| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
B Protein IBNS Selectively Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IL-6 Production in Macrophages of the Colonic Lamina Propria 1
* Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and
Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, and
Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Osaka, Japan;
Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and
¶ Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
). CLPM of wild-type mice, but not IL-10-deficient mice, displayed hyporesponsiveness to TLR stimulation in terms of cytokine production and costimulatory molecule expression. We compared CLPM gene expression profiles of wild-type mice with IL-10-deficient mice, and identified genes that are selectively expressed in wild-type CLPM. These genes included nuclear I
B proteins such as Bcl-3 and IBNS. Because Bcl-3 has been shown to specifically inhibit LPS-induced TNF-
production, we analyzed the role of IBNS in macrophages. Lentiviral introduction of IBNS resulted in impaired LPS-induced IL-6 production, but not TNF- production in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. IBNS expression led to constitutive and intense DNA binding of NF-B p50/p50 homodimers. IBNS was recruited to the IL-6 promoter, but not to the TNF- promoter, together with p50. Furthermore, small interference RNA-mediated reduction in IBNS expression in RAW264.7 cells resulted in increased LPS-induced production of IL-6, but not TNF-. Thus, IBNS selectively suppresses LPS-induced IL-6 production in macrophages. This study established that nuclear IB proteins differentially regulate LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. |
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
-producing Th3 cells, and IL-10-producing type 1 regulatory T cells, all have regulatory functions in prevention of chronic mucosal inflammation and even in amelioration of established colitis (5, 6). B cells also have regulatory functions in mucosal inflammation observed in TCR--deficient mice (7). Thus, important roles of adaptive immunity comprising T cells and B cells in mucosal inflammation are well characterized. However, recent accumulating evidence demonstrates that innate immunity plays crucial roles in controlling Ag-specific adaptive immunity (8, 9, 10, 11). Accordingly, the involvement of innate immunity in the development of chronic colitis has been proposed. Abnormal activation of innate immune cells has been shown to initiate the development of chronic colitis in mice lacking Stat3 specifically in macrophages and neutrophils (12). The phenotype observed in the Stat3 mutant mice was very reminiscent of that observed in IL-10-deficient mice, indicating that major target cells of IL-10 in suppressing chronic mucosal inflammation are cells of macrophage lineage (12, 13, 14). The mechanisms by which abnormal activity of innate immune cells leads to the development of chronic colitis were further analyzed. In the absence of Stat3, innate immune cells showed increased levels of inflammatory cytokine production through TLR, which are essential for the recognition of microbial components in innate immune cells. Among these cytokines, IL-12p40 is responsible for the exaggerated Th1 cell development and thereby induces Th1-dependent chronic colitis (15). Thus, critical involvement of TLR-dependent activation of innate immunity has clearly been shown in triggering chronic mucosal inflammation. In addition to TLR-mediated activation of innate immunity, NOD2, which is responsible for TLR-independent recognition of microbial components, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease in human (16, 17, 18). Thus, molecules critically involved in innate immune responses, such as TLRs and NOD2, are associated with the pathogenesis of colitis. However, it remains unclear how activities of these innate immune cell populations are regulated in the intestinal mucosa.
In this study, we isolated CD11b-positive cells from the colonic lamina propria (CLPM), and analyzed their responsiveness to TLR ligands. CLPM of wild-type mice, but not IL-10-deficient mice, showed hyporesponsiveness to TLR ligands. Therefore, we compared CLPM gene expression profiles in wild-type mice with IL-10-deficient mice, which led to identification of genes that are specifically expressed in CLPM of wild-type mice, but not in CLPM of IL-10-deficient mice or wild-type peritoneal macrophages. We further analyzed whether these gene products are capable of inhibiting TLR-mediated responses in macrophages, and found that a member of the IB family of proteins, IBNS, inhibits LPS-induced IL-6 production in macrophages.
|
Materials and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
LPS from Escherichia coli (O55:B5) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) and human embryonic kidney 293T cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, and 10 U/ml penicillin G. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were collected by peritoneal lavage with HBSS at 3 days after i.p. injection of 2 ml of 4% sterile thioglycolate into 8- to 12-wk-old mice. Peritoneal macrophages were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% FBS, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, and 10 U/ml penicillin G.
Mice
C57BL/6 mice were purchased from the Central Laboratory of Experimental Animals (Tokyo, Japan). IL-10-deficient mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. All experiments using these mice were approved by and performed according to the guidelines of the animal ethics committee of Kyushu University and Osaka University.
Isolation of CLPM
CLPM was isolated using a protocol modified from an EDTA perfusion method (19). Mice were anesthetized and their peritoneal and pleural cavities were opened for systemic perfusion from left ventricle with 15 ml of HBSS containing 20 mM EDTA. Following perfusion, colons were removed, cut into pieces of 2
3 cm in length, resuspended in HBSS, and shaken with a microbead beater (Biospec Products) at 5000 rpm for 50 s to remove epithelial cells. The colon pieces were then washed with RPMI 1640, mechanically minced and resuspended in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mg/ml collagenase type II (Invitrogen Life Technologies), 1 mg/ml dispase (Invitrogen Life Technologies), 15 mg/ml DNase (Boehringer), 100 µg/ml streptomycin, and 10 U/ml penicillin G for 30 min at 37°C in a shaking incubator. After filtration of digested tissue with 40-µm nylon mesh, isolated cells were washed with PBS and CD11b-positive cells were purified using MACS selection system using CD11b MicroBeads (Miltenyi Biotec) following manufacturer’s instructions.
Measurement of inflammatory cytokines
The cells (5 x 104) were cultured in 96-well plates with 10 or 100 ng/ml LPS for 24 h. The concentrations of TNF-, IL-6, and IL-12p40 in the culture supernatants were determined by ELISA according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Genzyme Techne).
Flow cytometry
Single cell suspension of colonic lamina propria was stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD11b Ab (BD Pharmingen) and biotin-conjugated anti-TLR4/MD-2 Ab (eBioscience), followed by FITC-conjugated streptavidin. Stained cells were analyzed on a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences).
DNA microarray
Total RNA from wild-type or IL-10-deficient lamina proprial CD11b-positive cells was extracted with an RNeasy kit (Qiagen), followed by mRNA purification with an Oligotex mRNA kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized from 1 µg of mRNA with the SuperScript Choice System (Invitrogen Life Technologies) primed with T7-oligo(dT) 24 primer. These cDNA were used to prepare biotin-labeled cRNA by an in vitro transcription reaction using T7 RNA polymerase in the presence of biotinylated ribonucleotides, according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Enzo Diagnostics). The cRNA products were purified using an RNeasy kit (Qiagen), fragmented, and hybridized to Affymetrix Murine Genome U74Av2, Bv2 and Cv2 microarray chips, according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Affymetrix). The hybridized chips were stained, washed, and scanned with a GeneArray scanner (Affymetrix).
RT-PCR
Total RNA (1 µg) was primed with random hexamers, followed by reverse transcription with Superscript II (Invitrogen Life Technologies). PCR analysis was performed using recombinant TaqDNA polymerase (Takara Shuzo). Conditions for the reactions were 30 s of denaturation step at 94°C, 30 s of annealing step at 60°C, and 1 min of elongation step at 72°C for 25–30 cycles. Specific primers used were: IBNS, sense 5'-GCTGTATCCTGAGCCTTCCCTGTC-3' and antisense 5'-GCTCAGCAGGTCTTCCACAATCAG-3'; IB
, sense 5'-GCTCAACCTGGCTTACTTCTACGG-3' and antisense 5'-CGGAAGCCTTCTGCTTGTTGCTTC-3'; Bcl-3, sense 5'-GATGCCCATTTACTCTACCCCGAC-3' and antisense 5'-GCCGGACCATGTCTGGTAATGTGG-3'; CD163, sense 5'-CTTCTTGGAGGTGCTGGATCTCCTG-3' and antisense 5'-GCTCCCTCTAAGCAAATCACACCG-3'; macrophage scavenger receptor 2, sense 5'GGTGCTGGAAACAGCTCTTGGAC-3' and antisense 5'-GCTCAGCAGGTCTTCCACAATCAG-3'; -actin, sense 5'-CTATGTGGGTGACGAGGCCCAGAG-3' and antisense 5'-GGGTACATGGTGGTACCACCAGAC-3'.
Real-time PCR
RAW264.7 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages were treated with 10 ng/ml IL-10 (Genzyme) for 1, 2, 4, or 6 h. Total RNA was isolated with TRIzol (Invitrogen Life Technologies) and treated with DNaseI (Promega). Reverse transcription was performed using MMLV Reverse Transcriptase (Promega) and oligo(dT) primers (Promega). Finally these solutions were directly used as templates for PCR. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on an ABI 7000 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems) using TaqMan universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems), as previously described (20). TaqMan probes mix for IBNS was purchased from Applied Biosystems. All data were normalized to EF1- expression in the same cDNA set.
Lentiviral introduction of IBNS into macrophages
The lentiviral vector, CSII-EF-MCS-IRES-hrGFP (cPPT-containing SIN vector plasmid with multiple cloning sites for cDNA insertion followed by the IRES-GFP sequence under the control of the EF-1 promoter), was used to generate CSII-EF-IBNS. Woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranslational regulatory element was ligated at the 3' end of GFP. The lentiviral vectors were cotransfected into 293T cells with pMDLg/pRRE (packaging plasmid), pRSV-Rev (Rev expression plasmid), and pMD.G (VSV-G expression plasmid). Infectious lentiviruses in the culture supernatants were harvested at 48 h after transfection. RAW cells (5 x 105) were cultured with the lentiviruses for 24 h, and then the culture medium was replaced. After 48 h, the cells expressing human recombinant GFP were sorted by FACSVantage SE (BD Biosciences).
Northern blot analysis
The cells were stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS. Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies), electrophoresed, transferred to a nylon membrane, and hybridized with cDNA probe.
Western blot analysis
Cells (2 x 106) were lysed with lysis buffer containing with 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, and Complete Mini (Roche). The lysates were separated on SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. The membranes were incubated with anti-Flag M2 Ab (Sigma-Aldrich), anti-IB Ab, anti-ERK Ab, anti-p38 Ab (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-phospho-p38 Ab, and anti-phospho-ERK Ab (Cell Signaling Technology). Bound Abs were detected with an ECL system (PerkinElmer).
Immunoprecipitation
The cell lysates were precleared with protein G-Sepharose beads (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and then incubated with protein G-Sepharose beads together with anti-Flag M2 Ab, anti-p50 Ab, and anti-p65 Ab (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Immunoprecipitates were separated on SDS-PAGE, transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membrane, and incubated anti-Flag M2 Ab, anti-p50 Ab, or anti-p65 Ab. Bound Abs were visualized with an ECL system (PerkinElmer).
EMSA
The cells were stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 30 or 60 min. Then, nuclear proteins were extracted and incubated with an end-labeled, double-stranded oligonucleotide containing a NF-B binding site on the IL-6 promoter in 25 µl of binding buffer (10 mM HEPES-KOH, (pH 7.8), 50 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, (pH 8.0), 5 mM MgCl2, and 10% glycerol) for 20 min at room temperature and loaded onto a native 5% polyacrylamide gel. The DNA-protein complexes were visualized by autoradiography. The specificities of the shifted bands were determined by adding Abs specific for p65 and p50 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology).
Luciferase assay
RAW264.7 cells (1 x 105) were transiently transfected with a total 0.5 µg of expression vector, and 100 ng of IL-6 promoter-luciferase construct (21) or TNF- promoter-luciferase construct (22) using a Superfect transfection reagent (Qiagen). After 24 h, cells were treated with or without 10 ng/ml LPS for 6 h. The luciferase activity was measured using the dual-luciferase reporter assay system (Promega). The Renilla-luciferase reporter gene (20 ng) was used as an internal control.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed essentially with a described protocol (Upstate Biotechnology). In brief, RAW cells were stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 1 or 2 h, and then fixed with formaldehyde for 10 min. The cells were lysed, sheared by sonication, and incubated overnight with specific Ab followed by incubation with protein A-agarose saturated with salmon sperm DNA (Upstate Biotechnology). Precipitated DNA was analyzed by quantitative PCR (35 cycles) using primers 5'-ACTAGCCAGGAGGGAGAACAGAAACTC-3' and 5'-CACAAGCAGGAATGAGAAGAGGCTGAG-3' for the TNF- promoter and 5'-TAGCAGCAGGTCCAACTGTGCTATCTG-3' and 5'-AAGCCTCCGACTTGTGAAGTGGTATAG-3' for the IL-6 promoter.
In another experiment, peritoneal macrophages from wild-type mice and Stat3 mutant mice were pretreated with 10 ng/ml IL-10 for 18 h, then stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 1 h, and used for ChIP assay.
RNA interference
RAW cells (4 x 106) were transfected with 500 pmol of dsRNA using Nucleofector (Amaxa). The target small interference RNA (siRNA), 5'-GUGCAGAUGUUACUGCAAAA-3', was designed and produced by Dharmacon. The control siRNA was purchased from Dharmacon (catalog no. D-001206-08-05).
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
To analyze the function of colonic macrophages, we first isolated CLPM according to procedures described in Materials and Methods. Flow cytometric analysis showed that 30–40% of CLPM also expressed CD11c, indicating the presence of both macrophage-lineage cells and dendritic cell-lineage cells in the population. Using highly purified (over 97% purity) CLPM, we analyzed their response to TLR ligands such as LPS and CpG DNA. We first stimulated CD11b-positive cells from the spleen and colonic lamina propria with LPS or CpG DNA, and analyzed for inflammatory cytokine production (Fig. 1A). CD11b-positive cells from the spleen produced significant amounts of TNF-, IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-10 in response to LPS or CpG DNA. However, TLR ligand-induced increase in production of TNF-, IL-6, and IL-12p40 was not observed in CLPM, although IL-6 was produced in the absence of stimulation. In addition, IL-10 production was constitutively observed in CLPM. We next analyzed TLR ligand-induced augmentation of surface molecules such as CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class II (Fig. 1B). These surface molecules were not up-regulated in response to LPS or CpG DNA in CLPM. Thus, CLPM were refractory to TLR ligands in terms of inflammatory cytokine production and costimulatory molecule expression. Surface expression of TLR4-MD-2 complex on CLPM was observed (Fig. 1C). Therefore, the hyporesponsiveness to TLR ligands was not due to the lack of TLR4 expression in CLPM (Fig. 1C).
|
from IL-10-deficient mice, in which chronic colitis has already developed, and analyzed for inflammatory cytokine production in response to TLR ligands (Fig. 1D). Although CLPM from wild-type mice did not show LPS-induced production of TNF- and IL-6, CLPM from IL-10-deficient mice produced small amounts of TNF- and IL-6 even when cultured with media alone, and the production was robustly enhanced in response to LPS. CLPM from mice lacking Stat3 in macrophage (Stat3 mutant mice) also showed increased TNF- and IL-6 production in response to LPS (data not shown). Even in CLPM from young (4- to 5-wk-old) IL-10-deficient or Stat3 mutant mice, which have not developed colitis yet, LPS stimulation resulted in increased production of TNF- and IL-6, indicating that enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines was not due to environmental effects, but intrinsic to CLPM themselves (Fig. 1E). Surface expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class II was up-regulated in CLPM from young Stat3 mutant mice (Fig. 1F). Thus, CLPM from IL-10-deficient or Stat3 mutant mice showed enhanced inflammatory response even before colitis was developed. These findings suggest that under normal conditions, CLPM become tolerant to TLR ligand stimulation, and failure to establish tolerance correlates with the development of chronic colitis.
Identification of genes that are specifically expressed in CLPM
In the next set of experiments, we tried to reveal the mechanisms for differential responses to TLR ligands seen in CLPM of wild-type and IL-10-deficient mice. DNA microarray analysis using mRNA purified from CLPM of wild-type mice and IL-10-deficient mice led to identification of several genes that are selectively expressed in wild-type CLPM, but not in IL-10-deficient CLPM (data not shown). These genes include IBNS, Bcl-3, macrophage scavenger receptor 2, and CD163. RT-PCR analysis confirmed that these genes were expressed in wild-type CLPM, but not in IL-10-deficient CLPM or wild-type peritoneal CD11b-positive cells (Fig. 2A). CD163 is a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily, and was shown to be an IL-10-inducible gene in monocytes/macrophages (23, 24, 25). Bcl-3 has been shown to be induced by IL-10 in macrophages and is responsible for suppression of LPS-induced TNF- production (22). In addition to Bcl-3, IBNS was selectively expressed in wild-type CLPM. Like Bcl-3, IBNS is a member of the nucleus-localized IB family proteins bearing ankyrin-repeats (26). We analyzed whether IBNS expression is induced by IL-10 in the RAW macrophage cell line and peritoneal macrophages. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that IBNS mRNA was induced within 1 h of IL-10 treatment in both RAW cells and peritoneal macrophages, indicating that like Bcl-3, IBNS is an IL-10-inducible gene in these cells (Fig. 2, B and C). Because Bcl-3 was shown to inhibit LPS-induced TNF- production and IBNS is structurally related to Bcl-3, we decided to analyze the role of IBNS in macrophages.
|
BNS inhibits IL-6 production in macrophages
To analyze the role of IBNS in macrophages, we introduced IBNS together with GFP into RAW264.7 cells using a lentiviral vector system (22, 27). A lentiviral vector containing GFP alone was used as control in all experiments. RAW264.7 cells were infected with lentivirus, and after 2 days of culture, GFP-positive cells were isolated by FACS sorting. Following stimulation with LPS, the production of TNF- and IL-6 in the culture supernatants was analyzed (Fig. 3A). RAW cells expressing GFP alone secreted significant amounts of IL-6 in response to LPS. However, LPS-induced secretion of IL-6 was severely reduced in cells expressing IBNS/GFP. Similar amounts of TNF- were produced by RAW cells expressing GFP alone and IBNS/GFP in response to LPS. We also analyzed the LPS-induced mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-, and IL-1 (Fig. 3B). Introduction of IBNS/GFP resulted in severely impaired LPS-induced IL-6 mRNA expression. However, even in cells expressing IBNS/GFP, LPS-induced mRNA expression of TNF- and IL-1 was not impaired. Thus, lentiviral expression of IBNS in macrophages resulted in specific inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production.
|
BNS associates with NF-B p50 and enhances its DNA-binding activity
Because Bcl-3 has a regulatory function on NF-B activity, we next examined LPS-induced NF-B activation in cells expressing IBNS/GFP. We first analyzed LPS-induced degradation of IB by Western blot analysis (Fig. 4A). LPS stimulation induced degradation of IB in cells expressing IBNS/GFP as well as cells expressing GFP alone. LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 was not impaired in cells expressing IBNS/GFP, indicating that expression of IBNS did not affect LPS signaling pathway in the cytoplasmic compartment (Fig. 4B). We next analyzed whether the DNA-binding activity of NF-B was altered in cells expressing IBNS (Fig. 4C). LPS stimulation predominantly enhanced DNA-binding activity of p50/p65 heterodimers in cells transduced with GFP alone. In cells expressing IBNS/GFP, the DNA-binding activity of p50/p50 homodimers became evident even before LPS stimulation, and the DNA-binding activity of p50/p50 homodimers remained dominant even after LPS stimulation. The specificity of the bands was confirmed by supershifts using anti-p50 and anti-p65 Abs. Thus, cells expressing IBNS showed altered DNA-binding activity of NF-B. Previous studies showed that Bcl-3 preferentially interacted with p50 subunit of NF-B (28). Therefore, we next analyzed whether IBNS associates with NF-B. RAW cells were lentivirally introduced with Flag-tagged IBNS and subjected to coimmunoprecipitation analysis using Abs that detect endogenous p50 or p65 subunit (Fig. 4D). Flag-tagged IBNS that coimmunoprecipitated with p50, but not p65, was detected by anti-Flag Ab (Fig. 4D, left). Conversely, p50, but not p65, coimmunoprecipitated with IBNS (Fig. 4D, right). Thus, these findings indicate that like Bcl-3, IBNS specifically associates with p50 subunit of NF-B in macrophages.
|
BNS inhibits LPS-induced activation of the IL-6 promoter
We next analyzed the mechanism by which IBNS specifically inhibits IL-6 production in macrophages. We first examined the effect of transient overexpression of IBNS on LPS-induced activation of the IL-6 and TNF- promoters using a reporter gene assay. Ectopic expression of IBNS suppressed LPS-induced transcriptional activity of the IL-6 promoter in RAW cells in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 5A). In contrast, IBNS expression had no effect on LPS-induced transactivation of the TNF- promoter (Fig. 5B). Thus, IBNS has an inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced activation of the IL-6 promoter, but not the TNF- promoter.
|
BNS specifically regulates IL-6 promoter activity. RAW cells constitutively expressing Flag-IBNS were stimulated with LPS for 1 or 2 h, and ChIP assays were performed using Abs that detect Flag or endogenous p50 and p65 (Fig. 5C). In RAW cells expressing IBNS, both IBNS and p50 were recruited to the IL-6 promoter before LPS stimulation. The recruitment of IBNS and p50 to the IL-6 promoter was stably observed even after LPS stimulation. Furthermore, LPS-induced recruitment of p65 to the IL-6 promoter was reduced in RAW cells expressing IBNS. In contrast, IBNS was not recruited to the TNF- promoter, and LPS-induced recruitment of p50 and p65 was normally observed at the TNF- promoter, indicating that IBNS expression did not have any effect on the TNF- promoter. Taken together, these results suggest that IBNS suppresses the IL-6 promoter activity by selective recruitment to the IL-6 promoter with NF-B p50.
We addressed whether the altered recruitment of p50 and p65 to the IL-6 promoter was observed in IL-10-pretreated primary macrophages, in which IBNS expression was induced. Peritoneal macrophages from wild-type mice were pretreated with IL-10 for 18 h, then stimulated with LPS for 1 h, and analyzed by ChIP assay (Fig. 6). In nonpretreated macrophages, recruitment of p50 and p65 to the IL-6 promoter was observed only after LPS stimulation. However, in IL-10 pretreated cells, p50 was recruited to the IL-6 promoter even before LPS stimulation and LPS-induced recruitment of p65 was severely impaired. In addition, IL-10-mediated alteration of NF-B recruitment to the IL-6 promoter was not observed in Stat3-deficient macrophages, in which IL-10 signaling was abolished. Thus, IBNS-mediated alteration of NF-B recruitment to the IL-6 promoter correlates with changes mediated by IL-10 in macrophages, indicating that IBNS mediates IL-10-induced inhibition of IL-6 production.
|
BNS expression results in increased IL-6 production in macrophages
To further clarify the involvement of IBNS in suppression of LPS-induced IL-6 production in macrophages, we used siRNA to block expression of IBNS in RAW cells. RAW cells were transfected with control (nonspecific) siRNA or IBNS siRNA. After transfection, the cells were stimulated with LPS and analyzed for expression of IBNS, IL-6, and TNF-. IBNS mRNA expression was induced by LPS as well as IL-10 in RAW cells (Fig. 7A). Introduction of IBNS siRNA resulted in reduced IBNS mRNA expression to 30% (Fig. 7A). In these cells, LPS-induced TNF- mRNA expression was not significantly altered. However, LPS-induced IL-6 mRNA expression was increased to 200% of the level found in control cells. LPS-induced production of TNF- and IL-6 was also analyzed by ELISA (Fig. 7B). IBNS knockdown in RAW cells had no effect on LPS-induced TNF- production. However, in cells transfected with IBNS siRNA, LPS-induced IL-6 production was increased by about 2-fold compared with cells transfected with control siRNA. We also analyzed activity of the IL-6 promoter in cells transfected with IBNS siRNA (Fig. 7C). LPS-induced activation of the IL-6 promoter, but not the TNF- promoter, was increased in cells with reduced IBNS expression. Thus, siRNA-mediated reduction of IBNS expression in macrophages enhanced LPS-induced activation of the IL-6 promoter and production of IL-6. Taken together, these data demonstrate that IBNS negatively regulates LPS-induced IL-6 production in macrophages.
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
. Several studies in animal models of IBD and human IBD patients indicate that cells of macrophage lineage play an important role in intestinal mucosal immune responses. Aberrant activation of macrophages due to the absence of Stat3 led to the development of chronic colitis (12). Increased CD40L-induced production of IL-12 in mucosal dendritic cells was also demonstrated in mice with colitis (29). In humans, mucosal macrophages from IBD patients showed higher expression of several surface molecules such as CD14, CD16, and HLA-DR (30, 31, 32). Furthermore, mucosal macrophages from IBD patients showed enhanced activity, such as the release of oxygen radicals and mature IL-1, and presentation of Ag (33, 34, 35). Thus, enhanced activity of mucosal macrophages is associated with the pathogenesis of colitis.
Recently, TLRs have been shown to be essential for activation of innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, through the recognition of microbial components (8, 9, 10, 11). Involvement of TLR-dependent responses in the pathogenesis of IBD has further been postulated because chronic colitis was greatly reduced in mice lacking Stat3 and TLR4 (15). In the present study, we demonstrated that CLPM in normal mice, unlike CD11b-positive cells from the spleen, are refractory to TLR stimulation in terms of inflammatory cytokine production and costimulatory molecule expression. Furthermore, CLPM from IL-10-deficient or Stat3 mutant mice, even in the absence of colitis, showed significant responses to TLR stimulation, indicating that the responsiveness of CLPM to TLR ligands correlates with the pathogenesis of chronic colitis in these mutant mice.
We further analyzed the molecular basis for the hyporesponsiveness of CLPM by comparing gene expression profiles of CLPM from wild-type mice and IL-10-deficient mice. DNA microarray analysis led to the identification of several genes that are selectively expressed in CLPM of wild-type mice, but not in peritoneal macrophages or CLPM of IL-10-deficient mice. Among these genes, CD163 and Bcl-3 were reported to be induced by IL-10 in macrophages or monocytes (22, 23, 36). In addition, we found that IBNS is selectively expressed in CLPM of wild-type mice, and further is induced by IL-10 in peritoneal macrophages and RAW cells. IBNS was originally identified as a gene that is induced upon TCR stimulation and affects NF-B activity in T cells (26). Although IBNS was suggested to be involved in negative selection of thymocytes, the role of IBNS in macrophages remained unclear. In addition, although IBNS was shown to be localized in the nucleus and preferentially associates with p50 subunit of NF-B, the mechanism by which IBNS inhibits NF-B activity remains unknown. Because IBNS is structurally related to Bcl-3, we postulated that IBNS has a regulatory role in macrophages, and analyzed the effect of IBNS expression in the RAW macrophage cell line. Lentiviral expression and siRNA-mediated knockdown of IBNS in RAW cells demonstrated that this molecule suppresses LPS-induced IL-6 production. Similar to the case of Bcl-3, which is specifically recruited to the TNF- promoter together with the p50 subunit of NF-B thereby inhibiting LPS-induced TNF- production (22), IBNS suppressed LPS-induced activation of the IL-6 promoter through constitutive recruitment to the promoter together with p50. Thus, nuclear IB proteins Bcl-3 and IBNS differentially modulate TLR-mediated gene induction in macrophages.
IBNS and Bcl-3 are differentially recruited to specific promoters through association with p50 homodimers. But, it remains unclear how the specific recruitment of these nuclear IB proteins are induced. Nuclear IB proteins do not seem to have the ability to directly bind the promoters. Therefore, association with p50 may cause modulation of the DNA binding specificity through unknown mechanisms. Similar specific recruitment was also demonstrated in IB, which is structurally related to IBNS and Bcl-3 (21, 37, 38, 39). In the case of IB, the specific recruitment to the IL-6 promoter led to activation of the promoter (21, 37). Thus, several lines of evidence demonstrate that nuclear IB proteins specifically regulate expression of NF-B target genes.
In normal condition, both IBNS and IB have regulatory roles in the production of IL-6 in macrophages. IBNS suppresses LPS-induced IL-6 production, whereas IB promotes IL-6 production (21). Thus, although the ankyrin-repeats of both molecules are highly conserved, they have opposite functions. IBNS consists of 327 amino acids and the ankyrin-repeat covers almost the entire protein. In contrast, IB is a protein with 629 amino acids and possesses an N-terminal region of 300 amino acids in addition to the C-terminal ankyrin-repeat. The full-length IB has no inhibitory effect on NF-B activity, but introduction of the C-terminal ankyrin-repeat of IB resulted in impaired NF-B activation (37). Thus, the ankyrin-repeat of IB has an inhibitory effect on NF-B activity, but the N-terminal region may activate NF-B with unknown mechanisms.
IBNS and Bcl-3 are expressed in CLPM of wild-type mice, but not the CLPM of IL-10-deificient mice. In addition, expression of IBNS and Bcl-3 is induced by IL-10 treatment in peritoneal macrophages and RAW cells. Therefore, expression of IBNS and Bcl-3 in CLPM of wild-type mice might be induced by IL-10. Indeed, constitutive production of IL-10 was observed in CLPM of wild-type mice. Additionally, IL-10 might be provided from other types of cells such as IL-10-producing type 1 regulatory T cells or epithelial cells. There might be other explanations of the characteristics of CLPM of wild-type mice. IBNS and Bcl-3 were also found to be induced by LPS stimulation, but their expression was not observed in CLPM of IL-10-deficient or Stat3 mutant mice. Therefore, CLPM of wild-type mice might be a distinct cell population from macrophages residing in other tissues, and IL-10 might be involved in the development of these unique CLPM or in the recruitment of CLPM to the colonic lamina propria. Constitutive expression of both IBNS and Bcl-3 in CLPM may suppress exaggerated inflammatory responses in the intestinal mucosal surface. A more precise characterization of CLPM of wild-type mice will be required to answer to this question.
CLPM are tolerant to TLR stimulation and show no inflammatory cytokine production. However, Bcl-3 and IBNS are likely to be involved in suppression of the specific cytokine such as TNF- and IL-6, respectively. Therefore, there might be other mechanisms that suppress TLR responses. NOD2, a member of the NOD family of proteins, might be involved in one of such mechanisms. NOD2 is implicated in the negative regulation of TLR2-mediated NF-B activation (40). Mutations in NOD2 have been shown to be associated with Crohn’s diseases (16, 17).
In this study, we showed that nuclear IB proteins, such as Bcl-3 and IBNS, differentially modulate LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. CLPM in wild-type mice are tolerant to TLR stimulation, which may contribute to prevention of chronic intestinal inflammation. Several mechanisms are involved in the hyporesponsiveness of CLPM, and selective inhibition of LPS responses by nuclear IB proteins may explain a part of these mechanisms. Further studies will be required to understand regulations of CLPM activity, which will definitely be useful for the development of an effective cure for IBD.
|
Disclosures |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
|
Footnotes |
|---|
1 This work was supported by grants from the Special Coordination Funds of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. 
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Kiyoshi Takeda, Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. E-mail address: ktakeda{at}bioreg.kyushu-u.ac.jp
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; CLPM, colonic lamina proprial CD11b-positive cell; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; siRNA, small interference RNA.
Received for publication October 5, 2004. Accepted for publication January 11, 2005.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
B. Nature 430:218.[Medline]
production in macrophages. Blood 102:4123.B inhibitor. Mol. Cell. 9:637.[Medline]
B-like molecule that preferentially interacts with NF-B p50 and p52 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:3557. converting enzyme and apoptosis in normal and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mucosal macrophages. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 116:251.[Medline]
B protein, IB-, induced by proinflammatory stimuli, negatively regulates nuclear factor-B in the nuclei. J. Biol. Chem. 276:27657.B protein that potentiates LPS-induced IL-6 production. FEBS Lett. 485:53.[Medline]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  R. E. Simmonds and B. M. Foxwell Signalling, inflammation and arthritis: NF-{kappa}B and its relevance to arthritis and inflammation Rheumatology, May 1, 2008; 47(5): 584 - 590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. C. El Kasmi, A. M. Smith, L. Williams, G. Neale, A. Panopolous, S. S. Watowich, H. Hacker, B. M. J. Foxwell, and P. J. Murray Cutting Edge: A Transcriptional Repressor and Corepressor Induced by the STAT3-Regulated Anti-Inflammatory Signaling Pathway J. Immunol., December 1, 2007; 179(11): 7215 - 7219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Mizutani, T. Sakurai, T. Shibata, K. Uchida, J. Fujita, R. Kawashima, Y. I. Kawamura, N. Toyama-Sorimachi, T. Imai, and T. Dohi Dose-Dependent Differential Regulation of Cytokine Secretion from Macrophages by Fractalkine J. Immunol., December 1, 2007; 179(11): 7478 - 7487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Touma, V. Antonini, M. Kumar, S. L. Osborn, A. M. Bobenchik, D. B. Keskin, J. E. Connolly, M. J. Grusby, E. L. Reinherz, and L. K. Clayton Functional Role for I{kappa}BNS in T Cell Cytokine Regulation As Revealed by Targeted Gene Disruption J. Immunol., August 1, 2007; 179(3): 1681 - 1692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. K. Weaver, E. Bohn, B. A. Judd, M. P. Gil, and R. D. Schreiber ABIN-3: a Molecular Basis for Species Divergence in Interleukin-10-Induced Anti-Inflammatory Actions Mol. Cell. Biol., July 1, 2007; 27(13): 4603 - 4616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Nishinakamura, Y. Minoda, K. Saeki, K. Koga, G. Takaesu, M. Onodera, A. Yoshimura, and T. Kobayashi An RNA-binding protein {alpha}CP-1 is involved in the STAT3-mediated suppression of NF-{kappa}B transcriptional activity Int. Immunol., May 1, 2007; 19(5): 609 - 619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Hacker and M. Karin Regulation and Function of IKK and IKK-Related Kinases Sci. Signal., October 17, 2006; 2006(357): re13 - re13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Yoshimura, A. Takeda, S. Hamano, Y. Miyazaki, I. Kinjyo, T. Ishibashi, A. Yoshimura, and H. Yoshida Two-Sided Roles of IL-27: Induction of Th1 Differentiation on Naive CD4+ T Cells versus Suppression of Proinflammatory Cytokine Production Including IL-23-Induced IL-17 on Activated CD4+ T Cells Partially Through STAT3-Dependent Mechanism J. Immunol., October 15, 2006; 177(8): 5377 - 5385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Totzke, F. Essmann, S. Pohlmann, C. Lindenblatt, R. U. Janicke, and K. Schulze-Osthoff A Novel Member of the I{kappa}B Family, Human I{kappa}B-{zeta}, Inhibits Transactivation of p65 and Its DNA Binding J. Biol. Chem., May 5, 2006; 281(18): 12645 - 12654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Fujita, K.-i. Seino, K. Sato, Y. Sato, K. Eizumi, N. Yamashita, M. Taniguchi, and K. Sato Regulatory dendritic cells act as regulators of acute lethal systemic inflammatory response Blood, May 1, 2006; 107(9): 3656 - 3664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Kimura, T. Naka, T. Muta, O. Takeuchi, S. Akira, I. Kawase, and T. Kishimoto Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 selectively inhibits LPS-induced IL-6 production by regulating JAK-STAT PNAS, November 22, 2005; 102(47): 17089 - 17094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Kamada, T. Hisamatsu, S. Okamoto, T. Sato, K. Matsuoka, K. Arai, T. Nakai, A. Hasegawa, N. Inoue, N. Watanabe, et al. Abnormally Differentiated Subsets of Intestinal Macrophage Play a Key Role in Th1-Dominant Chronic Colitis through Excess Production of IL-12 and IL-23 in Response to Bacteria J. Immunol., November 15, 2005; 175(10): 6900 - 6908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T Watanabe, A Kitani, and W Strober NOD2 regulation of Toll-like receptor responses and the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease Gut, November 1, 2005; 54(11): 1515 - 1518. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
