| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
IL-7 is a type I cytokine that is critically important in lymphocyte generation (7). It is generally believed that IL-7 plays a key role in lymphopenia-induced T cell proliferation (8, 9). By contrast, Ag-driven T cell proliferation has been reported to be IL-7 independent, and we have observed that the spontaneous proliferation that occurs when CD4 T cells are transferred to 1-day-old mice is IL-7 independent (8, 10).
In this study we examine lymphopenia-driven proliferation more carefully and show that rapid and slow proliferation differ in their requirements for IL-7; IL-7 was critical for the slow proliferation, but was not necessary for spontaneous proliferation to occur. Administration of IL-7 induced the slow proliferative response, but not the spontaneous proliferation of transferred naive CD4 T cells (and CD8 T cells) within wild-type recipients. This suggests that the slow proliferation is controlled by competition for IL-7 and that IL-7 controls the homeostatic process represented by this proliferation. Moreover, although both rapid and slow proliferations are associated with acquisition of new properties, the degree to which this occurs is quite different in cells undergoing homeostatic and spontaneous proliferation. Our data thus reveal the complexity and heterogeneity of T cell proliferation within the lymphopenic environment.
|
Materials and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
B10.A, Ly5.1 B10.A, B10.A 5C.C7 TCR Tg RAG2–/–, and B10.A RAG2–/– mice were obtained from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases contract facility at Taconic Farms. C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute. C57BL/6 I-Ab
knockout mice were purchased from Taconic Farms. All mice were maintained under pathogen-free conditions at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases animal facility.
Adoptive transfer
Naive (CD44dull) CD4 T cells from lymph nodes were prepared by cell sorting using a FACSVantage SE or FACSDiva (BD Biosciences). Purity was usually >98%. Naive CD4 T cells were then labeled with CFSE (Molecular Probes) and transferred into recipient mice i.v. In some experiments, 1 mg of anti-IL-7R
(A7R34) Ab was injected i.p. every 3 days. Some of the recipients were implanted with a mini-osmotic pump (Alzet) containing 5 µg of murine IL-7 (PeproTech). The proliferation rate was assessed by administration of BrdU for 6 h and measurement of incorporation as previously described (6).
Flow cytometry
Lymph node cell suspensions were prepared at the indicated times after transfer and analyzed for the proliferation profile of transferred cells. The following Abs were purchased from BD Pharmingen: biotinylated anti-Ly5.1 (A20), CyChrome-anti-CD44 (IM7), allophycocyanin-anti-CD4 (RM4-5), streptavidin-PE, PE-anti-CD69 (H1.2F3), PE-anti-CD44 (IM7), PE-anti-CD25 (PC61), PE-anti-CD62L (MEL-14), PE-anti-IL-2 (JES6-5H4), and PE-anti-IFN-
(XMG1.2). Biotinylated anti-CD127 (A7R34) was purchased from eBioscience. Flow cytometry was performed on FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences), and data were analyzed with CellQuest or FlowJo software (Treestar). BrdU detection was previously described (6). In some experiments cells were ex vivo stimulated with PMA (10 ng/ml) plus ionomycin (1 µM) for 4 h. Monensin was added during the last 2 h of stimulation. Subsequently, cells were fixed, permeabilized, and stained for IL-2 and IFN-. Some 50,000–200,000 events were acquired and analyzed for each flow analysis.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
We have previously proposed that spontaneous proliferation is a mechanism by which naive CD4 T cells differentiate into a memory population of great diversity in the absence of intentionally administered exogenous Ags (6). In the course of these experiments we noted that two distinct types of proliferative responses occurred upon transfer of naive CD4 T cells into RAG2–/– mice (Fig. 1A). In addition to a cell population that underwent spontaneous proliferation, marked by complete dilution of CFSE within a 7-day period and acquisition of a series of memory properties, another population of proliferating cells was observed. These cells divided only once or twice during the week after transfer, which is similar to the conventional homeostatic proliferation observed in the irradiated lymphopenic environment (Fig. 1C) (9). When TCR transgenic RAG2–/– mice were used as recipients, the slowly proliferating cells were not observed; only the spontaneous proliferation occurred (Fig. 1B). Slow proliferation also failed to occur in a series of other TCR transgenic mice, as we and others have previously reported (6, 11), suggesting that inhibition of slow proliferation was mediated by the presence of endogenous transgenic T cells, even though these cells fail to inhibit spontaneous proliferation (6). In sublethally irradiated recipients, slowly proliferating cells (homeostatic proliferation) were dominant, but a population that had undergone spontaneous proliferation was clearly visible (Fig. 1C) (9). When naive CD8 T cells were transferred, they showed slow proliferation in RAG2–/– recipients, but not in transgenic OT-I RAG2–/– recipients (Fig. 1, D and E), similar to the behavior of CD4 T cells upon transfer to RAG2–/– and transgenic RAG2–/– recipients. These results suggest that spontaneous and homeostatic proliferations are fundamentally distinct responses that are regulated by different mechanisms.
|
. As shown in Fig. 2A, anti-IL-7R administration completely abolished the slow homeostatic proliferative responses. A significant decrease in recovery of cells that divided zero to two times was observed in the anti-IL-7R-treated animals. By contrast, spontaneous proliferation was not affected by Ab treatment, as determined by CFSE dilution, cell recovery, or BrdU uptake (Fig. 2A).
|
Ab, could be required for spontaneous proliferation.
Alpdogan et al. (12) have recently reported similar types of fast and slow responses in a lymphopenic allogeneic transfer model and observed differential degrees of IL-7R down-regulation on those cells. Alloreactive, fast-dividing cells significantly down-regulated IL-7R, whereas the expression of IL-7R expression was not altered on nonalloreactive, slowly (homeostatically) dividing cells. Because activated effector T cells have also been shown to down-regulate IL-7R expression (8), we measured IL-7R expression on cells that had undergone spontaneous and homeostatic responses. We did not observe a significant down-regulation of IL-7R on fast (spontaneously)-proliferating cells, as has been reported for alloreactive fast-dividing cells (Fig. 3), suggesting that the spontaneous proliferation in lymphopenic environment differs in an important manner from those alloresponses observed by Alpdogan et al. (12).
|
Because our results suggest that the local concentration of IL-7 is an important factor for homeostatic proliferation of CD4 T cells and because transgenic overexpression of IL-7 in mice has been shown to lead to a significant increase in peripheral T cell number (13), we asked whether providing additional IL-7 would induce homeostatic proliferation of naive CD4 T cells in a lymphocyte-sufficient environment. Administration of 5 µg of IL-7 in a miniosmotic pump for 1 wk caused a >2-fold increase in lymphoid organ cellularity in normal mice (data not shown). The proportions of CD4 and CD8 T cells from those mice were similar to those in controls receiving a PBS pump, indicating that the IL-7-mediated increase in cellularity is a general effect (data not shown).
CFSE-labeled naive CD4 T cells were transferred into wild-type syngeneic recipients, and miniosmotic pumps containing 5 µg of IL-7 were implanted. As shown in Fig. 4A, a portion of transferred naive CD4 T cells went through one or two cell divisions in animals that received IL-7 pumps, whereas PBS pumps did not cause any cell division. If IL-7 administration was extended for 4 wk, the population continued the process of slow division; a more significant portion of transferred naive CD4 T cells had undergone one or two cell divisions (Fig. 4B). In contrast, implanting a PBS pump failed to induce any cell division even after 28 days (Fig. 4B). We did not observe any appreciable population among the transferred cells that had divided rapidly in response to IL-7, further supporting the idea that IL-7 plays little or no role in spontaneous proliferation. Nevertheless, IL-7-induced homeostatic proliferation appeared to require an interaction between TCR and MHC/self-Ag complexes. As shown in Fig. 4C, IL-7-induced homeostatic proliferation was largely abolished in I-Ab-deficient recipient mice, whereas cotransferred CD8 T cells still proliferated in the presence of IL-7 (Fig. 4C). These results demonstrate that an increasing IL-7 concentration induces homeostatic proliferation even within lymphocyte-sufficient, wild-type recipients in a TCR-MHC-dependent manner. Spontaneous proliferation of CD4 T cells has previously been shown to be MHC class II dependent (6, 10).
|
Rapid proliferation in lymphopenic environments is generally associated with a process of differentiation through which cells of memory phenotype are generated (14, 15, 16). We have shown that cells undergoing spontaneous proliferation up-regulate CD44, acquire the capacity to produce IFN-, and preferentially home to the liver (6). To further analyze the phenotypes of proliferating cells, naive CD4 T cells were transferred into RAG2–/– mice, so that both spontaneous and homeostatic proliferation could be compared within same recipients. As shown in Fig. 5A, CD44 expression was greatest on cells undergoing spontaneous proliferation, but a correlation between slow division and CD44 up-regulation was also observed on the cells undergoing homeostatic proliferation. Interestingly, relatively few CD25+ cells were found among cells undergoing spontaneous proliferation, and there was no up-regulation of CD25 during homeostatic proliferation. The CD25+ cells among the spontaneously proliferating population may reflect recently described regulatory T cells that are generated in a lymphopenic environment (17). CD62L expression was down-regulated on most spontaneously proliferating cells; in contrast, very few homeostatically cells showed diminished expression of CD62L. Up-regulation of CD69 was not observed in either cell population. When cells were stimulated with PMA plus ionomycin to measure cytokine-producing capacity, the proportion of homeostatically proliferating cells capable of producing IL-2 increased with cell division; there were 6% IL-2-producing cells among zero-division cells, 17% among one-division cells, and 32% among two-division cells compared with 24.8% among spontaneously proliferating cells (Fig. 5B). Unlike cells that had undergone spontaneous proliferation, among which 15–40% produced high levels of IFN- upon stimulation, only 1–3% of homeostatically proliferating cells produced IFN-, suggesting that these cells might be still uncommitted CD4 T cells producing mostly IL-2 (18). Therefore, cells undergoing spontaneous proliferation acquire an activated/memory phenotype that differs from cognate Ag-stimulated T cells in the expression of some activation markers, such as CD69 and CD25, and IL-7R, whereas IL-7-driven homeostatic proliferation is associated with a degree of differentiation marked by modest induction of CD44 and acquisition of increased capacity to produce IL-2.
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
Ab failed to block the rapid proliferation observed when naive CD4 T cells were transferred into neonatal mice (6). In this study we have shown that anti-IL-7R fails to diminish the proportion of CD4 T cells transferred into a RAG2–/– host that fully dilutes their CFSE, nor does it change the proliferative rates of these cells, as measured by short term in vivo BrdU labeling.
In contrast, homeostatic proliferation of CD4 T cells is marked by relatively slow division rates, and the proportion of cells that had divided once or twice that takes up BrdU in response to short term labeling is very low. Naive CD4 T cells, even of a single specificity, could block this response, suggesting that it represents competition for some limiting, nonspecific stimulant. Anti-IL-7R has been reported to inhibit slow proliferation of wild-type cells transferred to lymphopenic recipients (5). In this study we show that administration of exogenous IL-7 by a miniosmotic pump induced slow (homeostatic) proliferation among naive CD4 T cells even in normal, lymphocyte-sufficient recipients, suggesting that the local concentration of IL-7 is important for such a response to occur.
In the literature, all T cell proliferation in lymphopenic environments has often been regarded as representing homeostatic proliferation. The possibility of two fundamentally different processes, both induced in lymphopenic settings, has not been extensively considered. Our results provide strong evidence for the existence of two distinct processes and show that the spontaneous proliferation that occurs when CD4 T cells are introduced into RAG2–/– recipients or normal neonates is independent of IL-7 (10).
It was recently reported that neutralizing IL-7 diminished the proportion of CD8 T cells that underwent rapid proliferation upon transfer into neonatal mice (19). In contrast, careful analysis of published data reveals that polyclonal CD8 T cells that undergo rapid proliferation in irradiated adult mice are not affected by the lack of IL-7 (9). The slow proliferation of these cells is completely inhibited in the absence of IL-7. Thus, CD8 cells undergoing slow proliferation require IL-7, and in that regard, CD4 cells are similar, as previously reported (9). There is controversy regarding the IL-7 dependence of the rapid proliferation of CD8 T cells; it is possible that this could be explained by differences in the neonatal and irradiated adult environments, although we think that is unlikely. It should be pointed out that CD8 T cells responding to exogenous Ags do not require IL-7 (8).
Cells that had failed to undergo spontaneous proliferation may participate in homeostatic proliferation when adequate amounts of IL-7 are available. Because these slow proliferative responses are not seen when cells are transferred in TCR transgenic mice, it seems likely that the resident transgenic cells efficiently compete for IL-7, resulting in a local concentration of IL-7 substantially lower than that in RAG2–/– mice. 5C.C7 transgenic T cells undergo very slow proliferation upon transfer into RAG2–/– mice; that response is completely abrogated by anti-IL7R treatment. Such limited responses are not observed when 5C.C7 cells are transferred into 5C.C7 transgenic recipients (data not shown). This observation further supports the idea of IL-7 as a determining factor of homeostatic proliferation in RAG2–/– recipients. Indeed, it has been shown that the IL-7 level is correlated with the extent of lymphopenia (20, 21, 22). Recently, it has been suggested that the level of expression of the IL-7R -chain varies depending on the recent receipt of a survival signal and may play a critical role in determining the availability of IL-7 for maintaining numbers of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells (23).
Alpdogan et al. (12) have reported similar forms of T cell proliferative responses in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation system. Both fast and slow proliferative responses were found upon transfer into lethally irradiated allogeneic recipients, whereas only slow, homeostatic proliferation was observed in the case of transfer into irradiated syngeneic recipients. Fast responses in this study were dependent upon recognition of alloantigens, and most of the responding cells had up-regulated CD25 expression. IL-7R expression was significantly down-regulated on the alloreactive T cells, which is consistent with previous reports that showed down-regulation of IL-7R after cognate Ag stimulation (8, 24). Surprisingly, cells rapidly proliferating in lymphopenic environments did not down-regulate their expression of IL-7R even though they did not require IL-7 for this proliferative response. This suggests that there are important differences between spontaneous proliferation and conventional Ag- or alloantigen-driven proliferation; these differences could reflect differential strengths of signaling. It could be argued that although the rapidly proliferating cells in lymphopenic settings do not down-regulate IL-7R, they resemble both the rapidly dividing Ag-responsive and alloresponsive cells dividing rapidly. They primarily use another growth-promoting agent to mediate their proliferation, so that neutralizing IL-7R/IL-7 does not diminish their growth rates even though they express numbers of IL-7R molecules similar to those found on slowly dividing cells.
What determines whether T cells undergo spontaneous or homeostatic proliferation? As noted above, spontaneous proliferation is regulated not by the absolute number of CD44bright CD4 T cells, but, rather, by the repertoire complexity of these cells. Among CD8 (25, 26) and CD4 (25) TCR transgenic cells, those with higher levels of CD5 tend to proliferate rapidly when transferred to lymphopenic recipients. It has been proposed that CD5 may be induced in T cells participating in high affinity interactions, as a feedback control to dampen the degree of activation (27). Therefore, it is logical to speculate that cells with higher affinity for available peptide/MHC might proliferate spontaneously to become memory cells, whereas those with intermediate or low affinity for available ligands would be limited to homeostatic proliferative responses. We have observed that CD4 T cells from 5C.C7 TCR Tg mice express low levels of surface CD5. They fail to undergo rapid, IL-7-independent proliferation and undergo only minimal, IL-7-dependent homeostatic proliferation upon transfer into RAG2–/– mice. By contrast, transgenic cells expressing relatively high levels of CD5, such as CD4 transgenic cells from AND mice and CD8 transgenic cells from OT-I mice, show rapid proliferation (25, 26). These results are consistent with the concept that TCR affinity for available ligands controls proliferative behavior in lymphopenic settings and the presence of pre-existing memory cells with a similar or cross-reactive specificity efficiently inhibits proliferation of newly transferred naive cells potentially capable of such responses (6, 11, 28, 29). The nature of the peptides recognized by cells undergoing spontaneous and homeostatic proliferation has still not been unequivocally established. However, we have observed that the degree of repertoire complexity of CD44bright CD4 T cells from 7-day-old gnotobiotic mice is similar to that from conventional mice of the same strain and that treatment of RAG2–/– mice with a combination of antibiotics for 1 mo does not prevent transferred cells from undergoing spontaneous proliferation (B. Min, G. Foucras, and W. E. Paul, unpublished observations). Thus, it seems unlikely that commensal microorganisms could be the sole source of peptides that drive spontaneous or homeostatic proliferation, although such peptides could still be important in the creation of ligands that the responding T cells recognize. From the current study, however, it is not clear whether, in addition to competition for IL-7, Ag-specific competition is operative among cells undergoing homeostatic proliferation. It will be important to test whether the specificity-determined competition found in spontaneous proliferation also operates during IL-7-driven homeostatic proliferation.
It is also interesting to note that IL-7 administration induces homeostatic proliferation of transferred naive CD4 T cells (as well as naive CD8 T cells) in nonlymphopenic immunocompetent recipient mice. Indeed, it has been shown that mice overexpressing IL-7 transgenically or that have received recombinant human IL-7 have increased total numbers of peripheral lymphocytes (13). Komschlies et al. (30) have reported that the administration of human IL-7 increased T cell numbers in the absence of overt T cell activation. Interestingly, they observed an altered CD4:CD8 ratio among IL-7 recipients. It is possible that the high dose of IL-7 (twice daily injections of 10 µg for 7 days) that they used may have caused such an alteration. More recently, Chu et al. (31) demonstrated that exogenous murine IL-7 caused preferential accumulation of naive cells in lymphoid tissue, associated with little or no diminution in the frequency of TCR excision circles, suggesting that an increase in recent thymic emigrants accounted for increased cellularity or that naive cell survival had been extended. In the current study we found that administering relatively small amounts of IL-7 (a total of 5 µg over a 7-day period) significantly increased lymphoid cellularity. Using CFSE-labeled transferred cells, we showed that naive CD4 T cells proliferated only in the presence of exogenous IL-7. Although the determination of which cells divide in this setting may be stochastic, it could reflect differences in TCR affinity for resident peptide/MHC complexes, with the higher affinity cells being more likely to undergo even homeostatic proliferation. Indeed, MHC class II–/– mice do not support homeostatic proliferation (32), and naive 5C.C7 cells appear to undergo much slower proliferation than polyclonal naive cells.
Naive T cells undergoing IL-7-driven homeostatic proliferation also show changes in marker expression and cytokine-producing capacity, although they differ from cells undergoing spontaneous proliferation. In mice that received IL-7 for 1–2 wk, those cells that divided twice expressed, on the average, more CD44 than cells that divided once or those that failed to divide, and a substantially greater proportion of those cells produced IL-2 upon challenge than cells that divided once. In turn, the cells that divided once were more likely to produce IL-2 than the cells that failed to divide. In contrast, whether this represents full differentiation to an effector or memory phenotype is not clear. This is in contrast to the cells that undergo spontaneous proliferation, which become CD44bright and retain that heightened expression for a long period (6). Many of these cells also acquire the capacity to produce IFN-, whereas few, if any, of the slow-dividing cells, even those that have divided twice, acquired IFN--producing capacity. Similarly, the cells that divide many times acquire the capacity to migrate to the liver, a property also associated with a memory phenotype; among the slowly dividing cells, those that divide twice had no advantage in liver homing over those that have not divided (data not shown). It has been shown that some cells that have been transiently activated in response to their cognate Ag but have failed to polarize retain the capacity to subsequently polarize (18). They may represent cells similar to the homeostatically slow-dividing cells. Alternatively, these slow-dividing cells may represent the existence of a physiologic heterogeneity among naive CD4 T cells.
Finally, it is curious to note that those cells undergoing spontaneous proliferation are always observed as a CFSE-diluted population that had divided more than seven times when the recipient mice were killed 7 days after transfer. We have measured the CFSE profile at earlier times after transfer, but failed to find those cells that had undergone two to six cell divisions during spontaneous proliferation (our unpublished observations). It is possible that this is due to their prolonged interaction with dendritic cells within lymphopenic hosts and the consequent difficulty of obtaining these cells in a single-cell suspension. We are currently investigating this issue.
Overall, our results revealed a complexity of lymphopenia-driven T cell proliferation and lymphocyte homeostasis. Additional studies, focusing on the underlying regulatory mechanisms of peripheral homeostasis, may clarify the physiologic mechanisms of these processes and help to develop strategies to overcome the autoimmune diseases often observed when homeostasis is dysregulated.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
|
Disclosures |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
|
Footnotes |
|---|
1 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Booki Min, Department of Immunology/NB30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195. E-mail address: minb{at}ccf.org 
Received for publication September 13, 2004. Accepted for publication March 4, 2005.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionDisclosuresReferences |
|---|
, and can subsequently differentiate into IL-4- or IFN--secreting cells. J. Exp. Med. 194: 1069-1080.This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. Tajima, D. Wakita, D. Noguchi, K. Chamoto, Z. Yue, K. Fugo, H. Ishigame, Y. Iwakura, H. Kitamura, and T. Nishimura IL-6-dependent spontaneous proliferation is required for the induction of colitogenic IL-17-producing CD8+ T cells J. Exp. Med., May 12, 2008; 205(5): 1019 - 1027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Suzuki, S. Ogawa, K. Tanabe, H. Tahara, R. Abe, and H. Kishimoto Induction of Antitumor Immune Response by Homeostatic Proliferation and CD28 Signaling J. Immunol., April 1, 2008; 180(7): 4596 - 4605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Stohlman, D. R. Hinton, B. Parra, R. Atkinson, and C. C. Bergmann CD4 T Cells Contribute to Virus Control and Pathology following Central Nervous System Infection with Neurotropic Mouse Hepatitis Virus J. Virol., March 1, 2008; 82(5): 2130 - 2139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Wang, A. Kissenpfennig, M. Mingueneau, S. Richelme, P. Perrin, S. Chevrier, C. Genton, B. Lucas, J. P. DiSanto, H. Acha-Orbea, et al. Th2 Lymphoproliferative Disorder of LatY136F Mutant Mice Unfolds Independently of TCR-MHC Engagement and Is Insensitive to the Action of Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells J. Immunol., February 1, 2008; 180(3): 1565 - 1575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Noguchi, D. Wakita, M. Tajima, S. Ashino, Y. Iwakura, Y. Zhang, K. Chamoto, H. Kitamura, and T. Nishimura Blocking of IL-6 signaling pathway prevents CD4+ T cell-mediated colitis in a Th17-independent manner Int. Immunol., December 1, 2007; 19(12): 1431 - 1440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-H. Cho, O. Boyman, H.-O. Kim, B. Hahm, M. P. Rubinstein, C. Ramsey, D. M. Kim, C. D. Surh, and J. Sprent An intense form of homeostatic proliferation of naive CD8+ cells driven by IL-2 J. Exp. Med., August 6, 2007; 204(8): 1787 - 1801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P. Barry, G. Silvestri, J. T. Safrit, B. Sumpter, N. Kozyr, H. M. McClure, S. I. Staprans, and M. B. Feinberg Depletion of CD8+ Cells in Sooty Mangabey Monkeys Naturally Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Reveals Limited Role for Immune Control of Virus Replication in a Natural Host Species J. Immunol., June 15, 2007; 178(12): 8002 - 8012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Durakovic, V. Radojcic, M. Skarica, K. B. Bezak, J. D. Powell, E. J. Fuchs, and L. Luznik Factors governing the activation of adoptively transferred donor T cells infused after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in the mouse Blood, May 15, 2007; 109(10): 4564 - 4574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Bourgeois and B. Stockinger CD25+CD4+ Regulatory T Cells and Memory T Cells Prevent Lymphopenia-Induced Proliferation of Naive T Cells in Transient States of Lymphopenia J. Immunol., October 1, 2006; 177(7): 4558 - 4566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. de Latour, H. C. Dujardin, F. Mishellany, O. Burlen-Defranoux, J. Zuber, R. Marques, J. Di Santo, A. Cumano, P. Vieira, and A. Bandeira Ontogeny, function, and peripheral homeostasis of regulatory T cells in the absence of interleukin-7 Blood, October 1, 2006; 108(7): 2300 - 2306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Boyman, J.-H. Cho, J. T. Tan, C. D. Surh, and J. Sprent A major histocompatibility complex class I-dependent subset of memory phenotype CD8+ cells J. Exp. Med., July 10, 2006; 203(7): 1817 - 1825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Martin, C. Becourt, B. Bienvenu, and B. Lucas Self-recognition is crucial for maintaining the peripheral CD4+ T-cell pool in a nonlymphopenic environment Blood, July 1, 2006; 108(1): 270 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Swainson, E. Verhoeyen, F.-L. Cosset, and N. Taylor IL-7R{alpha} Gene Expression Is Inversely Correlated with Cell Cycle Progression in IL-7-Stimulated T Lymphocytes. J. Immunol., June 1, 2006; 176(11): 6702 - 6708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Neujahr, C. Chen, X. Huang, J. F. Markmann, S. Cobbold, H. Waldmann, M. H. Sayegh, W. W. Hancock, and L. A. Turka Accelerated Memory Cell Homeostasis during T Cell Depletion and Approaches to Overcome It. J. Immunol., April 15, 2006; 176(8): 4632 - 4639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Staton, A. B. Carpenter, and S. H. Jackman IL-7 Is a Critical Factor in Modulating Lesion Development in Skn-Directed Autoimmunity J. Immunol., April 1, 2006; 176(7): 3978 - 3986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Roychowdhury, B. W. Blaser, A. G. Freud, K. Katz, D. Bhatt, A. K. Ferketich, V. Bergdall, D. Kusewitt, R. A. Baiocchi, and M. A. Caligiuri IL-15 but not IL-2 rapidly induces lethal xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease Blood, October 1, 2005; 106(7): 2433 - 2435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
