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Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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Abstract |
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production and cellular immunity. In this study we examined the expression and function of mouse B7-H3. B7-H3 is mostly expressed on professional APCs; its expression on dendritic cells appears to be up-regulated by LPS. In contrast to human B7-H3, we found that mouse B7-H3 protein inhibited T cell activation and effector cytokine production. An antagonistic mAb to B7-H3 enhanced T cell proliferation in vitro and led to exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo. Therefore, mouse B7-H3 serves as a negative regulator of T cell activation and function. |
Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The recent work on novel B7-related molecules has shed light on the complexities of costimulatory regulation in both initiation and amplification stages of immune responses. In the past several years, with the completion of the genome sequencing projects, the B7 ligand and the corresponding CD28 receptor families have been quickly expanded. ICOS, a third member of the CD28 family, is expressed on activated, but not naive, T cells and recognizes its own ligand B7h (also named as B7RP-1, etc.) (9, 10). B7h is constitutively expressed in certain APC, such as B cells and macrophages, and can be induced in nonlymphoid tissues and cells by inflammatory stimuli (10, 11). Recently, we as well as others have generated ICOS-deficient mice and indicated ICOS as an important regulator of T cell activation, differentiation, and functions (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17). Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)3 is another ITIM-containing receptor expressed on activated T cells (18). Engagement of PD-1 with its ligand PD-L1 (B7-H1) or PD-L2 (B7-DC) delivers a negative signal by recruitment of Src homology 2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2)3 to the phosphorylated tyrosine residue in the cytoplasmic region (19). C57BL/6 mice that lack PD-1 develop lupus-like arthritis and glomerulonephritis (18), and BALB/c PD-1-deficient mice develop fatal dilated cardiomyopathy with IgG deposition (20). We and others recently described a novel member of the B7 family, B7S1 (also named B7H4 and B7x), expressed on professional APC and anchored to the cell membrane via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linkage (21, 22, 23). B7S1, possibly through binding to B and T lymphocyte attenuators on activated T cells (24), reduces T cell proliferation by inhibiting IL-2 production. Therefore, the new members of the B7 family are broadly expressed on professional APC and in nonlymphoid tissues, and through their receptors on activated T cells, they regulate T cell activation and effector function.
B7-H3 is another novel B7 family member that was first reported to be expressed by human dendritic cells and shown to stimulate human T cell proliferation and IFN- production (25, 26). Recently, we identified the mouse B7-H3 homologue that is broadly expressed in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues; a soluble mouse B7-H3-Ig fusion protein binds to activated, but not naive, T cells (26). In the current paper we describe the expression and function of murine B7-H3. B7-H3 is expressed on all professional APC examined and on a minor subpopulation of T cells. Contrary to the report on human B7-H3, soluble mouse B7-H3-Ig protein reduced T cell proliferation and effector cytokine production. Furthermore, B7-H3-Ig inhibited activities of NFAT, NF-
B, and AP-1 transcriptional factors, which are the major players in T cells (27, 28). An anti-B7-H3 blocking Ab enhanced T cell proliferation and IL-2 secretion in vitro. In vivo blockade of B7-H3 with the blocking Ab resulted in greater experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) disease. Therefore, murine B7-H3 serves as a negative regulator of T cell activation and function.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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A female Lewis rat (3–4 mo old) was immunized with 100 µg of B7-H3-Ig, and hybridoma was generated as previously described (29). ELISA was performed to identify the clones that reacted with B7-H3-Ig fusion protein, but not with control human IgG1.
Flow cytometric analysis
Purified anti-B7-H3 and anti-B7-S1 Abs and a rat IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were biotinylated with sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin (Pierce, Rockford, IL). Anti-CD4, -CD8, -CD11b, -CD11c, -CD25 -CD44, and -B220 Abs were obtained from BD Pharmingen (San Diego, CA). Fc block (BD Pharmingen) and rat IgG were used to reduce nonspecific staining. Peritoneal macrophages were collected by extracting peritoneal lavage. Bone marrow cells from C57BL/6 mice femurs were extracted and cultured in complete medium and GM-CSF (20 ng/ml; PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ) for 7 days.
In vitro T cell assays
CD4+ T cells from C57BL/6 or OT-II mice were purified as previously described (13, 30). The cells were treated with plate-bound anti-CD3 in the absence or the presence of human IgG1 (Sigma-Aldrich), B7.1-Ig (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) or B7-H3-Ig (26). IL-2 production was measured 24 h after T cell activation, and cell proliferation was measured 72 h after incubation with [3H]thymidine in the last 8 h. For in vitro Ab blocking experiments, we treated total splenocytes with different doses of anti-CD3 in the presence of a control or B7-H3 blocking Ab (5 µg/ml). To analyze effector T cell function, total splenocytes from OT-II mice were stimulated with 10 µg/ml OT-II peptide and 30 U/ml IL-2. 7 days after stimulation, cells were washed and treated with 5 µg/ml plate-bound anti-CD3 Ab in the presence or the absence of human IgG or B7-H3-Ig. IL-2, IFN-, and IL-4 production was measured by ELISA after 24 h.
Luciferase assay
DO11.10 T cell hybridoma cells were maintained in complete RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS (HyClone, Logan, UT). Cells transfected with 0.25 µg of PRL null and 1 µg of luciferase promoter reporter plasmids of NFAT, AP-1, or NF-B were stimulated with 1 µg/ml plate-bound anti-CD3 Ab with or without B7-H3-Ig for 4 h. Supernatants were used to measure IL-2 by ELISA. Cell extracts were prepared, and luciferase activity was measured by using the Dual-Luciferase system (Promega, Madison, WI).
EAE induction and analysis
EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice with myelin oligodendrocyte gp35–55 (MOG35–55) peptide by immunizing once with the peptide in CFA on day 0 and boosting once with peptide in IFA on day 7. Two treatments with pertussis toxin, 1 day after each immunization (days 1 and 8), were performed. Control or blocking Ab for B7-H3 (100 µg) was injected on days 1, 4, and 7. Mice were observed daily and were scored on a scale of 0–5 with gradations of 0.5 for intermediate scores: 0, no clinical signs; 1, loss of tail tone; 2, wobbly gait; 3, hind limb paralysis; 4, hind- and forelimb paralysis; and 5, death. Preparation and stimulation of mononuclear cells from brain tissues were performed as previously described (13). Statistic analysis was performed by t test using PRISM version 2.01 (GraphPad, San Diego, CA).
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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B7-H3-Ig fusion protein was used to immunize a female Lewis rat to generate anti-B7-H3 Abs. Anti-B7H3 mAb stained 293 cells transiently transfected with mouse B7-H3, but not B7S1 (Fig. 1A). B7S1 expression was confirmed with an anti-B7S1 mAb (Fig. 1B). Anti-B7-H3 stained splenic B cells from wild-type as well as B7.1/B7.2- or B7h-deficient mice (Fig. 1C). This staining could not be inhibited by PD-L2-Ig (data not shown). These results indicate that we have generated a B7-H3-specific Ab.
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(11, 31). Human B7-H3 was shown to be an inducible molecule on the surface of DCs, monocytes, and T cells (25). Therefore, we examined the regulation of B7-H3 expression on dendritic cells by an innate activator. After LPS stimulation for 24 h, bone marrow-derived DCs exhibited up-regulation of B7-H3 expression (Fig. 2C). However, B7-H3 expression on purified B cells and macrophages was not altered after the same treatment (Fig. 2, A and D). Inhibition of T cell activation and function by B7-H3-Ig
The expression of B7-H3 on professional APC suggests a role for B7-H3 in the regulation of T cell immune responses. We previously showed using B7-H3-Ig fusion protein that a putative receptor for B7-H3 was induced on activated T cells (26). Naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from C57BL/6 lymph nodes were not strongly bound by the biotinylated B7-H3-Ig; after Con A activation for 48 h, B7-H3 receptor was up-regulated on activated T cells. B7-H3-Ig can bind to CD28–/– and ICOS–/– T cells activated in the same fashion (data not shown).
As a first step to assess the function of B7-H3 on T cell activation and function, we stimulated purified CD4+ cells from C57BL/6 mice with different doses of anti-CD3 in the absence or the presence of B7.1-Ig or B7-H3-Ig and measured cell proliferation (Fig. 3A). B7.1-Ig, as expected, strongly enhanced T cell stimulation, whereas B7-H3-Ig inhibited T cell proliferation. An irrelevant protein containing the human IgG1 tag in the C terminus, expressed and purified in the same fashion, did not alter the proliferation of anti-CD3-stimulated T cells (21), indicating that this inhibitory effect by B7-H3-Ig was not due to our method of protein preparation.
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production (25). Similar to other newly identified B7 molecules, B7h, PDL1, PDL2, and B7S1, B7-H3 is expressed in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues (23, 24). This expression pattern suggests its role in regulating both naive T cell activation in lymphoid tissues and effector T cell function in the periphery. To assess the role of B7-H3 in effector T cell regulation, we tested the effect of B7-H3-Ig treatment on in vitro activated OT-II cells by both ELISA and intracellular staining (data not shown). We found during the secondary stimulation with plate-bound anti-CD3 that B7-H3-Ig treatment reduced the expression of both Th1 and Th2 effector cytokines by OT-II effector cells (Fig. 3D). Therefore, in accordance with its expression pattern, this result further suggests B7-H3 as a negative regulator of effector CD4 T cells.
NFAT, NF-B, and AP-1 factors are the major transcriptional regulators of T cell activation and function (25, 26). We therefore assessed whether B7-H3 could inhibit any of these signaling pathways. DO11.10 T cell hybridoma cells, which express B7-H3 receptor after activation, are capable of producing IL-2 upon anti-CD3 stimulation, and this IL-2 expression can be inhibited when a negative costimulator receptor was simultaneously engaged (24). We transfected DO11.10 with NFAT, AP-1, or NF-B luciferase reporter constructs. Treatment with B7-H3-Ig modestly reduced the activity of NF-B and NFAT (Fig. 4). AP-1 activation in DO11.10 cells required CD28 signal, and B7-H3-Ig strongly inhibited AP-1 activation by anti-CD3 and CD28 (Fig. 4). Reduction of NFAT, NF-B, and AP-1 transcriptional activities correlated with a reduction in IL-2 production and activation-induced cell death (data not shown). B7-H3-Ig on its own did not induce cell death (data not shown). The global blockade of T cell activation is consistent with the finding that all negative costimulatory receptors in the CD28 superfamily, CTLA-4, PD-1, and B and T lymphocyte attenuators, can recruit SHP-1 and SHP-2 to the membrane and inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation of early TCR signaling components (24, 32, 33). This work strongly supports an important function of B7-H3 in negative regulation of T cell activation and function.
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To assess the physiological function of B7-H3 in T cell regulation, we examined whether the anti-B7-H3 Ab we generated can block binding of B7-H3 to its receptor. Biotinylated B7-H3-Ig was incubated with a rat control IgG (no blocking) or anti-B7-H3 (blocking) before staining of Con A-activated mouse lymph nodes cells. The anti-B7-H3 Ab greatly inhibited the binding of B7-H3-Ig to its receptor on T cells, indicating that it is a blocking Ab for B7-H3 (Fig. 5A).
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To examine whether negative regulation of T cells by B7-H3 has any important immune function in vivo, we immunized C57BL/6 mice with MOG35–55 peptide to induce EAE. Control rat Ig or anti-B7-H3 blocking Ab was injected into mice during the T cell priming phase, i.e., between the first and second immunizations. Mice treated with anti-B7-H3 Ab consistently developed accelerated disease, with an earlier onset and more robust EAE than those treated with a control rat Ab (Fig. 6A). Four of five mice in the B7-H3 Ab-treated group developed EAE, with maximal disease score of 3, whereas in the control group, only one mouse had a disease score of 1.5. We examined infiltrating mononuclear cells in the brains of mice that developed disease from each group on day 16 and found that B7-H3 Ab treatment in mice resulted in a greatly increased number of CD4+ cells (Fig. 6B). This experiment supports the idea that B7-H3 is a negative regulator of T cell activation and function.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Human B7-H3 was first reported as an inducible molecule on dendritic cells and monocytes by inflammatory cytokines and a combination of PMA and ionomycin (25). Contrary to human B7-H3, whose expression is not found on resting APC, murine B7-H3 is widely expressed on almost all resting and activated B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (Fig. 2). B7-H3 is also expressed by a minor subset of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Fig. 2B); the functional significance of this T cell expression remains to be determined. LPS activation of purified B cells and the RAW macrophage cell line did not affect B7-H3 expression. However, the expression of B7-H3 on dendritic cells seems to be further up-regulated upon LPS activation (Fig. 2C). LPS regulation of B7-H3 expression has also recently been described by Suh et al. (35), although the physiological significance of this regulation is unclear at this stage. It is noteworthy that other B7 family members are regulated differentially in B cells and dendritic cells. CD80 and CD86 are well known to be up-regulated in APC by a variety of innate stimuli. Activation of dendritic cells by TLR-4 (through LPS) regulates the expression of B7.2, a costimulatory molecule that is important for T cell activation (36). In contrast, B7h, the ligand for ICOS, is down-regulated in B cells after IgM cross-linking (31). All these findings suggest a combinatorial model for costimulation of T cells: each B7 ligand is regulated differentially, which reflects the natural history of APC, and the combination of these ligands regulates the threshold of T cell activation. It is significant to note that the new B7 family members, B7h, PDL1/2, B7S1, and B7-H3, are also widely distributed in nonlymphoid tissues, whereas their receptors are expressed on activated T cells. It is possible that they may possess important functions in modulating effector T cell function once activated T cells migrate into the nonlymphoid tissues. At this effector stage, the combinatorial signals presented by B7 ligands, which are tissue specific and regulated by inflammatory cytokines, may influence the nature and extent of T cell function.
Human B7-H3 was previously reported to increase T cell proliferation and IFN- production (25). Recently, other studies also demonstrated an inhibitory function for mouse and human B7-H3 (35, 37), whereas different groups observed an enhancing effect (25, 38). In this study we tested the function of mouse B7-H3 on T cells, first using the B7-H3-Ig fusion protein and then a B7-H3 blocking Ab. B7-H3-Ig reduced CD4+ T cell proliferation (Fig. 3A). We further showed that B7-H3 regulation of T cell proliferation occurs through an IL-2-dependent mechanism. B7-H3-Ig reduced IL-2 production by activated T cells, and addition of exogenous IL-2 restored the proliferation of T cells by B7-H3-Ig-treated cells (Fig. 3C). B7-H3-Ig inhibited effector cytokine expression by in vitro differentiated OT-II cells (Fig. 3D), suggesting a role in the regulation of T cell effector function. In support of negative regulation of T cells by B7-H3, we observed diminished activity of NFAT, NF-B, and AP-1 transcriptional factors (Fig. 4). We then examined the physiological significance of B7-H3 costimulation using a blocking Ab. Treatment of anti-CD3 activated splenocytes with this Ab greatly enhanced IL-2 production and T cell proliferation (Fig. 5, B and C). This work, in agreement with our results using B7-H3-Ig (Fig. 3, A and B), indicates that B7-H3 expressed on APC does function physiologically to limit the amount of IL-2 expression by activated T cells and hence the extent of their clonal expansion. More importantly, Ab blocking of B7-H3 function led to greater EAE, characterized by greater CD4+ T cell infiltration in the initial phase of this autoimmune disease. This experiment strongly suggests that B7-H3 contributes to a certain degree to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and the containment of autoimmune diseases.
This study demonstrates that mouse B7-H3 is a negative regulator of T cell activation and IL-2 production, consistent with the recent work by Suh et al. (35) using B7-H3-deficient animals. It is unclear at this stage why the same molecule exhibits opposite functions in different settings of two different species. Resolution of this dichotomy would be greatly aided by identification of the B7-H3 receptor(s).
In summary, we have shown that murine B7-H3 is expressed by professional APC and functions as a negative regulator of T cell proliferation and IL-2 production. This study further demonstrates complex regulation of T cell activation via positive and negative costimulatory molecules of B7 family members as previously suggested (34, 39, 40, 41). Therapeutic intervention of these costimulatory pathways may help modulate immune responses in many immune diseases.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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1 This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (to C.D.). C.D. is an Arthritis Investigator with the Arthritis Foundation and an Investigator with the Cancer Research Institute. T.N. is the recipient of a National Institutes of Health training grant, and Y.Y. is a predoctoral fellow with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. 
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Chen Dong, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Box 357650, H466 HSC, Seattle, WA 98195-7650. E-mail address: chendong{at}u.washington.edu
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: PD-1, programmed cell death 1; SHP-1, Src homology 2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Received for publication January 22, 2004. Accepted for publication June 8, 2004.
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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. Immunity 11:423.[Medline]
production. Nat. Immunol. 2:269.[Medline]
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