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BRIEF REVIEWS |
* Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
University Clinic of Tübingen, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical Research Center, Tübingen, Germany;
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 68110;
Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan;
¶ Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, United Kingdom;
|| Department of Clinical Molecular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan;
# Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302;
** Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan;
Cancer Biology Program, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215;
* Epithelial Pathobiology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322;
* Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Science, Tokyo, Japan;
* Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510;
* Laboratory of NK Cells and Innate Immunity, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France;
* Austin Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia;
* Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and
* Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Signal regulatory proteins (SIRPs) constitute a family of structurally related surface receptors expressed on leukocytes as well as other cells. SIRPs are characterized by the presence of Ig-like domains and form a subfamily within the Ig superfamily. In the accompanying review (1), we provide a description of the composition of the SIRP family in various species of mammals (e.g., man, chimpanzee, mouse, and rat) and birds (e.g., chicken), which includes 16 family members not previously reported in the literature. Because of this, as well as the potentially confusing multiplicity of names that exists for some family members (e.g., SIRP
/SHPS-1/PTPNS1/MFR/p84/BIT/CD172a), we would like to propose a nomenclature for the SIRP family. We hope that this will lead to the use of a consistent and generally accepted terminology for SIRP family members.
Firstly, we have chosen the term "SIRP" to describe members of the family in general. We realize that in the case of SIRP, which was originally termed SHPS-1 (for src-homology phosphatase substrate-1), that our terminology does not completely do justice to its inventors, including Masato Kasuga and Takashi Matozaki and their coworkers (2), who were the first to describe cloning of the molecule, and also Ohnishi et al. (3) working on the brain protein (which they named BIT). However, considering the fact that most other family members lack ITIMs, and therefore will probably not act as SHP interacting molecules/substrates, we feel that the term SHPS would be inappropriate as a general term to describe members of the family. We would like to emphasize that this does not in any way exclude the use of the term SHPS-1, nor any of the other names used, for the SIRP molecule. However, the term SIRP is preferred when referring to these proteins as a group at least. We have chosen not to standardize on the CD nomenclature as only three human SIRPs have been given CD numbers—CD172a, CD172b, and CD172g—and a nomenclature is needed to accommodate the other genes. Also, as discussed below, the CD172 species orthologs are not obvious.
Clearly, a common denominator of SIRP family members is the presence of typical SIRP-related Ig domains. We propose to further classify SIRP gene products according to their other structural/functional properties and at the same time conform to the currently used terminology as much as possible: SIRP is used for transmembrane members with typical ITIMs; SIRP
is used for transmembrane members with a positively charged residue (typically a lysine) in the transmembrane region that is therefore likely to associate with and signal via adaptor proteins, such as DAP12; SIRP
is used for transmembrane members lacking the two above properties; and SIRP
is used for members lacking a putative transmembrane region.
For more than one member with any of the above characteristics Arabic numbers can be used as an identifier (e.g., SIRP1 and SIRP2). We propose to number according to the order of description in the literature, which is mostly in line with current terminology. In doing so we have chosen not to take into consideration the possible ortholog comparisons, because these are often difficult if not impossible to determine (see the accompanying review for details (1)). For example there is no ortholog relationship between the human SIRP2, the (rat) rSIRP2, and (mouse) mSIRP2 despite the apparent overall structural similarities.
There are a number of SIRP pseudogenes, which are indicated with a "p" (e.g., SIRP2p). We further propose to refer to the human SIRP members without any prefix and to use the following prefixes for other species: c = chimpanzee; r = rat; m = mouse; b = bovine; g = chicken (Gallus gallus). For SIRPs to be described in the future from other species, additional prefixes can be introduced.
Taken together, this leads to the terminology that is listed in Table I. We propose that this nomenclature be adopted and, where necessary, extended to describe members of the SIRP family.
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Footnotes |
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1 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Timo K. van den Berg, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands, t.vandenberg@vumc.nl 
Received for publication July 13, 2005. Accepted for publication September 26, 2005.
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S. Eminaga and A. M. Bennett Noonan Syndrome-associated SHP-2/Ptpn11 Mutants Enhance SIRP{alpha} and PZR Tyrosyl Phosphorylation and Promote Adhesion-mediated ERK Activation J. Biol. Chem., May 30, 2008; 283(22): 15328 - 15338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Hatherley, K. Harlos, D. C. Dunlop, D. I. Stuart, and A. N. Barclay The Structure of the Macrophage Signal Regulatory Protein {alpha} (SIRP{alpha}) Inhibitory Receptor Reveals a Binding Face Reminiscent of That Used by T Cell Receptors J. Biol. Chem., May 11, 2007; 282(19): 14567 - 14575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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