The JI
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     
 

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Schweitzer-Stenner, R.
Right arrow Articles by Pecht, I.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Schweitzer-Stenner, R.
Right arrow Articles by Pecht, I.
The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 174: 4461-4464.
Copyright © 2005 by The American Association of Immunologists

CUTTING EDGE

Cutting Edge: Death of a Dogma or Enforcing the Artificial: Monomeric IgE Binding May Initiate Mast Cell Response by Inducing Its Receptor Aggregation

Reinhard Schweitzer-Stenner* and Israel Pecht1,{dagger}

* Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and {dagger} Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
Several recent reports have suggested that binding monomeric IgE (mIgE) to its type 1 receptor, Fc{epsilon}RI, on mast cells induces important responses. These observations contradict the notion that it is the aggregation of this receptor that is essential for initiating mast cell response. In the present study, we suggest that the most probable causes for the reported observations are the experimental protocol used combined with the high expression levels of the Fc{epsilon}RI by mast cells. Specifically, we suggest using the published data and physicochemical calculations that the exceptionally high number of cell surface Fc{epsilon}RI-bound monoclonal IgE yields, in the two-dimensions of the cells’ membranes, a situation where even a low affinity of these mIgE for epitopes on their own structure or on another cell surface component may lead to their aggregation. Hence, we hypothesize that the reported response to mIgE binding is a result of such an Fc{epsilon}RI-IgE induced aggregation.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
The long-standing immunochemical dogma states that only upon Fc{epsilon}RI clustering is the cascade coupling it to mast cells’ response triggered (1, 2). IgE binding was generally considered to just endow the Fc{epsilon}RI with specific Ag recognition capacity or affect its cell surface expression levels. However, this model has been challenged recently by a series of reports suggesting that monomeric IgE (mIgE)2 binding to the Fc{epsilon}RI does initiate its stimulus-response cascade, resulting in several important cellular activities (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). The first two independent studies (3, 4) reported that mIgE binding prolonged survival of mouse mast cells under growth factor-limiting conditions. However, these studies differed in some crucial details of the observed biochemical responses and hence also in the mechanisms proposed for rationalizing their finding: Kalesnikoff et al. (4) found that mIgE binding to the Fc{epsilon}RI induces tyrosine phosphorylation of several intracellular components, as well as activation of PI3K, Akt, and MAPKs, followed by an increased de novo synthesis of cytokines, which were suggested to be responsible for the observed cell survival in an autocrine-dependent fashion. In contrast, Asai et al. (3) did not detect any signaling events or significant cytokine secretion. Several more recent articles attracted additional interest as they reported that mIgE binding even induces secretion of granule-stored mediators by the rat mast cells of the RBL-2H3 line, as well as by bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs) (7, 8). Moreover, Kitaura et al. (5, 6) reported that binding of different monoclonal mIgE induces a spectrum of cell activation events that varied widely depending on the particular IgE mAb used and provided some evidence that these events are a result of Fc{epsilon}RI aggregation.

Mast cells’ response to the binding of mIgE, if proven to occur, has significant implications by itself, as well as for our understanding the requirements for cell stimulation by other immunoreceptors, such as those of B cells. In addition, upon critically reading the reports published so far, some important differences are observed in the experimental protocols, results, and conclusions. Hence, the above phenomenon clearly deserves additional evaluation. As detailed in Results and Discussion, we suggest that certain nonphysiological elements of the experimental protocols used may be the actual cause for the observation, rather than a novel-unknown mechanism.

Probably the first observation suggesting that mIgE binding to the Fc{epsilon}RI is capable of inducing a biological response was made by Furuichi et al. (9), who have shown that exposure of RBL-2H3 cells to IgE up-regulates the Fc{epsilon}RI expression. This was later expanded by results of Yamaguchi et al. (10, 11), showing that the Fc{epsilon}RI expression levels on peritoneal mast cells from IgE-deficient (IgE–/–) mice are reduced dramatically compared with those on cells from the corresponding normal mice. However, these studies have established that the enhanced Fc{epsilon}RI expression is in fact due to the increased lifetime of the surface-resident receptors rather than to its increased synthesis and/or transport to the plasma membrane (9, 12, 13). Thus, this effect of mIgE binding to the Fc{epsilon}RI is of a different nature.

The simplest explanation for the observed surprising cellular responses to mIgE could be that the supposed mIgE still contains traces of IgE oligomers, which upon binding mediate Fc{epsilon}RI clustering. However, great efforts were made in all these studies to exclude this trivial cause. Hence, there is a clear need for another rationale for these interesting and challenging observations.

An important insight into the events induced upon mIgE binding was that addition of monovalent haptens (for which the mIgE used is specific) abrogated the cells’ responses (4, 8, 14). This additionally supported the intriguing possibility that Fc{epsilon}RI-bound mIgEs may undergo aggregation by binding to their Ag recognition site of an epitope on their own structure or of another cell surface component. Indeed, the marked dependence of the cells’ response on specific properties of the monoclonal IgE class Ab used strongly suggested that some Fc{epsilon}RI-IgE complexes undergo aggregation (Refs. 6 and 14 , see also Ref. 4).

In the present study, we suggest that this Fc{epsilon}RI-IgE aggregation can be the outcome of the nonphysiological experimental conditions used in all these studies: the exceptionally high Fc{epsilon}RI cell surface expression levels (3–6 x 105 copies/cell for RBL-2H3 and 4–10 x 104 copies/cell for BMCMCs (Ref. 15 and J. Rivera, unpublished observation), i.e., 5- to 100-fold higher than those of the TCR for Ag) are all occupied by one and the same monoclonal IgE (in contrast to the in vivo situation where the whole specificities repertoire of IgEs will be displayed). The concentration of the Fc{epsilon}RI-IgE complexes in the two dimensions of the cell surface is, as illustrated in Results, dramatically higher than its molar equivalent in solution. Thus, we suggest that it is rather plausible that under such nonphysiological conditions, even a low affinity of the used monoclonal IgE for a given epitope can lead to either homo- or heterotypic association and induce clustering of the cell-resident Fc{epsilon}RI-IgEs.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 
The enhancement in the apparent affinity of binding an IgE Ag-combining site to an epitope on another IgE in the two-dimensional surface of a cell can be estimated by the following simple statistical consideration: as shown earlier (16), the probability of finding as nearest neighbor a distinct receptor at distances between r and dr on a cell surface is given by:

(1)
where {sigma}rec is the cell surface density of the component in question, i.e., in our case a monomeric Fc{epsilon}RI-IgE complex. The corresponding probability function for a three-dimensional isotropic system representing reactions in solution can be obtained from Chandrasekar (17):

(2)
where n is the average number of molecules (i.e., IgEs) per unit volume. For treating the current problem, we used the normalized probability for a segment r0+{Delta}r, where r0 = 75Å is the assumed sterically allowed minimal distance between two Fc{epsilon}RI-IgE complexes. The corresponding equation is written as:

(3)
where rlim is the radius of a circular shell representing the total area of the cell surface, or, for the three-dimensional system, the radius of a sphere representing the unit volume.


   Results and Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
Disclosures
 References
 
Fig. 1, a and b, illustrates P(r0) as a function of the IgE solution concentration and the corresponding number of Fc{epsilon}RI-bound IgE, respectively. Binding of mIgE to Fc{epsilon}RI was calculated as described by Ortega et al. (15, 18). Fig. 1a reveals that P(r0) reaches significant values (> 0.4) at total mIgE concentrations > 1 µg/ml (~7 x 10–9 M). This corresponds nicely to the mIgE concentration where onset of {beta}-hexosaminidase secretion has been observed for RBL-2H3 cells from three different sources. The vertical line in Fig. 1a represents the mIgE (mAb SPE-7) concentration (1 µg/ml) for which these authors observed secretion between 40 and 60% of the granule contents (8). As shown in Fig. 1c, the corresponding P(r0) for a three-dimensional system (i.e., mIgE in solution) is several orders of magnitude lower in the investigated concentration range: at 7 x 10–9 M (~1 µg/ml) our simulation suggests an enhancement factor of ~104 for the reaction on the cell surface. This is somewhat larger than the value derived from the equilibrium constants determined for the reaction of the DNP-specific IgE (mAb-H1) with the divalent hapten (DCT)2-Cys in solution and on the surface of RBL-2H3 cells, which are indicative of a 103-fold increase in the apparent equilibrium constant for IgE dimerization by the respective divalent haptens on the cell surface (19). Still, in view of the simplicity of our model used, the agreement with these experimental data may be considered as sufficient. It is noteworthy that our simulation does not take into account restrictions of the orientational mobility and the effect of volume exclusion on the cell surface, which may both further increase the enhancement (20).



View larger version (12K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 1. The probability P(r0) to IgE-IgE interaction to occur in a distance interval r0+{Delta}r as a function of IgE-concentration. a, P(r0) was calculated as a function of mIgE bulk concentration of mIgEs bound to type 1 Fc{epsilon}Rs on a two-dimensional (cell) surface with {Delta}r = 30 Å (solid line), 15Å (dash-dot-dot line), and 10Å (medium dash), assuming 3 x 105 Fc{epsilon}RI/cell. b, P(r0) was calculated as a function of mIgE bound to type 1 Fc{epsilon}Rs on a two-dimensional (cell) surface with {Delta}r = 30 Å (solid line), 15Å (dash-dot-dot line), and 10Å (medium dash), assuming 3 x 105 Fc{epsilon}RI/cell. c, P(r0) was calculated as a function of mIgE bulk concentration for mIgEs bound to type 1 Fc{epsilon}Rs on a two-dimensional (cell) surface (solid line) and for free mIgE in solution (medium dash), assuming 3 x 105 Fc{epsilon}RI/cell, and for mIgEs bound to type 1 Fc{epsilon}Rs on a two-dimensional (cell) surface, assuming 5 x 104 Fc{epsilon}RI/cell (dotted line). All three calculations were conducted using {Delta}r = 30 Å. The binding of IgE to Fc{epsilon}RI was modeled with a intrinsic binding constant of Ki = 3 x 10–8 M obtained by Ortega et al. (18 ) The conversion from bulk to cell surface concentration was achieved by a considering a sample with a cell concentration of 5 x 109 cells/L. A value of 2.5 µm was assumed for the cell radius.

 
Fig. 1c depicts the result of another simulation conducted for the situation of a significantly lower number of Fc{epsilon}RI on the cells (i.e., 5 x 10–4), which accounts for BMCMCs. Even under this condition, P(r0) reaches values of ~0.1, certainly sufficient to trigger a substantial secretory response. Moreover, this simulation shows that cells with a higher number of receptors (notably RBL-2H3 cells) can be activated even in the presence of a mixture of IgE class mAbs if only 10% of them will react with each other on the cell surface. This point may have relevance to the in vivo situation where increased tissue levels of IgE were indeed found to induce activation (14).

Therefore, we can safely conclude that the apparent affinity driving the proposed mIgE clustering is several orders of magnitudes higher on the cell surface than in solution. Thus, even a low intrinsic IgE affinity for an epitope present on the cell surface would be sufficient for inducing substantial clustering Fc{epsilon}RI-IgE. In this context, it should be further emphasized that optimal secretion of granule-stored mediators by RBL-2H3 cells generally requires the clustering of only ~10% of the Fc{epsilon}RI. Moreover, an even lower degree of aggregation is required for inducing the de novo synthesis and secretion of cytokines (21). This may explain the marked differences in response reported for RBL-2H3 and BMCMCs by different labs applying distinct IgE class mAbs. For example, in the latter cells, mAb SPE-7 induces significant cytokine secretion causing strong antiapoptotic effects, whereas other mAbs (such as H1) display a lower (or undetectable) capacity to induce cytokines secretion and exert less robust survival effects (5).

The recent and rather detailed structure-function relation studies of mAb SPE-7 provide a compelling illustration of how the Ag binding site can provide the affinity leading by the above enhancement to the cell surface Fc{epsilon}RI-IgE aggregation (22, 23). This study demonstrated that the SPE-7 binding site may exist in at least two distinct (unbound) conformations, which markedly differ in their epitope-binding specificities and affinities. One specificity is for a protein (thioredoxin peptide derivative) epitope, which may probably cross-react with a different one present on the cells’ surfaces, albeit with low affinity.

Finally, it should be emphasized that in the present study we addressed a different problem from that of the classical study of DeLisi (24). The latter focused on elucidating the lifetime of encounter complexes of Fc{epsilon}RI-IgE in the absence of any aggregating agent. He has shown that although the high Fc{epsilon}RI density allows for frequent encounters, receptor aggregates do not persist long enough to allow for triggering the biochemical cascade, which culminates in the cells’ secretion. In the present study, we consider affinity-driven aggregate formations, i.e., longer lived Fc{epsilon}RI-IgE clusters, that, as reported, induce cell response. Furthermore, we did not address the effect of IgE binding on Fc{epsilon}RI expression levels, which is due to rather different mechanism (9, 12, 13).

In conclusion, our above analysis illustrates the drastic differences between cell surface concentrations and those of bulk solution. It has a particular significance in the case of the mast cells’ surface resident Fc{epsilon}RI-IgE. Still, it may also be encountered when ever a relatively high copy-number of a cell membrane component comes into play (24)


   Disclosures
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 Disclosures
References
 
The authors have no financial conflict of interest.


   Acknowledgments
 
We wish to express our deep gratitude to Jakub Abramson and Dr. R. P. Siraganian for their helpful comments and discussions.


   Footnotes
 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1 To whom all correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Israel Pecht, Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Room 709, Wolfson Building, Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel. E-mail address: israel.pecht{at}weizmann.ac.il Back

2 Abbreviations used in this paper: mIgE, monomeric IgE; BMCMC, bone-marrow derived cultured mast cell. Back

Received for publication December 6, 2004. Accepted for publication February 2, 2005.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 Disclosures
 References
 

  1. Beaven, M. A., H. Metzger. 1993. Signal transduction by Fc-receptors—the Fc-{epsilon}-RI case. Immunol. Today 14:222.[Medline]
  2. Turner, H., J. P. Kinet. 1999. Signalling through the high-affinity IgE receptor Fc {epsilon}RI. Nature 402:24.
  3. Asai, K., J. Kitaura, Y. Kawakami, N. Yamagata, M. Tsai, D. P. Carbone, F. T. Liu, S. J. Galli, T. Kawakami. 2001. Regulation of mast cell survival by IgE. Immunity 14:791.[Medline]
  4. Kalesnikoff, J., M. Huber, V. Lam, J. E. Damen, J. Zhang, R. P. Siraganian, G. Krystal. 2001. Monomeric IgE stimulates signaling pathways in mast cells that lead to cytokine production and cell survival. Immunity 14:801.[Medline]
  5. Kitaura, J., J. M. Song, M. Tsai, Y. Kawakami, F. T. Liu, C. A. Lowell, B. G. Barisas, J. G. Stephen, T. Kawakami. 2003. Highly or poorly cytokinergic IgE molecules mediate a spectrum of effects on mast cell survival and activation. FASEB J. 17:C11.
  6. Kitaura, J., W. B. Xiao, M. Maeda-Yamamoto, Y. Kawakami, C. A. Lowell, T. Kawakami. 2004. Early divergence of Fc {epsilon} receptor I signals for receptor up-regulation and internalization from degranulation, cytokine production, and survival. J. Immunol. 173:4317.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Oka, T., M. Hori, A. Tanaka, H. Matsuda, H. Karaki, H. Ozaki. 2004. IgE alone-induced actin assembly modifies calcium signaling and degranulation in RBL-2H3 mast cells. Am. J. Physiol. 286:C256.
  8. Pandey, V., S. Mihara, A. Fensome-Green, S. Bolsover, S. Cockcroft. 2004. Monomeric IgE stimulates NFAT translocation into the nucleus, a rise in cytosol Ca2+, degranulation, and membrane ruffling in the cultured rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 mast cell line. J. Immunol. 172:4048.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Furuichi, K., J. Rivera, T. Triche, C. Isersky. 1985. The fate of IgE bound to rat basophilic leukemia cells. IV. Functional association between the receptors for IgE. J. Immunol. 134:1766.[Abstract]
  10. Yamaguchi, M., C. S. Lantz, H. C. Oettgen, I. M. Katona, T. Fleming, I. Miyajima, J. P. Kinet, S. J. Galli. 1997. IgE enhances mouse mast cell Fc{epsilon}RI expression in vitro and in vivo: evidence for a novel amplification mechanism in IgE-dependent reactions. J. Exp. Med. 185:663.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Yamaguchi, M., C. S. Lantz, H. C. Oettgen, I. M. Katona, T. Fleming, K. Yano, I. Miyajima, J. P. Kinet, S. J. Galli. 1997. IgE enhances mouse and human mast cell Fc {epsilon} RI expression, which in turn enhances IgE-dependent mast cell mediator release. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 99:422.
  12. Borkowski, T. A., M. H. Jouvin, S. Y. Lin, J. P. Kinet. 2001. Minimal requirements for IgE-mediated regulation of surface Fc {epsilon} RI. J. Immunol. 167:1290.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Kubo, S., K. Matsuoka, C. Taya, F. Kitamura, T. Takai, H. Yonekawa, H. Karasuyama. 2001. Drastic up-regulation of Fc {epsilon} RI on mast cells is induced by IgEbinding through stabilization and accumulation of Fc {epsilon} RI on the cell surface. J. Immunol. 167:3427.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Kitaura, J., J. Song, M. Tsai, K. Asai, M. Maeda-Yamamoto, A. Mocsai, Y. Kawakami, F. T. Liu, C. A. Lowell, B. G. Barisas, S. J. Galli, T. Kawakami. 2003. Evidence that IgE molecules mediate a spectrum of effects on mast cell survival and activation via aggregation of the Fc{epsilon}RI. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:12911.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Ortega, E., R. Schweitzer-Stenner, I. Pecht. 1988. Possible orientational constraints determine secretory signals induced by aggregation of IgE receptors on mast cells. EMBO J. 7:4101.[Medline]
  16. Schweitzer-Stenner, R., I. Pecht. 1999. Parameters determining the stimulatory capacity of the type I Fc {epsilon} receptor. Immunol. Lett. 68:59.[Medline]
  17. Chandrasekar, S.. 1943. Rev. Mod. Phys. 15:
  18. Ortega, E., R. Schweitzer-Stenner, I. Pecht. 1991. Kinetic of ligand-binding to the type-1 Fc-{epsilon} receptor on mast cells. Biochemistry 30:3473.[Medline]
  19. Erickson, J. W., R. G. Posner, B. Goldstein, D. Holowka, B. Baird. 1991. Bivalent ligand dissociation kinetics from receptor-bound immunoglobulin E: evidence for a time-dependent increase in ligand rebinding at the cell surface. Biochemistry 30:2357.[Medline]
  20. Grasberger, B., A. P. Minton, C. Delisi, H. Metzger. 1986. Interaction between proteins localized in membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:6258.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Gonzalez-Espinosa, C., S. Odom, A. Olivera, J. P. Hobson, M. E. Martinez, A. Oliveira-Dos-Santos, L. Barra, S. Spiegel, J. M. Penninger, J. Rivera. 2003. Preferential signaling and induction of allergy-promoting lymphokines upon weak stimulation of the high affinity IgE receptor on mast cells. J. Exp. Med. 197:1453.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. James, L. C., D. S. Tawfik. 2003. The specificity of cross-reactivity: promiscuous antibody binding involves specific hydrogen bonds rather than nonspecific hydrophobic stickiness. Protein Sci. 12:2183.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. James, L. C., P. Roversi, D. S. Tawfik. 2003. Antibody multispecificity mediated by conformational diversity. Science 299:1362.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Delisi, C.. 1981. The magnitude of signal amplification by ligand-induced receptor clustering. Nature 289:322.[Medline]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Liu, K. Furuta, R. Teshima, N. Shirata, Y. Sugimoto, A. Ichikawa, and S. Tanaka
Critical Role of Protein Kinase C {beta}II in Activation of Mast Cells by Monomeric IgE
J. Biol. Chem., November 25, 2005; 280(47): 38976 - 38981.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Respir JHome page
P. Bradding and G. Cruse
From the authors
Eur. Respir. J., October 1, 2005; 26(4): 745 - 746.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
T. Kawakami and J. Kitaura
Mast Cell Survival and Activation by IgE in the Absence of Antigen: A Consideration of the Biologic Mechanisms and Relevance
J. Immunol., October 1, 2005; 175(7): 4167 - 4173.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Schweitzer-Stenner, R.
Right arrow Articles by Pecht, I.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Schweitzer-Stenner, R.
Right arrow Articles by Pecht, I.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS