HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Polanczyk, M. J. Articles by Offner, H. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Polanczyk, M. J. Articles by Offner, H.

Cutting Edge: Estrogen Drives Expansion of the CD4⁺CD25⁺ Regulatory T Cell Compartment¹

Magdalena J. Polanczyk^2,*,,, Bryan D. Carson^2,¶,||, Sandhya Subramanian, Michael Afentoulis, Arthur A. Vandenbark^*,,, Steven F. Ziegler^¶,|| and Halina Offner^3,*,

Departments of ^* Neurology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, and Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239; Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Warsaw, Poland; ^¶ Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and ^|| Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells are crucial to the maintenance of tolerance in normal individuals. However, the factors regulating this cell population and its function are largely unknown. Estrogen has been shown to protect against the development of autoimmune disease, yet the mechanism is not known. We demonstrate that estrogen (17--estradiol, E2) is capable of augmenting FoxP3 expression in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of naive mice with E2 increased both CD25⁺ cell number and FoxP3 expression level. Further, the ability of E2 to protect against autoimmune disease (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) correlated with its ability to up-regulate FoxP3, as both were reduced in estrogen receptor -deficient animals. Finally, E2 treatment and pregnancy induced FoxP3 protein expression to a similar degree, suggesting that high estrogen levels during pregnancy may help to maintain fetal tolerance. In summary, our data suggest E2 promotes tolerance by expanding the regulatory T cell compartment.

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Although induction of autoimmune disease involves many factors, the defining event is the loss of T cell tolerance to self-Ags. Tolerance is maintained in part by negative selection of autoreactive T cells in the thymus and by induction of anergy in the periphery (1, 2). However, these two mechanisms alone are insufficient to preserve the tolerant state. Recently, the crucial role of CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ regulatory T cells (T_reg)⁴ in suppression of responses to self-Ags has been demonstrated in both mice and humans (3, 4, 5). Failures in the function of the T_reg compartment can therefore be responsible for the development of autoimmune disease, and enhancing its function may represent a therapeutic strategy.

The observation that autoimmune diseases occur more frequently in females than in males led to investigation of the role of sex hormones in maintenance of immune tolerance (6). Previous work in our lab has shown that estrogen (E2) treatment protects mice from development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of human multiple sclerosis (7). However, the mechanism of this effect has not yet been fully characterized.

FoxP3 is a transcriptional repressor required for the development and function of T_reg (8). Deficiency of FoxP3 leads to autoimmune diseases including X-linked immune dysfunction, polyendocrinopathy, and enteropathy in humans and scurfy in mice. Although CD4 and CD25 partially identify the T_reg compartment, FoxP3 is currently the most definitive marker of regulatory function (8, 9, 10). Therefore, we investigated whether E2 treatment might exert its EAE-protective effect by increasing FoxP3 expression in CD4⁺ T cells. In this report, we show that E2 treatment alone is sufficient to expand the T_reg compartment in vivo. In addition, we present evidence that E2 induces FoxP3 in CD4⁺CD25^– T cells in vitro.

	Materials and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Mice

Female naive or syngeneic pregnant (19 days) C57BL/6 mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). Estrogen receptor knockout (Esr1^–/–) mice were purchased from Taconic Farms (Germantown, NY). Most experiments represent cells pooled from at least five mice per experimental condition. Animals were housed and cared for according to institutional guidelines in the Animal Resource Facility at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Portland, OR).

Hormone treatment

For E2 therapy, a 3-mm pellet containing 2.5 or 15 mg (as indicated) 17--estradiol (Innovative Research of America, Sarasota, FL) was implanted s.c. (dorsally) 7 days before immunization (EAE) or 14 days before analysis of naive mice. These pellets are designed to release their contents at a constant rate over 60 days. Control animals were implanted with pellets containing saline. Serum levels of E2 were monitored by RIA as described (7).

Induction of EAE

Immunization and clinical evaluation were performed as described previously (7, 11). Briefly, mice were immunized s.c. in the flanks with 200 µg of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35–55 peptide in CFA (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI). Mice were also given pertussis toxin i.p on days 0 (75 ng) and 2 (200 ng).

Cell preparation and culture

Single cell suspensions were prepared from spleens and RBCs lysed. Nonimmunized mice receiving E2 pellets were sacrificed 14 days after implantation, while immunized mice were sacrificed at the peak of EAE disease severity, 17 days after induction. Purified CD4⁺ cells were obtained by MACS according to manufacturer’s protocols (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). For flow cytometry, cells were stained with FITC-anti-CD4 and PE-anti-CD25 (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA). CD4⁺CD25^– cells were obtained from purified CD4⁺ using a FACSVantage (BD Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA). For in vitro experiments, CD4⁺CD25^– cells were stimulated with 5 µg/ml anti-CD3 and 1 µg/ml anti-CD28 (145-2C11 and 37.51, respectively; BD Pharmingen). In some experiments, cells were treated with E2 alone in the absence of Ab stimulation.

Evaluation of Foxp3 expression

For real-time RT-PCR analysis, total RNA was prepared using the Total RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD) and cDNA was prepared using random hexamer primers (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). Foxp3 message expression was quantified using the ABI 7000 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Amplification was performed in a total volume of 25 µl for 40 cycles and products were detected using SYBR Green I dye (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). Samples were run in triplicate and relative expression level was determined by normalization to L32 with results presented as relative expression (RE) units. Primer sequences used were as follows: L32, forward: GGA AAC CCA GAG GCA TTG AC; reverse: TCA GGA TCT GGC CCT TGA AC. Foxp3, forward: GGC CCT TCT CCA GGA CAG A; reverse: GCT GAT CAT GGC TGG GTT GT. For analysis of FoxP3 protein, cells were washed in PBS then lysed and sonicated in lysis buffer (25 mM Tris, pH 8.5, 2% lithium dodecyl sulfate, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM sodium fluoride, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, and 1x complete protease inhibitors (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Mannheim, Germany)) and quantified by bicinchoninic acid protein assay (Pierce, Rockford, IL). Lysates were separated on 4–12% gradient bis-Tris gels (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) and transferred to nitrocellulose (GE Osmonics, Minnetonka, MN) followed by blocking in TBS/0.1% Tween 20 with 5% nonfat dry milk. FoxP3 was detected with rabbit-anti-FoxP3 antiserum (12) and standard chemiluminescence. For loading control, blots were stripped and reprobed for transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA). Positive control lysate was from 293T cells transfected with FoxP3 cDNA. Films were analyzed by volumetric pixel integration using ImageQuant v5.2 (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden).

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
E2 augments Foxp3 expression in vitro

To determine whether the mechanism by which E2 protects mice from EAE might involve induction or enhancement of T_reg, we tested its capacity to induce Foxp3 expression in vitro in purified (>99%, Fig. 1) CD4⁺CD25^– T cells. E2 in combination with TCR stimulation for 24 h induced Foxp3 mRNA 2-fold over untreated cell levels, while TCR stimulation alone failed to induce Foxp3 (Fig. 2). In addition, E2 increased the fraction of CD25⁺ cells over TCR stimulation alone, consistent with induction of T_reg (Fig. 1).

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 1. Flow cytometric analysis comparing CD4+CD25– T cells treated as indicated in vitro for 24 h. Control sample is CD4+CD25– cells cultured for 24 h without treatment. Plots show CD25-PE on the y-axis and CD4-FITC on the x-axis.

View larger version (9K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 2. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of Foxp3 expression in cells from Fig. 1. Foxp3 levels are shown relative to housekeeping gene L32. Error bars are SD of triplicate samples. One representative result of three is shown.

We previously demonstrated that low-dose 17--estradiol (E2) treatment dramatically reduces the severity of EAE in mice (7), and that this effect requires estrogen receptor- (Esr1) (11). To determine whether the ability of E2 to protect mice from EAE correlates with an effect on the T_reg compartment, we analyzed Foxp3 expression levels in the presence or absence of E2 treatment at the peak of disease. Therapeutic doses of E2 significantly increased Foxp3 mRNA levels in CD4⁺ T cells from MOG 35–55 peptide-immunized wild-type C57BL/6 mice that were protected from EAE, but not in CD4⁺ T cells from Esr1^–/– mice lacking estrogen receptor- that developed severe signs of EAE (Fig. 3). In addition, FoxP3 protein expression and CD25⁺ number in E2-treated mice were substantially lower in Esr1^–/– than in wild-type animals (Fig. 4), suggesting a deficient expansion of T_reg in the absence of normal E2 responsiveness. Changes in FoxP3 protein level correlated well with changes in CD25⁺ number in response to E2 by each genotype (Fig. 4).

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 3. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of Foxp3. C57BL/6 and Esr1–/– mice were implanted with placebo or 2.5 mg of E2 pellets and immunized 1 wk later with 200 µg of MOG 35–55 peptide in CFA with pertussis toxin on days 0 and +2. At the peak of clinical disease, mice were sacrificed and splenocytes sorted for CD4+ cells. cDNA was prepared and analyzed by real-time PCR to determine Foxp3 mRNA levels. Data are presented as Foxp3 relative to housekeeping gene L32. Error bars are SD of triplicate samples.

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 4. FoxP3 Western blot analysis of samples from Fig. 3. Densitometry shows FoxP3 expression level relative to the loading control TFIIB. Control lane is lysate of 293T cells transfected with Foxp3 cDNA. The CD25+ fraction (among CD4+) of each sample is noted above the bars.

Many of the surface markers for T_reg (such as CD25 and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR) are also markers of activated effector CD4⁺ T cells. To avoid a significant contribution of activated T cells to our analysis of the T_reg compartment (as in MOG-immunized animals), we treated naive C57BL/6 mice with E2 for 14 days and assessed CD25 and Foxp3 expression among CD4⁺ T cells. We observed a significant increase (43%) in the fraction of CD25⁺ cells among all CD4⁺ cells (Fig. 5) in E2-treated vs untreated mice. This increase in CD25⁺ cells was attended by an increase in Foxp3 mRNA (Fig. 6) and protein (Fig. 7), suggesting that the cells generated are T_reg and not activated effector CD4⁺ cells.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 5. Flow cytometric analysis comparing CD4+CD25+ populations in naive (nulliparous), 19 day pregnant, and 14 day E2-treated mice. Quadrant statistics noted are percent of live gate.

View larger version (9K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 6. Real-time PCR analysis of Foxp3 mRNA in CD4+ cells from Fig. 5. Data are presented as Foxp3 relative to housekeeping gene L32. Error bars are SD of triplicate samples.

View larger version (45K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 7. FoxP3 Western blot analysis of samples from Fig. 6. Each condition is shown as technical replicate lanes of cells pooled from five mice per condition. Densitometry shows fold induction of FoxP3 relative to naive (nulliparous) untreated mice. Control lane is lysate of 293T cells transfected with Foxp3 cDNA.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Identification of signals that regulate the homeostasis, proliferation, and function of T_reg is of great importance to understanding the mechanisms by which tolerance breaks down and autoimmunity develops. In the present work, we have identified E2 as a protolerance regulator of the T_reg compartment. The ability of E2 to protect mice from EAE correlated with its ability to augment Foxp3 mRNA and protein expression in the CD4⁺ T cell compartment. Although these data do not prove that E2 inhibits autoimmunity by expansion of T_reg, they do show that E2 is capable of increasing the number of T_reg. Because depletion of T_reg causes autoimmunity (15) and immune rejection of the fetus (13), however, this is a plausible mechanism.

Importantly, T_reg expansion did not require an active autoimmune response, demonstrating that E2 treatment alone in a normal animal is sufficient for this effect. Although the protective outcome may be the same, our results do not distinguish between expansion of the existing T_reg population and de novo generation of T_reg from non-T_reg. To address this question, we tested the latter. Walker et al. (16) have shown previously that CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ T_reg can be generated from human CD4⁺CD25^–FoxP3^– T cells in vitro by activation and prolonged culture, though E2 has never been implicated in this process. We found that E2 in combination with TCR stimulation is capable of increasing Foxp3 mRNA expression in CD4⁺CD25^– T cells. Although TCR stimulation alone provoked a large increase in the number of CD25⁺ cells, these cells did not express significant Foxp3, indicating that they were activated effector cells. In contrast, when CD4⁺CD25^– cells were activated in the presence of E2, both the number of CD25⁺ cells and their Foxp3 expression level were increased. Thus, E2 may be a signal that redirects peripheral CD4⁺ T cells toward a FoxP3⁺ T_reg phenotype when activated in a tolerogenic context.

Our demonstration that E2 treatment induces a similar increase in T_reg as does pregnancy may provide insight into the natural origin of this effect. A pregnant female is continuously exposed to both self and non-self Ags of fetal origin. The delicate yet powerful tolerance that operates in this context may be responsible not only for preventing rejection of the fetus, but also for protecting the mother from priming against self-Ags in a foreign context and subsequently developing autoimmune disease. Expansion of T_reg number and function in response to the high serum estrogen concentration that is concurrent with pregnancy may represent a mode of specific immunosuppression that is invoked only when needed, then switched off postpartum. Of importance, clinical signs in both EAE and multiple sclerosis improve during pregnancy, but tend to recur postpartum.

The autoimmune-protective effects of E2 have been demonstrated in a variety of contexts, yet the mechanism of this effect remains elusive. Work in our laboratory and others suggests that E2 reduces pathological Th1 responses, and this may involve effects on Ag presentation and cytokine production by dendritic cells. However, no effect of E2 has yet been identified that could operate to preserve tolerance before an autoimmune response has been initiated. Our finding that protective E2 treatment in both immunized and naive animals results in expansion of the CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ T_reg compartment is the first indication that such a mechanism operates in response to a single signal. In addition, this is the first demonstration that the T_reg compartment can be expanded in vivo by treatment with a single benign compound. Prior induction or transfer of T_reg cells appears to be required to inhibit subsequent activity of encephalitogenic T cells (17, 18). This feature of T_reg activity may explain the potent ability of E2 to prevent induction, but not reverse established clinical signs of EAE. Thus, E2 may represent a valuable therapeutic agent for prevention of relapses or progression in a variety of autoimmune diseases because T_reg cells have the potential to suppress immune responses to a broad range of self Ags, and hormone therapy is already well-established and tolerated.

	Footnotes

 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ This work was supported by Grants NS23444, NS45445 (to H.O.), NS23221 (to A.A.V.), and AI48779 and AI54610 (to S.F.Z.) from the National Institutes of Health, grants from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (to H.O. and A.A.V.), the Nancy Davis MS Center Without Walls (to H.O.), the Department of Veterans Affairs (to A.A.V.), the American Diabetes Association (to S.F.Z.), and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (to S.F.Z.).

² M.J.P. and B.D.C. contributed equally to this work.

³ Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Halina Offner, Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, Portland Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239. E-mail address: offnerva{at}ohsu.edu2

⁴ Abbreviations used in this paper: T_reg, regulatory T cell; E2, 17--estradiol; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; RE, relative expression; MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; TFIIB, transcription factor IIB.

Received for publication June 4, 2004. Accepted for publication June 22, 2004.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 

1. Sakaguchi, S.. 2000. Regulatory T cells: key controllers of immunologic self-tolerance. Cell 101:455.[Medline]
2. Van Parijs, L., A. K. Abbas. 1998. Homeostasis and self-tolerance in the immune system: turning lymphocytes off. Science 280:243.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Shevach, E.. 2000. Regulatory T cells in autoimmunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18:423.[Medline]
4. Maloy, K. J., F. Powrie. 2001. Regulatory T cells in the control of immune pathology. Nat. Immunol. 2:816.[Medline]
5. Bach, J. F.. 1995. Organ-specific autoimmunity. Immunol. Today 16:353.[Medline]
6. Whitacre, C. C., S. C. Reingold, P. A. O’Looney. 1999. A gender gap in autoimmunity. Science 283:1277.[Free Full Text]
7. Bebo, B. F., A. Fyfe-Johnson, K. Adlard, A. G. Beam, A. A. Vandenbark, H. Offner. 2001. Low-dose estrogen therapy ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in two different inbred mouse strains. J. Immunol. 166:2080.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Khattri, R., T. Cox, S. A. Yasayko, F. Ramsdell. 2003. An essential role for Scurfin in CD4⁺CD25⁺ T regulatory cells. Nat. Immunol. 4:337.[Medline]
9. Fontenot, J. D., M. A. Gavin, A. Y. Rudensky. 2003. Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells. Nat. Immunol. 4:330.[Medline]
10. Cambineri, E., T. R. Torgerson, H. D. Ochs. 2003. Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinoapthy, enteropathy, and X-linked inheritance (IPEX), a syndrome of systemic autoimmunity caused by mutations of FOXP3, a critical regulator of T-cell homeostasis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 15:340.
11. Polanczyk, M., A. Zamora, S. Subramanian, A. Matejuk, D. L. Hess, E. P. Blankenhorn, C. Teuscher, A. A. Vandenbark, H. Offner. 2003. The protective effect of 17-estradiol on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is mediated through estrogen receptor-. Am. J. Pathol. 163:1599.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12. Schubert, L. A., E. Jeffery, Y. Zhang, F. Ramsdell, S. F. Ziegler. 2001. Scurfin (FOXP3) acts as a repressor of transcription and regulates T cell activation. J. Biol. Chem. 276:37672.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
13. Aluvihare, V. R., M. Kallikourdis, A. G. Betz. 2004. Regulatory T cells mediate maternal tolerance to the fetus. Nat. Immunol. 5:266.[Medline]
14. Somerset, D. A., Y. Zheng, M. D. Kilby, D. M. Sansom, M. T. Drayson. 2004. Normal human pregnancy is associated with an elevation in the immune suppressive CD25⁺ CD4⁺ regulatory T-cell subset. Immunology 112:38.[Medline]
15. Sakaguchi, S., N. Sakaguchi, J. Shimizu, Y. Yamazaki, T. Sakihama, M. Itoh, Y. Kuniyasu, T. Nomura, M. Toda, T. Takahashi. 2001. Immunological tolerance maintained by CD25⁺CD4⁺ regulatory T cells: their common role in controlling autoimmunity, tumor immunity, and transplantation tolerance. Immunol. Rev. 182:18.[Medline]
16. Walker, M. R., D. J. Kasprowicz, V. H. Gersuk, A. Benard, M. Van Landeghen, J. H. Buckner, S. F. Ziegler. 2003. Induction of FoxP3 and acquisition of T regulatory activity by stimulated human CD4⁺CD25^– T cells. J. Clin. Invest. 112:1437.[Medline]
17. Furtado, G. C., D. Olivares-Villagomez, M. A. Curotto de Lafaille, A. K. Wensky, J. A. Latkowski, J. J. Lafaille. 2001. Regulatory T cells in spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol. Rev. 182:122.[Medline]
18. Kohm, A. P., P. A. Carpentier, H. A. Anger, S. D. Miller. 2002. Cutting edge: CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells suppress antigen-specific autoreactive immune responses and central nervous system inflammation during active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 169:4712.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. Fairweather, S. Frisancho-Kiss, and N. R. Rose Sex Differences in Autoimmune Disease from a Pathological Perspective Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2008; 173(3): 600 - 609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Wang, H. Takeuchi, Y. Sonobe, S. Jin, T. Mizuno, S. Miyakawa, M. Fujiwara, Y. Nakamura, T. Kato, H. Muramatsu, et al. Inhibition of midkine alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through the expansion of regulatory T cell population PNAS, March 11, 2008; 105(10): 3915 - 3920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. C. Siracusa, M. G. Overstreet, F. Housseau, A. L. Scott, and S. L. Klein 17{beta}-Estradiol Alters the Activity of Conventional and IFN-Producing Killer Dendritic Cells J. Immunol., February 1, 2008; 180(3): 1423 - 1431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Jane-wit, C. Z. Altuntas, J. Monti, J. M. Johnson, T. G. Forsthuber, and V. K. Tuohy Sex-Defined T-Cell Responses to Cardiac Self Determine Differential Outcomes of Murine Dilated Cardiomyopathy Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2008; 172(1): 11 - 21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Gourdy, A. Schambourg, C. Filipe, V. Douin-Echinard, B. Garmy-Susini, B. Calippe, F. Terce, F. Bayard, and J.-F. Arnal Transforming Growth Factor Activity Is a Key Determinant for the Effect of Estradiol on Fatty Streak Deposit in Hypercholesterolemic Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2007; 27(10): 2214 - 2221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. H. Straub The Complex Role of Estrogens in Inflammation Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2007; 28(5): 521 - 574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Frisancho-Kiss, S. E. Davis, J. F. Nyland, J. A. Frisancho, D. Cihakova, M. A. Barrett, N. R. Rose, and D. Fairweather Cutting Edge: Cross-Regulation by TLR4 and T cell Ig Mucin-3 Determines Sex Differences in Inflammatory Heart Disease J. Immunol., June 1, 2007; 178(11): 6710 - 6714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Hirano, D. Furutama, and T. Hanafusa Physiologically high concentrations of 17beta-estradiol enhance NF-{kappa}B activity in human T cells Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2007; 292(4): R1465 - R1471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Guleria and M. H. Sayegh Maternal Acceptance of the Fetus: True Human Tolerance J. Immunol., March 15, 2007; 178(6): 3345 - 3351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. K. Mann, K. Maresz, L. P. Shriver, Y. Tan, and B. N. Dittel B Cell Regulation of CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells and IL-10 Via B7 is Essential for Recovery From Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., March 15, 2007; 178(6): 3447 - 3456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Polanczyk, C. Hopke, A. A. Vandenbark, and H. Offner Treg suppressive activity involves estrogen-dependent expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1) Int. Immunol., March 1, 2007; 19(3): 337 - 343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Arruvito, M. Sanz, A. H. Banham, and L. Fainboim Expansion of CD4+CD25+and FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells during the Follicular Phase of the Menstrual Cycle: Implications for Human Reproduction J. Immunol., February 15, 2007; 178(4): 2572 - 2578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. J. Bates, S. B. Fox, C. Han, R. D. Leek, J. F. Garcia, A. L. Harris, and A. H. Banham Quantification of Regulatory T Cells Enables the Identification of High-Risk Breast Cancer Patients and Those at Risk of Late Relapse J. Clin. Oncol., December 1, 2006; 24(34): 5373 - 5380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. M. Seavey and T. R. Mosmann Paternal Antigen-Bearing Cells Transferred during Insemination Do Not Stimulate Anti-Paternal CD8+ T Cells: Role of Estradiol in Locally Inhibiting CD8+ T Cell Responses J. Immunol., December 1, 2006; 177(11): 7567 - 7578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A Suarez, P Lopez, J Gomez, and C Gutierrez Enrichment of CD4+ CD25high T cell population in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with glucocorticoids Ann Rheum Dis, November 1, 2006; 65(11): 1512 - 1517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Vojdani and J. Erde Regulatory T Cells, a Potent Immunoregulatory Target for CAM Researchers: Modulating Tumor Immunity, Autoimmunity and Alloreactive Immunity (III) Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., September 1, 2006; 3(3): 309 - 316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Cernetich, L. S. Garver, A. E. Jedlicka, P. W. Klein, N. Kumar, A. L. Scott, and S. L. Klein Involvement of gonadal steroids and gamma interferon in sex differences in response to blood-stage malaria infection. Infect. Immun., June 1, 2006; 74(6): 3190 - 3203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. T. Page, S. R. Plymate, W. J. Bremner, A. M. Matsumoto, D. L. Hess, D. W. Lin, J. K. Amory, P. S. Nelson, and J. D. Wu Effect of medical castration on CD4+CD25+ T cells, CD8+ T cell IFN-{gamma} expression, and NK cells: a physiological role for testosterone and/or its metabolites Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2006; 290(5): E856 - E863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Oron, A. Ben-Haroush, M. Hod, R. Orvieto, and J. Bar Serum-Soluble CD40 Ligand in Normal Pregnancy and in Preeclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol., April 1, 2006; 107(4): 896 - 900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P.-Y. Mantel, N. Ouaked, B. Ruckert, C. Karagiannidis, R. Welz, K. Blaser, and C. B. Schmidt-Weber Molecular Mechanisms Underlying FOXP3 Induction in Human T Cells J. Immunol., March 15, 2006; 176(6): 3593 - 3602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Jiang, B. A. Orr, D. M. Kranz, and D. J. Shapiro Estrogen Induction of the Granzyme B Inhibitor, Proteinase Inhibitor 9, Protects Cells against Apoptosis Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Natural Killer Cells Endocrinology, March 1, 2006; 147(3): 1419 - 1426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Suzuki, F. Schirra, S. M. Richards, N. S. Treister, M. J. Lombardi, P. Rowley, R. V. Jensen, and D. A. Sullivan Estrogen's and Progesterone's Impact on Gene Expression in the Mouse Lacrimal Gland Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., January 1, 2006; 47(1): 158 - 168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Kahles, E. Ramos-Lopez, B. Lange, O. Zwermann, M. Reincke, and K. Badenhoop Sex-specific association of PTPN22 1858T with type 1 diabetes but not with Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Addison's disease in the German population Eur. J. Endocrinol., December 1, 2005; 153(6): 895 - 899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Delgado, A. Chorny, E. Gonzalez-Rey, and D. Ganea Vasoactive intestinal peptide generates CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in vivo J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2005; 78(6): 1327 - 1338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Reddy, H. Waldner, X. Zhang, Z. Illes, K. W. Wucherpfennig, R. A. Sobel, and V. K. Kuchroo Cutting Edge: CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells Contribute to Gender Differences in Susceptibility to Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., November 1, 2005; 175(9): 5591 - 5595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. L. Guo, W. Auttachoat, and R. P. Chi Genistein Enhancement of Respiratory Allergen Trimellitic Anhydride-induced IgE Production by Adult B6C3F1 Mice Following In Utero and Postnatal Exposure Toxicol. Sci., October 1, 2005; 87(2): 399 - 408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Elhage, P. Gourdy, J. Jawien, L. Brouchet, C. Castano, C. Fievet, G. K. Hansson, J.-F. Arnal, and F. Bayard The Atheroprotective Effect of 17{beta}-Estradiol Depends on Complex Interactions in Adaptive Immunity Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2005; 167(1): 267 - 274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Yu, R. K. Gregg, J. J. Bell, J. S. Ellis, R. Divekar, H.-H. Lee, R. Jain, H. Waldner, J. C. Hardaway, M. Collins, et al. Specific T Regulatory Cells Display Broad Suppressive Functions against Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis upon Activation with Cognate Antigen J. Immunol., June 1, 2005; 174(11): 6772 - 6780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. S. Hunt, M. G. Petroff, R. H. McIntire, and C. Ober HLA-G and immune tolerance in pregnancy FASEB J, May 1, 2005; 19(7): 681 - 693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Liu, T. Miwa, B. Hilliard, Y. Chen, J. D. Lambris, A. D. Wells, and W.-C. Song The complement inhibitory protein DAF (CD55) suppresses T cell immunity in vivo J. Exp. Med., February 22, 2005; 201(4): 567 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Polanczyk, M. J. Articles by Offner, H. Search for Related Content PubMed