cells that were CD44high and CD69high and an increased proportion of CD25+ cells that were CD69high in EAE LN. This indicates activation of only a proportion of cells in the draining LN of immunized mice, whereas the CNS appears highly enriched for activated cells.
Although CD25 expression is not a definitive marker for Tregs, the transcription factor FoxP3 does seem to determine differentiation of the regulatory phenotype and distinguish Tregs from activated T cells (21, 22, 23). The expression of FoxP3 in relation to CD25 expression by CNS CD4+ cells was therefore assessed. The majority of CD4+CD25+ cells in the CNS were found to express FoxP3 (Fig. 5A), at all time points analyzed (Fig. 5, B and C), confirming that CD25+ cells are regulatory cells not activated Th2 cells.
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A further distinguishing characteristic of Tregs is the ability to suppress the in vitro proliferation of other T cells. CD4+CD25+ cells were sorted by FACS from the LN and CNS of mice with EAE (Fig. 6A) to allow their suppressive potential to be assessed. The CNS-derived cells could suppress the proliferation of naive responder (CD4+CD25–) cells, at Treg-to-T responder ratios as low as 1:30 (Fig. 6B). CNS CD4+CD25– cells in contrast enhanced proliferation 2- to 3-fold in these assays (data not shown). Interestingly, there was a hierarchical potency of suppression by CD4+CD25+ cells from different sources: EAE CNS >> EAE LN > naive LN (Fig. 6B), fitting with the CD4+CD25+ cells in the CNS being highly activated, as suggested by their phenotype (Fig. 4). Furthermore, only the CNS-derived CD4+CD25+ cells were capable of significantly inhibiting the proliferation and cytokine production of CNS CD4+CD25– cells (Fig. 6C and data not shown).
Because a high proportion of CNS CD4+CD25+ cells produced IL-10 ex vivo, their dependence on IL-10 for suppression of in vitro responses was assessed by adding blocking Abs to the cultures. Neither anti-IL-10 nor anti-IL-10R had any effect on the in vitro suppression by cells derived from the CNS or LN (Fig. 6D).
Depletion of CD25+ cells exacerbates EAE
Accumulation of CD4+CD25+ cells in the CNS of mice in the recovery phase of EAE suggested that these cells may contribute to remission. Phenotypic analysis and in vitro assays confirmed the regulatory function of these cells but not their importance in vivo. We therefore examined the effect of CD25+ cell depletion on EAE. Administration of the anti-CD25 mAb, PC61, 3 days before induction of EAE resulted in over 90% depletion of peripheral CD25+ cells, followed by a gradual recovery to normal levels by 4 wk (Fig. 7A). It has also been confirmed that FoxP3+CD25+ cells are depleted by this treatment (L. A. Stephens, unpublished observations). Mice treated in this way before EAE induction developed disease of increased severity compared with isotype-treated controls (Fig. 7B). Importantly, the recovery phase of the CD25-depleted mice was markedly delayed (and often prevented in the time frame examined) compared with controls, confirming that CD4+CD25+ cells are required for the rapid recovery normally seen in this model.
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CNS-derived CD4+CD25+ cells suppress induction of EAE
Transfer of high numbers (2–3 million) of CD4+CD25+ cells purified from the peripheral LN of naive mice reduces the severity of EAE in recipients (25, 26), and we have corroborated this result (data not shown). Preactivation of Tregs in vitro increases their potency (27). Therefore, one would predict that CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells that have accumulated in the CNS during inflammation should be highly potent and able to reduce or prevent EAE severity in recipients at low cell frequencies. CD4+CD25+ cells from the CNS of recovering mice were FACS sorted and transferred into naive recipients either 1 day before or 1 day after immunization to induce EAE. In each case, transfer of as few as 2 x 104 CNS-derived CD4+CD25+ cells significantly reduced disease severity in recipients, whereas the same number of naive LN CD4+CD25+ cells had no effect (Fig. 8). It is likely that this protective effect would have been enhanced had it been possible to use greater numbers of cells. Therefore, CD4+CD25+ cells from the CNS of mice in remission appear to be 100 times more potent than CD4+CD25+ cells from LN of naive mice.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
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We have yet to definitively characterize the mode of action by which the CD4+CD25+ cells can regulate EAE. However, CD4+CD25+ cells were the major source of IL-10 in the CNS (Fig. 2), and IL-10 production is crucial for full recovery (6). It was also notable that IL-10 production was enriched in the CNS (effector site) compared with the LN of recovering mice (Fig. 3B). Protection from EAE by transfer of naive CD4+CD25+ cells has been shown to require production of IL-10 by the transferred cells (26), suggesting that Treg-derived IL-10 is crucial for the function of these cells in EAE. The presence of IL-10-producing CD25+ cells in the CNS but not peripheral LN strongly suggests their role in mediating recovery from EAE in the site of inflammation. Although the in vitro suppression by these cells did not appear to be IL-10 dependent, this is consistent with the main body of evidence on these cells: that IL-10 is not the mechanism of in vitro suppression but may be important in vivo in some models (11). Also, the in vitro assays only test the suppression of T cells; in vivo other cell types such as macrophages may also be important targets of Tregs in the CNS.
The markedly impaired recovery of mice depleted of CD25+ cells confirmed the importance of these cells for recovery. Two groups have reported enhanced severity of EAE after CD25 depletion (26, 29), and one found no effect (30), but none of these studies looked at effects of CD25+ cell depletion on the recovery phase. Depletion of CD25+ cells before induction of EAE may result in an increased expansion of pathogenic effector T cells; indeed, the severity of disease was increased in CD25-depleted mice. Despite this, the rate of recovery was markedly slower than would normally be expected. In vivo depletion of CD25+ cells after recovery, which overcame resistance to reinduction, is in some ways more informative, since any other regulatory mechanisms contributing to recovery and the active resistance to reinduction should remain unaffected by this treatment. It can therefore be said that CD4+CD25+ cells play an active and central role in mediating recovery from EAE, and this remains in effect in the time period immediately after recovery.
Tregs that have recently been activated or expanded in vitro are more potent than resting Tregs (27, 31, 32); indeed, the CD4+CD25+ cells in the CNS appear phenotypically more highly activated in the CNS than in the LN. In accordance with this, these cells were more potently suppressive in vitro. Also, very low numbers of CD4+CD25+ cells from the CNS were able to transfer protection to naive recipients, whereas the same number of CD4+CD25+ cells from the LN of naive mice had no effect. This may explain the apparent discrepancy between the timing of the entry into the recovery phase and the enrichment of CD4+CD25+ cells in the CNS, which is most marked later in the recovery phase. A relatively small number of these highly potent cells may be sufficient to begin downregulating the inflammation, and the large proportion seen in later phases then simply reflects their continued recruitment/expansion in the CNS. Although Tregs were initially described as being hypoproliferative by in vitro studies, it is now clear that these cells can be expanded in vivo by encounter with Ag (14, 15, 16, 17, 33), particularly in the presence of inflammatory signals, such as up-regulated costimulatory molecules on LPS-matured dendritic cells (15). Immunization with Ag in adjuvant also induces localized expansion of transgenic CD4+CD25+ cells (14, 16), and even in steady-state conditions a proportion of Tregs appear to be continuously proliferating at low levels in vivo (17), presumably in response to self-Ag. In several models, CD4+CD25+ expansion has been found to be localized to the LN draining the target organ or site of immunization (13, 14), so expansion requires a relevant (auto) Ag. Prevention of diabetes in NOD mice also appears to require a relatively high frequency of CD4+CD25+ cells with specificity for pancreatic islet Ag (31, 32). We have yet to establish the Ag specificity of the CD4+CD25+ cells in the CNS, but we would predict that before recruitment to the CNS they are expanded in the draining LN in response to MOG-(35–55) and/or other CNS Ag presented by activated APC migrating from the immunization site or the inflamed CNS.
Recently, transfer of CD4+CD25+ cells has been shown to cure established colitis (18, 34) and early onset diabetes (31), if administered in sufficient numbers or activation status. These studies suggest that in vitro expansion and reinoculation of the patient’s own Tregs may prove an effective therapy for autoimmune conditions, particularly in diseases with a relapsing-remitting course such as multiple sclerosis. It has recently been reported that CD4+CD25+ cells from multiple sclerosis patients have an intrinsically reduced regulatory activity (35). However, this study was not longitudinal and analyzed peripheral blood samples. Because our data point to the accumulation of the most potent Tregs being dependent on time (recovery) and site (the CNS), further studies in multiple sclerosis are clearly required. Although sampling human CNS is obviously prohibitive, the levels of CD4+CD25+ cells in the joints of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis have been reported to show some inverse correlation with disease progression (36), although the cells did not appear to be curative and a different group have reported enrichment of CD4+CD25bright cells in joints regardless of disease severity (37). Understanding the physiological mechanisms that drive the expansion and recruitment of Tregs in EAE will provide further insights for the development of effective therapies for autoimmune disease.
Finally, we have recently described a role for B cells as a source of IL-10 in controlling the recovery phase of EAE, and this appears particularly important in limiting the persistence of a Th1 immune response against MOG in the lymphoid organs (10). Our current data suggest no role for B cells in the CNS but that Tregs are the dominant and essential regulatory population in the target organ. We therefore propose a two-cell model for the regulation of CNS autoimmune disease in these mice: B cells limit the continued expansion of fresh pathogenic cells from the lymph nodes, whereas Tregs control inflammation in the CNS either by direct effects on the pathogenic T cells or through modulation of cells of the innate immune response, as has recently been reported in models of intestinal inflammation (38). Determining whether and how Tregs and B cells interact in the recovery process will be our next step in understanding the complexities of immune regulation in CNS autoimmune disease.
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Acknowledgments |
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Disclosures |
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Footnotes |
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1 This work was supported by grants from the Medical Research Council and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, U.K. S.M.A. is a Medical Research Council Senior Research Fellow. 
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Stephen M. Anderton, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, U.K. E-mail address: steve.anderton{at}ed.ac.uk
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; LN, lymph node; MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, Treg, regulatory T cell; PcP, peridinin chlorophyll-a protein.
Received for publication February 7, 2005. Accepted for publication June 15, 2005.
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
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C. Diveu, M. J. McGeachy, K. Boniface, J. S. Stumhofer, M. Sathe, B. Joyce-Shaikh, Y. Chen, C. M. Tato, T. K. McClanahan, R. de Waal Malefyt, et al. IL-27 Blocks RORc Expression to Inhibit Lineage Commitment of Th17 Cells J. Immunol., May 1, 2009; 182(9): 5748 - 5756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Frommer, T. J. A. J. Heinen, F. T. Wunderlich, N. Yogev, T. Buch, A. Roers, E. Bettelli, W. Muller, S. M. Anderton, and A. Waisman Tolerance without Clonal Expansion: Self-Antigen-Expressing B Cells Program Self-Reactive T Cells for Future Deletion J. Immunol., October 15, 2008; 181(8): 5748 - 5759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Ke, G. Jiang, D. Sun, H. J. Kaplan, and H. Shao Ocular Regulatory T Cells Distinguish Monophasic from Recurrent Autoimmune Uveitis Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., September 1, 2008; 49(9): 3999 - 4007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Ochoa-Reparaz, A. Rynda, M. A. Ascon, X. Yang, I. Kochetkova, C. Riccardi, G. Callis, T. Trunkle, and D. W. Pascual IL-13 Production by Regulatory T Cells Protects against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Independently of Autoantigen J. Immunol., July 15, 2008; 181(2): 954 - 968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. T. A. Roord, W. de Jager, L. Boon, N. Wulffraat, A. Martens, B. Prakken, and F. van Wijk Autologous bone marrow transplantation in autoimmune arthritis restores immune homeostasis through CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells Blood, May 15, 2008; 111(10): 5233 - 5241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Reinwald, C. Wiethe, A. M. Westendorf, M. Breloer, M. Probst-Kepper, B. Fleischer, A. Steinkasserer, J. Buer, and W. Hansen CD83 Expression in CD4+ T Cells Modulates Inflammation and Autoimmunity J. Immunol., May 1, 2008; 180(9): 5890 - 5897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Venken, N. Hellings, T. Broekmans, K. Hensen, J.-L. Rummens, and P. Stinissen Natural Naive CD4+CD25+CD127low Regulatory T Cell (Treg) Development and Function Are Disturbed in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Recovery of Memory Treg Homeostasis during Disease Progression J. Immunol., May 1, 2008; 180(9): 6411 - 6420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Jin, Y. Kang, L. Zhao, C. Xiao, Y. Hu, R. She, Y. Yu, X. Du, G. Zhao, T. Ng, et al. Induction of Adaptive T Regulatory Cells That Suppress the Allergic Response by Coimmunization of DNA and Protein Vaccines J. Immunol., April 15, 2008; 180(8): 5360 - 5372. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. E. Clough, C. J. Wang, E. M. Schmidt, G. Booth, T. Z. Hou, G. A. Ryan, and L. S. K. Walker Release from Regulatory T Cell-Mediated Suppression during the Onset of Tissue-Specific Autoimmunity Is Associated with Elevated IL-21 J. Immunol., April 15, 2008; 180(8): 5393 - 5401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Scabeni, M. Lapilla, S. Musio, B. Gallo, E. Ciusani, L. Steinman, R. Mantegazza, and R. Pedotti CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells Specific for a Thymus-Expressed Antigen Prevent the Development of Anaphylaxis to Self J. Immunol., April 1, 2008; 180(7): 4433 - 4440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Lampropoulou, K. Hoehlig, T. Roch, P. Neves, E. C. Gomez, C. H. Sweenie, Y. Hao, A. A. Freitas, U. Steinhoff, S. M. Anderton, et al. TLR-Activated B Cells Suppress T Cell-Mediated Autoimmunity J. Immunol., April 1, 2008; 180(7): 4763 - 4773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Wang, H. Takeuchi, Y. Sonobe, S. Jin, T. Mizuno, S. Miyakawa, M. Fujiwara, Y. Nakamura, T. Kato, H. Muramatsu, et al. Inhibition of midkine alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through the expansion of regulatory T cell population PNAS, March 11, 2008; 105(10): 3915 - 3920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. K. Selvaraj and T. L. Geiger Mitigation of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis by TGF-{beta} Induced Foxp3+ Regulatory T Lymphocytes through the Induction of Anergy and Infectious Tolerance J. Immunol., March 1, 2008; 180(5): 2830 - 2838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Schiffer, R. Bethunaickan, M. Ramanujam, W. Huang, M. Schiffer, H. Tao, M. M. Madaio, E. P. Bottinger, and A. Davidson Activated Renal Macrophages Are Markers of Disease Onset and Disease Remission in Lupus Nephritis J. Immunol., February 1, 2008; 180(3): 1938 - 1947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Ephrem, S. Chamat, C. Miquel, S. Fisson, L. Mouthon, G. Caligiuri, S. Delignat, S. Elluru, J. Bayry, S. Lacroix-Desmazes, et al. Expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by intravenous immunoglobulin: a critical factor in controlling experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Blood, January 15, 2008; 111(2): 715 - 722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Muller, S. L. Carter, M. J. Hofer, P. Manders, D. R. Getts, M. T. Getts, A. Dreykluft, B. Lu, C. Gerard, N. J. C. King, et al. CXCR3 Signaling Reduces the Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Controlling the Parenchymal Distribution of Effector and Regulatory T Cells in the Central Nervous System J. Immunol., September 1, 2007; 179(5): 2774 - 2786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Masson, T. Calzascia, W. Di Berardino-Besson, N. de Tribolet, P.-Y. Dietrich, and P. R. Walker Brain Microenvironment Promotes the Final Functional Maturation of Tumor-Specific Effector CD8+ T Cells J. Immunol., July 15, 2007; 179(2): 845 - 853. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. O'Connor, K. H. Malpass, and S. M. Anderton The Inflamed Central Nervous System Drives the Activation and Rapid Proliferation of Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells J. Immunol., July 15, 2007; 179(2): 958 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Feger, E. Tolosa, Y.-H. Huang, A. Waschbisch, T. Biedermann, A. Melms, and H. Wiendl HLA-G expression defines a novel regulatory T-cell subset present in human peripheral blood and sites of inflammation Blood, July 15, 2007; 110(2): 568 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Deshpande, I. L. King, and B. M. Segal Cutting Edge: CNS CD11c+ Cells from Mice with Encephalomyelitis Polarize Th17 cells and Support CD25+CD4+ T cell-Mediated Immunosuppression, Suggesting Dual Roles in the Disease Process J. Immunol., June 1, 2007; 178(11): 6695 - 6699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Mor, D. Planer, G. Luboshits, A. Afek, S. Metzger, T. Chajek-Shaul, G. Keren, and J. George Role of Naturally Occurring CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Experimental Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2007; 27(4): 893 - 900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. K. Mann, K. Maresz, L. P. Shriver, Y. Tan, and B. N. Dittel B Cell Regulation of CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells and IL-10 Via B7 is Essential for Recovery From Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., March 15, 2007; 178(6): 3447 - 3456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Ochoa-Reparaz, C. Riccardi, A. Rynda, S. Jun, G. Callis, and D. W. Pascual Regulatory T Cell Vaccination without Autoantigen Protects against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., February 1, 2007; 178(3): 1791 - 1799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. V. Tarbell, L. Petit, X. Zuo, P. Toy, X. Luo, A. Mqadmi, H. Yang, M. Suthanthiran, S. Mojsov, and R. M. Steinman Dendritic cell-expanded, islet-specific CD4+ CD25+ CD62L+ regulatory T cells restore normoglycemia in diabetic NOD mice J. Exp. Med., January 22, 2007; 204(1): 191 - 201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Qin, C. A. Wilson, K. L. Roberts, B. J. Baker, X. Zhao, and E. N. Benveniste IL-10 Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced CD40 Gene Expression through Induction of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3 J. Immunol., December 1, 2006; 177(11): 7761 - 7771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. H. Uhlig, J. Coombes, C. Mottet, A. Izcue, C. Thompson, A. Fanger, A. Tannapfel, J. D. Fontenot, F. Ramsdell, and F. Powrie Characterization of Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ and IL-10-Secreting CD4+CD25+ T Cells during Cure of Colitis J. Immunol., November 1, 2006; 177(9): 5852 - 5860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Spach, F. E. Nashold, B. N. Dittel, and C. E. Hayes IL-10 Signaling Is Essential for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Mediated Inhibition of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., November 1, 2006; 177(9): 6030 - 6037. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. A. Kapp, K. Honjo, L. M. Kapp, X. y. Xu, A. Cozier, and R. P. Bucy TCR transgenic CD8+ T cells activated in the presence of TGF{beta} express FoxP3 and mediate linked suppression of primary immune responses and cardiac allograft rejection Int. Immunol., November 1, 2006; 18(11): 1549 - 1562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. K. Banerjee, M. V. Dhodapkar, E. Matayeva, R. M. Steinman, and K. M. Dhodapkar Expansion of FOXP3high regulatory T cells by human dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro and after injection of cytokine-matured DCs in myeloma patients Blood, October 15, 2006; 108(8): 2655 - 2661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Amend, H. Doster, C. Lange, E. Dubois, H. Kalbacher, A. Melms, and F. Bischof Induction of Autoimmunity by Expansion of Autoreactive CD4+CD62Llow Cells In Vivo J. Immunol., October 1, 2006; 177(7): 4384 - 4390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. Tischner, A. Weishaupt, J. v. d. Brandt, N. Muller, N. Beyersdorf, C. W. Ip, K. V. Toyka, T. Hunig, R. Gold, T. Kerkau, et al. Polyclonal expansion of regulatory T cells interferes with effector cell migration in a model of multiple sclerosis Brain, October 1, 2006; 129(10): 2635 - 2647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. P. Kohm and S. D. Miller Response to Comment on "Cutting Edge: Anti-CD25 Monoclonal Antibody Injection Results in the Functional Inactivation, Not Depletion, of CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells" J. Immunol., August 15, 2006; 177(4): 2037 - 2038. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Stark and A. H. Cross Differential expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling-1 and -3 and related cytokines in central nervous system during remitting versus non-remitting forms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Int. Immunol., February 1, 2006; 18(2): 347 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Mizoguchi and A. K. Bhan A Case for Regulatory B Cells J. Immunol., January 15, 2006; 176(2): 705 - 710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Duplan, G. Beriou, J.-M. Heslan, C. Bruand, P. Dutartre, L. T. Mars, R. S. Liblau, M.-C. Cuturi, and A. Saoudi LF 15-0195 Treatment Protects against Central Nervous System Autoimmunity by Favoring the Development of Foxp3-Expressing Regulatory CD4 T Cells J. Immunol., January 15, 2006; 176(2): 839 - 847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. A. Stephens, D. Gray, and S. M. Anderton CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells limit the risk of autoimmune disease arising from T cell receptor crossreactivity PNAS, November 29, 2005; 102(48): 17418 - 17423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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