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C5a-Mediated Leukotriene B₄-Amplified Neutrophil Chemotaxis Is Essential in Tumor Immunotherapy Facilitated by Anti-Tumor Monoclonal Antibody and -Glucan¹

Daniel J. Allendorf^*,, Jun Yan^2,*,, Gordon D. Ross^3,*,,, Richard D. Hansen^*, Jarek T. Baran^4,*, Krishnaprasad Subbarao^5,*, Li Wang^* and Bodduluri Haribabu^*,

^* Tumor Immunobiology Program of the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202

	Abstract

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Intravenous and orally administered -glucans promote tumor regression and survival by priming granulocyte and macrophage C receptor 3 (CR3, iC3bR and CD11b/CD18) to trigger the cytotoxicity of tumor cells opsonized with iC3b via anti-tumor Abs. Despite evidence for priming of macrophage CR3 by oral -glucan in vivo, the current study in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice showed that granulocytes were the essential killer cells in mAb- and oral -glucan-mediated tumor regression, because responses were absent in granulocyte-depleted mice. Among granulocytes, neutrophils were the major effector cells, because tumor regression did not occur when C5a-dependent chemotaxis was blocked with a C5aR antagonist, whereas tumor regression was normal in C3aR^–/– mice. Neutrophil recruitment by C5a in vivo required amplification via leukotriene B₄, because both C5a-mediated leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity and tumor regression were suppressed in leukotriene B₄R-deficient (BLT-1^–/–) mice.

	Introduction

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The effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy with mAbs can be greatly enhanced by the combined administration of -glucan (1, 2, 3). Without -glucan, anti-tumor mAbs, such as Herceptin (Genetech) or Rituxan (Genetech), have limited effector mechanisms, including inhibition of growth factor receptor function (Herceptin) (4) or Ab-mediated cellular cytotoxicity, and there is little, if any, contribution from the C system (5). C-dependent cytotoxicity via the membrane attack complex is limited by C regulatory proteins, such as CD46, CD55, and CD59, that are frequently overexpressed on tumor cells (6, 7, 8). Moreover, C receptor (CR) ⁶-dependent phagocytosis or cytotoxicity is reserved for microbial pathogens and is not elicited by C3b/iC3b-opsonized tumor cells (9, 10). In particular, the iC3bR CR3 is normally only triggered by iC3b deposited onto yeast or fungal cell walls (11). This is because the activation of CR3 for phagocytosis or cytotoxic degranulation requires its dual ligation to both iC3b and cell wall -glucan (12). Tumor cells opsonized with iC3b bind to the iC3b-binding site located within the I domain of CD11b (13), but not to the lectin-like domain for -glucan located within the C terminus of CD11b (14, 15). However, soluble -glucan isolated from yeast cell walls overcomes the lack of endogenous tumor cell -glucan by binding to and priming the lectin site of CR3 to mediate cytotoxic degranulation in response to tumor cells opsonized with iC3b (9, 15). By using -glucan in combination with anti-tumor mAbs that activate C, the resulting coat of iC3b on tumor cells can trigger CR3-dependent cytotoxicity by granulocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils), monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells (5).

In vitro experiments have shown that soluble yeast -glucan can prime CR3 of granulocytes, macrophages, and NK cells to kill iC3b-opsonized tumor cells. However, murine tumor therapy models incorporating i.v. anti-tumor mAbs and soluble yeast -glucan indicated that the major CR3⁺ effector cell was a granulocyte (2). Because i.v. administered -glucans are taken up rapidly by CR3⁺ blood granulocytes or liver Kupffer cells (16), little is likely to reach tissue macrophages that could migrate into tumors. Conversely, orally administered yeast -glucan particles or large soluble molecules of barley -glucan are taken up by gastrointestinal macrophages; shuttled to bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes; and then slowly degraded into smaller soluble -glucan fragments that prime the CR3 of the marginated pool of granulocytes within the bone marrow (3). Thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal neutrophils upon CR3 priming were able to kill iC3b-opsonized tumor cells in a CR3-dependent manner (3). Although bone marrow NK cells are also likely to be primed for killing, experiments with NK cell-depleted mice indicated no important role for NK cells in oral -glucan tumor therapy (17). In addition to granulocytes, splenic macrophages isolated from mice receiving oral -glucan were able to kill iC3b-opsonized tumor cells via CR3 in vitro (3). Thus, it was unclear whether granulocytes, macrophages, or both leukocyte types might be involved in killing iC3b-opsonized tumor cells during oral -glucan-mediated tumor immunotherapy.

Intratumoral release of the chemotactic factors C3a and C5a was hypothesized to be responsible for recruiting granulocytes and/or macrophages into tumors, thus expanding the importance of C activation beyond iC3b opsonization of tumors. Although receptors for C3a and C5a are present on all granulocytes and monocyte/macrophages (18), C5a primarily functions to recruit neutrophils and macrophages (19, 20), whereas C3a recruits eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells (18, 21). The lack of C3aR and C5aR (CD88) on NK cells probably also explains the absent requirement for NK cell function in mAb- and -glucan-mediated tumor immunotherapy (22, 23).

C5a is a potent chemoattractant in vitro, with a short in vivo t_1/2 due to serum carboxypeptidase N and intracellular degradation of C5a by C5aR-bearing cells (24). In addition, C5aR is widely distributed on leukocytes and nonleukocyte types, including epithelial and endothelial cells (25, 26, 27, 28). It was hypothesized that these cells, if stimulated by C5a, could play a role in amplifying the chemotactic responses of C5a by releasing leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄), a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils and macrophages (29, 30). LTB₄ activates the G protein-coupled LTB₄R type 1 (BLT-1) to mediate a diverse array of cellular responses in leukocytes, including chemotaxis, calcium mobilization, degranulation, and gene expression (31, 32, 33). LTB₄ also activates respiratory burst and granule release from neutrophils (34). The current investigation sought to identify the major effector cell in i.v. and oral -glucan-mediated tumor therapy and to identify the chemotactic factors responsible for recruiting these effector leukocytes into C-opsonized tumors with i.v. or orally administered -glucan.

	Materials and Methods

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Abs and other reagents

The following hybridomas were provided: 11C1 IgG2a anti-murine mammary tumor virus (anti-MMTV) (35), Dr. H. Fugi (Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY); 14.G2a IgG2a anti-G_D2 mAb (36), Dr. R. A. Reisfeld (The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA); and rat anti-mouse granulocyte mAb RB6-8C5 (Ly-6G; anti-Gr-1) (37), Dr. E. Unanue (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO). Each hybridoma was grown in bioreactor flasks from which the mAb was purified, as described previously (2, 38). A synthetic peptide inhibitor of the C5aR (39, 40) and a control nonsense peptide were provided by Dr. J. D. Lambris (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA).

Therapeutic -glucans

Whole glucan particles (WGPs) and the soluble yeast -1,3;1,6-glucan, known as neutral soluble glucan (NSG) were obtained from Biopolymer Engineering. Their isolation and mechanism of uptake after oral or i.v. administration (2, 3) as well as their ability to bind to and prime CR3 were previously described (9, 13, 15). Highly purified large molecular size barley 1,3,1,4-glucan was prepared and characterized as previously described (17) and was provided by Dr. N.-K. V. Cheung (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY). Barley -glucan was completely dissolved by boiling for 10 min in normal saline.

Mice and tumor models

The murine tumor therapy protocols were performed in compliance with all relevant laws and guidelines and were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of the University of Louisville. Normal C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were purchased from National Cancer Institute-Frederick. A breeding colony of C3aR^–/– mice on a BALB/c background (41) was provided by Dr. R. A. Wetsel (University of Texas, Houston, TX). Previously described BLT-1^–/– mice (30) on a mixed background were backcrossed for eight generations onto the C57BL/6 background for the current studies.

RMA-S is a C57BL/6 lymphoma that expresses G_D2 ganglioside. For use in an s.c. tumor model, 1 x 10⁶ RMA-S lymphoma cells were implanted s.c. in C57BL/6 wild-type and BLT-1^–/– mice in or near a mammary fat pad. After 5–10 days, when tumors of 4–6 mm appeared, therapy was initiated with 14.G2a anti-G_D2 ganglioside with or without -glucan. The BALB/c mammary adenocarcinoma known as Ptas64 was obtained from Dr. W.-Z. Wei (Karmonos Cancer Center and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI). This tumor cell line expresses MMTV membrane Ags reactive with the 11C1 anti-MMTV mAb, and its use in tumor models treated with -glucan was previously described (2, 3). In brief, wild-type BALB/c mice and C3aR^–/– mice received s.c. injections of 0.5–1.0 x 10⁶ cells in a mammary fat pad, and a tumor was allowed to form over 7–10 days. When the tumor diameter reached 3–4 mm, therapy was initiated with 11C1 anti-MMTV mAb with or without -glucan.

Tumor therapy with granulocyte-depleted mice

Granulocytes were depleted from C57BL/6 mice by treatment with the rat anti-mouse granulocyte mAb RB6-8C5, i.e., anti-Gr-1, immediately before and during tumor therapy (2, 42). This treatment was previously shown to deplete only peripheral granulocytes and not monocytes, macrophages, or dendritic cells; it was shown that this dosing schedule allowed time for the reconstitution of serum C levels (2).

Immunohistochemistry staining of tumors

Wild-type or BLT-1^–/– animals bearing RMA-S tumors were treated, or not, with 14G2a anti-G_D2 ganglioside mAb and orally administered WGP or barley -glucan or i.v administrated NSG as described previously. After 3 wk of therapy, tumor tissues were removed and then snap-frozen in tissue freezing medium (OCT; Sakura Finetechnical). The samples were sectioned and fixed with cold acetone. To detect tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, the sections were blocked with Tris-saline/3% BSA buffer and then incubated with an avidin/biotin blocking kit (Vector Laboratories) and stained with anti-Gr-1-biotin for 1 h at room temperature. After three 10-min washings with blocking buffer, the sections were stained with streptavidin-HRP (Southern Biotechnology Associates) for 1 h at room temperature. After an additional three washes, HRP-substrate (Vector Laboratories) was added for 30 min at room temperature. After additional washes, the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin to provide morphological detail. The numbers of infiltrating neutrophils were calculated as the mean of the number of Gr-1⁺ cells in 10 representative high power fields (x400 total magnification).

Neutrophil chemotaxis upon C5a stimulation in BLT-1^+/+ and BLT-1^–/– mice

Seven- to 8-wk-old BLT-1^+/+ (n = 5) and BLT-1^–/– mice (n = 5) were injected i.p. with 1 ml of PBS containing 20 µg of recombinant human C5a (Sigma-Aldrich). BLT-1^+/+ (n = 5) and BLT-1^–/– (n = 3) control mice received 1 ml of PBS i.p. After 4 h, mice were killed by CO₂ asphyxiation, and a peritoneal lavage was performed with 10 ml of ice-cold RPMI 1640 medium containing 2% FBS and 2 mM EDTA. Total cell counts were determined by hemocytometer. Cells from 50 µl of lavage fluid were deposited onto a glass slide using a cytocentrifuge and stained with Wright-Giemsa. The proportions of neutrophils were determined by counting 200 total cells in each smear. These values were multiplied by the total cell number to obtain the number of neutrophils that had migrated into the peritoneal cavity.

Graphing and statistical analysis of data

Data were entered into PRISM 4.0 (GraphPad) to generate graphs of tumor regression or neutrophil chemotaxis, and Student’s t test was used from within the program to determine the significance of differences between two datasets. The Mann-Whitney rank-sum test was used to compare C5a-induced chemotaxis between BLT-1^+/+ and BLT-1^–/– mice. Survival curves were created using the Kaplan-Meier method, and statistical analyses of survival curves used a log-rank test.

	Results

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Granulocytes are required as killer cells for mAb- and oral -glucan-mediated immunotherapy

Previous research has shown that orally administrated yeast WGP or barley -glucans are taken up by gastrointestinal macrophages that partially degraded the large -glucan molecules and released small soluble fragments of -glucan that function to prime the CR3 of marginated granulocytes and tissue macrophages in such a way that they were capable of mediating the cytotoxicity of iC3b-opsonized tumor cells in vitro (3). Although macrophages are essential for taking up the orally administrated -glucan and processing it into a form that could prime granulocytes and macrophage CR3, it appears possible that the more numerous granulocytes might play the major role in killing iC3b-opsonized tumor cells. To determine the requirement for granulocytes in oral -glucan tumor therapy, mice were injected i.p. with anti-Gr-1 rat anti-mouse granulocyte mAb before and during therapy to deplete peripheral granulocytes, but not monocytes, macrophages, or dendritic cells (2). Therapy of RMA-S-MUC1 tumors consisted of a combination of i.v. 14.G2a anti-G_D2 ganglioside mAb and oral yeast WGP -glucan (Fig. 1). As observed previously with this model (3), combined mAb and oral yeast WGP -glucan induced significantly more tumor regression than did treatment with mAb alone (p < 0.01). However, granulocyte-depleted mice exhibited no tumor regression compared with untreated controls (Fig. 1). Moreover, depletion of granulocytes, despite combined therapy with oral WGP and anti-tumor mAb, resulted in significantly diminished survival compared with similarly treated animals that were not granulocyte depleted. Thus, tumor regression mediated by mAb and oral -glucan is dependent upon granulocytes.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 1. A, Granulocytes are required for tumor regression mediated by anti-tumor mAb and oral yeast -glucan. Groups of six C57BL/6 mice were implanted s.c. with 1 x 106 RMA-S-MUC1 cells. Tumor therapy consisting of i.v. 14.G2a anti-GD2 mAb (100 µg every 3 days) with or without oral yeast WGP -glucan (400 µg/day) was started when a palpable tumor formed (day 8). Two groups of mice received i.p. injections of 500 µg of anti-Gr-1 rat anti-mouse granulocyte mAb 3 days before beginning immunotherapy and subsequent i.v. injections of 250 µg of anti-Gr-1 at 3-day intervals. Mice were killed if tumor diameter exceeded 12 mm. Each data point represents the mean ± SEM for the six mice in each group. B, Long term survival was monitored in mice, extending to 100 days beyond the initiation of therapy. Granulocyte-depleted mice, despite treatment with oral WGP and anti-tumor mAb, were observed to have decreased survival with respect to their treated counterparts, who were not granulocyte depleted (**, p < 0.005 vs neutrophil-depleted counterparts).

C activation by naturally occurring tumor-reactive Abs or exogenous anti-tumor mAbs not only targets tumor cells with covalently bound iC3b, but also releases the chemotactic factors C3a and C5a (1, 2, 3, 38). Receptors for C3a and C5a are expressed on all myeloid-derived leukocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Neutrophils, however, express far more C5aR (CD88) than C3aR, whereas eosinophils express more C3aR than C5aR (18). To examine whether C3a or C5a plays a critical role in the recruitment of neutrophils, which are required for combined anti-tumor mAbs and -glucan tumor immunotherapy, protocols were conducted using a C5aR antagonist peptide to block C5aR in wild-type mice or mice deficient in C3aR (Figs. 2 and 3). Blockade of C5aR completely inhibited (p < 0.05) the tumor regression mediated by either i.v. (Fig. 2A) or orally administered (Fig. 2B) -glucan. In contrast, in the tumor model that compared wild-type to C3aR^–/– BALB/c mice, there was no significant difference in tumor regression mediated by i.v. yeast -glucan (Fig. 3A) or oral barley or yeast -glucan (Fig. 3B). In addition, tumor histology displayed similar levels of tumor-infiltrating granulocytes in these animals (not shown). These findings in combination with the observation that tumors did not contain significantly increased numbers of eosinophils relative to neutrophils indicate that neutrophils recruited via C5a are probably responsible for the tumor regression mediated by anti-tumor mAb and -glucan therapy.

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 2. Chemotaxis of neutrophils via C5aR is required for tumor regression mediated by anti-tumor mAb and either i.v. or oral yeast -glucan. Groups of six BALB/c mice were implanted in a mammary fat pad with 1 x 106 Ptas64 mammary carcinoma cells. Tumor therapy consisting of i.v. 11C1 anti-MMTV mAb (200 µg every third day) with or without either i.v. NSG (400 µg/day; A) or oral yeast WGP -glucan (400 µg/day; B) was started when a palpable tumor formed (day 8). Two days after implanting tumor cells and then at 3-day intervals during therapy, some groups of mice were injected i.v. with 25 µg of either a C5aR antagonist peptide (C5aR-Ant.) or a nonsense peptide (N.S. peptide) of the same size. Mice were killed if the tumor diameter exceeded 12 mm. Each data point represents the mean ± SEM for the six mice in each group.

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 3. No requirement for chemotaxis via C3aR for tumor regression mediated by anti-tumor mAb and either i.v. (A) or orally administered (B) -glucans. The same BALB/c tumor model described in Fig. 2 was used to compare tumor regression activity in wild-type vs C3aR–/– BALB/c mice. The difference in tumor regression activity in wild-type vs C3aR–/– was not significant. Each data point represents the mean ± SEM for the six mice in each group.

Although C5a is a potent chemoattractant, it has a short half-life in vivo due to both its rapid inactivation by serum carboxypeptidase N and its intracellular degradation by C5aR-bearing cells (24). It was hypothesized that C5a stimulation of nearby C5aR⁺ intratumoral vascular endothelial cells and granulocytes could produce a burst of LTB₄, thus amplifying the short-lived chemotactic signal mediated by C5a. To this end, tumor therapy was conducted in BLT-1^–/– mice on a C57BL/6 background vs wild-type C57BL/6 mice (Fig. 4), and these data indicated a complete loss of tumor regression in BLT-1^–/– mice given either i.v. yeast (Fig. 4A) or oral yeast (or barley) -glucan therapy (Fig. 4B). Furthermore, immunohistochemistry staining of tumors extracted from treated and nontreated BLT-1^–/–, but not wild-type, animals demonstrated a paucity of infiltrating neutrophils, as detected by anti-Gr-1 mAb (Fig. 5). These data suggest that the amplification of C5a-mediated neutrophil chemotaxis requires the involvement of LTB₄. It is also noteworthy that there is no significant difference in neutrophil infiltration among wild-type mice receiving both anti-tumor mAb and -glucan and those receiving neither treatment.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 4. Requirement for BLT-1 for tumor regression mediated by anti-tumor mAb and i.v. or orally administered -glucans. A tumor model similar to that described in Fig. 1 was used to compare tumor regression in wild-type vs BLT-1–/– C57BL/6 mice. Each data point represents the mean ± SEM for the six mice in each group.

View larger version (55K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 5. Tumors from BLT-1–/–, but not wild-type, animals treated with anti-tumor mAb and oral -glucan demonstrate a paucity of infiltrating neutrophils. Tumor masses from wild-type vs BLT-1–/– tumor-bearing mice treated with or without anti-tumor mAb in combination with -glucans, as described in Fig. 4, were cryosectioned and stained with anti-Gr-1 mAb. A decreased neutrophil infiltrate was observed in BLT-1–/– mice (A) relative to either untreated or treated wild-type mice (B and C, respectively). D, Quantitative summary of the neutrophil infiltrate measured as the mean number of Gr-1+ cells in 10 representative high power fields. BLT-1–/– demonstrate a paucity of infiltrating neutrophils with respect to either untreated wild-type mice or wild-type mice treated with oral WGP and anti-tumor mAb (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.005). The data shown in this figure were from one representative mouse section of six total animals. Original magnification, x200.

Both C5a and LTB₄ are powerful chemoattractants that recruit granulocytes into the inflammatory site (31, 43). However, neutrophils from BLT-1^–/– mice display normal responses to C5a (30), suggesting that neutrophils from BLT-1^–/– mice have a functional C5aR. To confirm that C5a-mediated chemotaxis can be amplified by LTB₄, BLT-1^–/– C57BL/6 mice vs wild-type C57BL/6 mice were injected i.p. with rC5a. C5a-mediated neutrophil recruitment to the peritoneal cavity was evaluated by counting neutrophil numbers. As shown in Fig. 6, 71% fewer neutrophils were recruited in response to C5a in BLT-1^–/– mice compared with wild-type mice (p = 0.0079). These data show a very important link between C5a and LTB₄ in neutrophil chemotactic responses and explain why tumor reduction responses require both C5aR and BLT-1.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 6. Efficient in vivo neutrophil chemotaxis mediated by C5a requires amplification by LTB4. Neutrophil recruitment to the peritoneal cavity 4 h after the i.p. injection of 20 µg of rC5a or PBS was determined as described in Materials and Methods. Significantly more neutrophils were recruited by rC5a in wild-type vs BLT-1–/– mice. The bars show the mean ± SEM for the mice in each group.

	Discussion

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The tumor microenvironment suppresses effective immune responses and may promote host immune tolerance. Altering the tumor milieu to promote inflammation enhances the recruitment of immune cells, particularly APCs and T cells, to tumors, leading to clinical benefit (47). In contrast, chronic inflammation can increase mutagenesis and promote tumor development (48, 49). Indeed, DNA damage resulting from chronic inflammation is believed to be the mechanism by which infection can cause cancer (50). Therefore, manipulation of inflammation toward therapeutic benefit would significantly improve the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Our data expand those observations to include the significant contribution of neutrophil chemotaxis in response to C5a and LTB₄ to mediate tumor regression by combined oral -glucan and anti-tumor mAb therapy. Notably, an abundant neutrophil infiltrate in the regressing tumors of treated animals implies that the recruited -glucan-primed neutrophils were efficient killers. Thus, it is hypothesized that strategies to improve the quantity of infiltrating primed neutrophils should improve therapeutic efficacy.

Tumor immunotherapy mediated by anti-tumor mAbs and -glucan is particularly novel, in that it recruits neutrophils as effector cells and can use humanized mAbs already in clinical use (e.g., Herceptin, Erbitux, Campath, (ImCLONE Systems) and Rituxan (Berlex)). The critical feature required of such therapeutic mAbs is that they activate C, thus requiring a human IgG1 or IgG3 framework, allowing iC3b opsonization of tumors and C5a-mediated recruitment of neutrophils (17). Immunotherapy with mAb and -glucan can be coupled easily to vaccine therapies that elicit immune CTL, exploiting the concurrent production of anti-tumor Abs. C5a-recruited neutrophils and immune CTL would probably kill tumors more effectively than would CTL alone. Tumor escape from CTL through down-regulation of MHC class I would also be prevented, because neutrophils are targeted to the iC3b on tumors and not to MHC class I.

	Acknowledgments

 
This work is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Gordon D. Ross.

	Disclosures

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J. Yan is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Biopolymer Engineering.

	Footnotes

 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01CA86412; to G.D.R. and J.Y.) and the U.S. Army Breast Cancer Research Program (DAMD17-02-1-0445; to G.D.R.), the Kentucky Lung Cancer Research Board (to J.Y.), a gift fund from Biopolymer Engineering, Inc. (Eagan, MN; to G.D.R. and J.Y.), a National Cancer Institute supplement to promote research collaboration (to G.D.R. and B.H.), and Grants R29AI43184 (to B.H.) and R01AI52381 (to B.H.).

² Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Jun Yan, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, 580 South Preston Street, Room 119A, Louisville, KY 40202. E-mail address: jun.yan{at}louisville.edu

³ Deceased.

⁴ Current address: Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.

⁵ Current address: Division of Protein Sciences, Aurigene Discoveries Technologies, 39-40 KIADB Industrial Area, Electronic City Phase II, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560100, India.

⁶ Abbreviations used in this paper: CR, C receptor; anti-Gr-1, rat anti-mouse mAb RB6-8C5 specific for Ly-6G; BLT-1, leukotriene B₄ receptor type 1; LTB₄, leukotriene B₄; MMTV, murine mammary tumor virus; NSG, neutral soluble glucan; WGP, whole glucan particle.

Received for publication December 17, 2004. Accepted for publication March 30, 2005.

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Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Disclosures References

 

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