| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
-Dependent Mechanism1
* Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan;
Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan;
Department of Internal Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan;
Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
¶
Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
production in the lungs and draining lymph node cells. These changes were diminished when mice were depleted of IFN- by anti-IFN- mAb pretreatment. Interestingly, treatment with anti-B7-H1 or anti-PD-1 mAb did not significantly affect the asthmatic response. These results suggest a unique role for B7-DC in the regulation of asthmatic response through an IFN--dependent, but PD-1-independent, mechanism. |
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Programmed death-1 (PD-1)3 is a transmembrane protein originally identified in a T cell line that was undergoing activation-induced cell death (13). Subsequent studies revealed that its expression was associated with cell activation rather than cell death (14, 15). PD-1 was expressed on activated T and B cells and on a subset of thymocytes (14). Structurally, PD-1 belongs to the CD28/CTLA-4 subfamily of the Ig superfamily and, as such, contains a single Ig V-like domain in its extracellular region (2, 16). PD-1-deficient C57BL/6 mice were shown to develop glomerulonephritis and lupus-like arthritis (17), whereas PD-1-deficient BALB/c mice were shown to develop autoantibody-mediated dilated cardiomyopathy (18). Additionally, PD-1-deficient mice that were crossed with H-2d-specific TCR transgenic mice on an H-2b/d background exhibited growth retardation, splenomegaly, and lethal graft-vs-host disease (17). These studies support the idea that PD-1 plays a critical role in peripheral tolerance induction and autoimmune disease prevention.
Recently, two new members of the B7 family, i.e., B7-H1 (PD-L1) and B7-DC (PD-L2), were identified as ligands for PD-1 (19, 20, 21, 22). The binding of PD-1 to B7-H1 or B7-DC reportedly inhibited TCR-mediated T cell proliferation and cytokine production, suggesting that the cross-linking of PD-1 by B7-H1 or B7-DC may lead to the down-regulation of T cell responses (20, 21). However, it was also shown that when resting T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb and B7-DC-Ig, they exhibited enhanced proliferation and IFN- production (22). Another group also reported enhanced proliferation and IFN-, GM-CSF, and IL-10 production by T cells that were stimulated with low doses of anti-CD3 mAb and B7-H1-Ig (19, 23). These conflicting results have made it difficult to decipher the biological significance of B7-H1 and B7-DC vis-à-vis PD-1. We theorized that a better understanding of the roles of these molecules might be obtained by using well-characterized disease models.
B7-H1 mRNA has been detected in various organs, including the heart, lung, thymus, spleen, kidney, and liver, and was shown to be up-regulated by IFN- in monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) (19, 20). B7-DC mRNA has been detected in liver, lung, and spleen and was shown to be preferentially expressed in bone-marrow-derived and splenic DCs (21, 22). Recently, mAb specific for B7-H1 and B7-DC have become available (24, 25), which were used to show that B7-H1 was constitutively expressed on T cells, B cells, macrophages, and DCs and that it was up-regulated on T cells by CD3 ligation and on macrophages and DCs by IFN-, GM-CSF, or IL-4. In contrast, B7-DC expression was found to be inducible only on macrophages and DCs after their stimulation with IFN-, GM-CSF, or IL-4. The fact that cytokines can induce the expression of B7-H1 and B7-DC on APCs suggests that these ligands might play a role in regulating the activity of Th1/Th2 cells (26). This possibility prompted us to investigate the roles of these two ligands in a murine asthma models. Our study revealed distinct expression patterns of B7-H1 and B7-DC on a variety of immune cells in the lungs of these animals and provided a new scenario that B7-DC, but not B7-H1, might attenuate Th2-skewed allergic response by an IFN--dependent, but PD-1-independent, mechanism.
|
Materials and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Male BALB/c mice, 6–7 wk of age, were purchased from Charles River Japan (Kanagawa, Japan) and were housed in environmentally controlled specific pathogen-free conditions. All animals were maintained in-house for 1 wk before their use in this study. All procedures and protocols were approved by the animal research ethics committee at Kyushu University.
Sensitization and challenge
Mice were sensitized by i.p. injection of 10 µg of chicken OVA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and 0.3 mg of aluminum potassium sulfate (SERVA Electrophoresis, Heidelberg, Germany) on days 1 and 11, and then challenged with 5% OVA in saline mist for 20 min on days 19, 21, and 23. The OVA mist was generated using an ultrasonic nebulizer (NE-U17; Omron, Mie, Japan). Control mice were subjected to 0.9% saline sensitization and challenges, and were referred to as naive mice. Subgroups of animals received i.p. injections (250 µg/animal) of anti-mouse B7-H1 mAb (MIH6, rat IgG2a), anti-mouse B7-DC mAb (TY25, rat IgG2a), or control rat IgG (Sigma-Aldrich) 6 h before each sensitization and challenge. Other subgroups received i.p. injections (250 µg/animal) of anti-mouse PD-1 mAb (J43, hamster IgG) (14) or control hamster IgG (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) 6 h before each challenge. Two additional anti-mouse PD-1 mAbs, RMP1–14 (rat IgG2a) and RMP1–30 (rat IgG2b), were newly generated against mouse PD-1 transfectants. RMP1–14, but not RMP1–30, blocked the binding of both B7-H1-Ig and B7-DC-Ig to PD-1 transfectants just like J43 (27). These Abs or control rat IgG (Sigma-Aldrich) were administered to subgroups of mice i.p. (250 µg/animal) 6 h before each allergen challenge. In some experiments mice received i.p. injections of 500 µg/animal of anti-mouse IFN- mAb (R4-6A2, rat IgG1) or control rat IgG 8 h before their OVA challenges on days 19 and 21 to deplete their endogenous IFN-. The total dose of mAb was determined according to the previous study (28). All rat mAbs were purified from ascites by standard procedures using caprylic acid extraction (25). The anti-PD-1 mAb was purified from hybridoma supernatant using protein G columns. The purity of these mAbs was verified by SDS-PAGE analysis. Endotoxin levels were found to be <10 ng/ml in 1 mg/ml of the mAb solutions. Measurements of airway reactivity to inhaled acetylcholine, bronchoalveolar lavage, and collection of immune cells from the lungs and draining lymph nodes (DLN) were conducted 24 h after the last OVA challenge.
Collection of lung cells and lymph node cells
Enzymatic digestion of the lungs was performed as previously described (29). Briefly, mice were exanguinated under a lethal dose of pentobarbital, and the lungs were carefully removed, cut, and minced. Two milliliters of complete Dulbecco’s PBS containing 0.4 mg/ml collagenase type 1A, 330 U/ml hyaluronidase, 50 U/ml DNase, 10% FBS (all additives from Sigma-Aldrich), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (Life Technologies, Grand island, NY) were added to the minced lungs, and the suspension was incubated for 60 min at 37°C. The samples were then filtered through a 52-µm pore size nylon mesh. The single-cell suspensions were washed once with completed Dulbecco’s PBS, and the erythrocytes were removed by lysis with NH4Cl-Tris buffer. Cells were suspended in complete RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich) and were adjusted to a density of 2 x 106 cells/ml. DLN cells were collected from paratracheal and mediastinal lymph nodes and were dissociated into a single-cell suspension in complete RPMI 1640.
Flow cytometric analysis
Cells (106) were incubated with mAbs against CD3 (145-2C11, hamster IgG), CD4 (RM4-5, rat IgG2a), CD8
(53-6.7, rat IgG2a), CD11c (HL3, hamster IgG1), CD19 (ID3, rat IgG2a), CD86 (GL1, rat IgG2a), PD-1 (J43, hamster IgG), and F4/80 (rat IgG2b; Caltag Laboratories, An Der Grub, Austria). All fluorochrome-labeled mAbs and isotype control IgGs were purchased from BD PharMingen (San Diego, CA) unless otherwise noted. Biotinylated anti-B7-H1 (MIH6, rat IgG2a) and anti-B7-DC mAbs (TY25, rat IgG2a) were used in combination with allophycocyanin-labeled streptavidin. In some experiments, PE-labeled anti-B7-H1 mAb was used in combination with biotinylated anti-B7-DC mAb plus allophycocyanin-labeled streptavidin. Cells were first incubated with unlabeled anti-CD16/32 mAb for 20 min to prevent nonspecific binding via FcR and were then incubated with FITC-, PE-, and PerCP-labeled mAbs and biotinylated mAb for 30 min. After washing with PBS containing 1% FBS, 0.02% NaN3, and 0.02% EDTA, referred to as PBS+, the cells were incubated with allophycocyanin-labeled streptavidin for 20 min. After washing with PBS+, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (medium A; Caltag Laboratories) for 20 min, washed again with PBS+, and stored at 4°C until analyzed.
Intracellular cytokine staining was performed as previously reported (29). DLN cells (5 x 106 cells/ml in complete RPMI 1640) were stimulated with OVA (0.4 mg/ml) for 24 h or with PMA (10 ng/ml; Sigma-Aldrich) and 2 µg/ml of ionomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) for 5 h; monensin (0.7 µl/well; GolgiStop; BD PharMingen) was added for the final 4 h of stimulation. The cells were then washed, and cell surface staining was performed using FITC-labeled anti-CD4, PerCP-labeled anti-CD8, and allophycocyanin-labeled anti-CD3 mAbs, as described above. After fixation with 10% paraformaldehyde (medium A), cells were permeabilized with 0.1% saponin-containing solution (medium B; Caltag) for 10 min, after which they were stained with PE-labeled anti-IFN- mAb (XMG1.2, rat IgG1) or isotype control IgG1 for 30 min. After several washes, the cells were suspended in PBS containing 1% paraformaldehyde and analyzed.
It is known that a small number of DCs are double positive for CD11c and F4/80 (30, 31). This might make it difficult to for us distinguish DCs from lung macrophages. Thus, the assessment of costimulatory molecules on APCs in the lung samples was focused on two populations. One was composed of small CD8-CD11c+cells (determined by forward scatter) and was regarded as being a myeloid DC-dominant population; our preliminary experiments confirmed that one-third of these cells were also positive for F4/80. The other was composed of large F4/80+ cells, 90% of which were negative for CD11c. This population was regarded as a macrophage-dominant population. Examination of CD8+CD11c+ cells, which were thought to be lymphoid DCs, was beyond the scope of our present study because they were extremely scarce in our lung (0.1–0.2% of total digested lung cells) and DLN (0.2–0.3% of total DLN cells) samples.
Measurement of airway hyper-reactivity (AHR)
Measurement of AHR was performed according to our previously described protocol (32). Briefly, animals were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and sodium pentobarbital i.p., and their tracheas were cannulated via tracheotomy. The animals were ventilated mechanically (model 687; Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA), with a tidal volume of 0.3 ml and at a frequency of 120 breaths/min. The airway opening pressure was measured with a differential pressure transducer (model TP-603T; Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan) and was recorded continuously with a pen recorder (Nihon Kohden RJG-4124). Stepwise increases in acetylcholine (diluted in 0.9% saline; Sigma-Aldrich) concentrations (0.6–10 mg/ml/120 breaths) were administered with an ultrasonic nebulizer (Omron NE-U07). The data were expressed as the provocative concentration 200 (PC200), i.e., the concentration at which airway pressure was 200% of its baseline value, which was calculated by log-linear interpolation for individual animals. Values of PC200 were expressed as log (PC200 x 100).
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and cytokine measurements
Mice were exanguinated with a lethal dose of pentobarbital, and their lungs were gently lavaged with 1 ml of 0.9% saline via a tracheal cannula. Total and differential BAL cell counts were performed as previously described (32). Samples were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min, and the supernatants were stored at -80°C. Mouse IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IFN- were quantified using ELISA kits (BioSource International, Camarillo, CA) according to the manufacturer’s protocols.
Data analysis
Values were expressed as the mean ± SEM. Differences among groups were analyzed using unpaired t tests or an ANOVA together with a post hoc Bonferroni analysis. Nonparametric data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney U test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The total cell numbers of DCs (CD8-CD11c+ cells) in the DLN and DCs, macrophages (F4/80+ cells), and T cells (CD3+ cells) in the lung were significantly elevated in allergen-challenged mice (Fig. 1A, upper panels). Allergen challenge also significantly increased the percentages of B7-H1+ cells within the DC, macrophage, and B cell (CD19+) populations in the lungs (Fig. 1, A and B). In contrast, the percentage of B7-H1+ cells in the DC population in the DLNs was significantly reduced in allergen-challenged animals, although the absolute number of B7-H1+ cells was elevated (data not shown). In contrast to the abundant expression of B7-H1, B7-DC expression in the lungs of naive mice was minimal. Significant B7-DC expression was only observed on DCs in the DLNs. Allergen challenge significantly elevated the expression of B7-DC on lung and DLN DCs and macrophages, but this elevated expression was limited, especially on lung macrophages. B7-DC expression was not evident on B or T cells.
|
+ DCs in DLNs, the expression patterns of B7-H1 and B7-DC were similar to those of CD8- DCs (data not shown). B7-H1 was constitutively expressed on lung macrophages in naive mice, and this expression was further enhanced after OVA challenge. B7-DC expression on lung macrophages in naive mice was minimal, but was somewhat enhanced by allergen challenge. Interestingly, CD86 expression on lung macrophages was diminished after allergen challenge. In sum, our results showed that B7-H1 was abundantly expressed on DCs and macrophages, and that there was limited enhancement of B7-DC expression on lung DCs and macrophages in response to allergen challenge.
Expression of PD-1 on T cells in the lungs and on DLN cells
The total number of CD4+ T cells was significantly increased in both the lungs and DLNs, whereas the number of CD8+ T cells was increased only in the DLNs (Fig. 2). PD-1 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was significantly increased in the DLN cells of OVA-challenged mice. PD-1 was rarely expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lungs of naive mice. The expression of PD-1 on lung CD4+ T cells was increased in OVA-challenged mice, but PD-1 expression on lung CD8+ T cells was limited. Collectively, these data showed that allergen challenge induced a significant expansion and activation in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the DLNs and the preferential infiltration of CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1 in the lung.
|
Flow cytometric analysis revealed that allergen challenge increased B7-H1 and B7-DC expression on CD8- DCs and macrophages, as well as the expression of PD-1 on T cells, in the lungs and DLNs. Airway reactivity to inhaled acetylcholine was significantly higher in OVA-challenged and control IgG-treated mice compared with naive mice. In assessing the effects of treatment with neutralizing anti-B7-H1 and anti-B7-DC mAbs during the sensitization phase on the development of allergen-induced asthmatic responses, we found that such treatment did not affect AHR (Fig. 3A). The numbers of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in the BAL fluid (BALF) of OVA-challenged and control IgG-treated mice were significantly increased compared with those of naive mice (Fig. 3B). Although treatment with anti-B7-H1 mAb did not affect this inflammatory cell profile, treatment with anti-B7-DC mAb resulted in an elevation in the number of neutrophils in the BALF.
|
Treatment with anti-B7-H1 mAb had no effect on AHR (Fig. 4A) or the BALF inflammatory cell profile (Fig. 4B). However, treatment with anti-B7-DC mAb during OVA challenge significantly augmented AHR and BALF eosinophilia compared with those in control IgG-treated mice. The effects of mAb treatment on the inflammatory responses were further evaluated by enumerating the T and B cells in the digested lungs. OVA challenge significantly increased the number of CD4+, but not CD8+, T cells; this increase was not affected by either anti-B7-H1 or anti-B7-DC mAb treatment. Interestingly, the number of CD8+ T cells was significantly reduced in response to anti-B7-DC mAb treatment. The number of B cells was not affected by OVA challenge and/or each mAb treatment.
|
Consistent with the observations in Fig. 4, airway reactivity and the lymphocyte, neutrophil, and eosinophil counts in the BALF were significantly enhanced in the OVA-challenged mice. Surprisingly, these asthmatic responses were not affected by treatment with any of three anti-PD-1 mAbs, J43, RMP1–14, or RMP1–30 (Fig. 5).
|
production
OVA challenge dramatically increased IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13; moderately increased IL-10; and slightly increased IFN- production in the BALF (Fig. 6A). IL-5 and IL-13 production in the BALF was further enhanced by the treatment with anti-B7-DC mAb, but not control IgG. The production of IL-4 and IL-10 production was not affected by anti-B7-DC mAb treatment. Interestingly, IFN- production in the BALF was substantially suppressed by anti-B7-DC mAb treatment, which was further confirmed by the reduced intracellular staining of T cells for IFN- of DLN T cells that were stimulated with OVA in vitro. The expression of IFN- by both DLN CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from mice treated with anti-B7-DC mAb was significantly reduced compared with that seen in control IgG-treated mice (Fig. 6B). In contrast, the expression of IFN- by both CD4+ and CD8+ DLN T cells that were stimulated with PMA and ionomycin was not inhibited in the anti-B7-DC mAb-treated mice. These results showed that anti-B7-DC mAb treatment suppressed the allergen-specific production of IFN- on T cells from allergen-challenged mice.
|
nullified the effects of anti-B7-DC mAb treatment
Although neutralization of IFN- did not affect AHR, it did result in a significant increase in the number of eosinophils in the BALF (Fig. 7). This finding was consistent with previous reports that depletion of IFN- augmented eosinophilic inflammation without affecting AHR (28, 33). The augmented AHR and eosinophilia that occurred as a result of anti-B7-DC mAb treatment were not seen in IFN--depleted mice. Similarly, the enhanced production of IL-5 and IL-13 in the BALF that was observed in anti-B7-DC mAb-treated mice (Fig. 6A) was reversed in the IFN--depleted animals. These results indicated that the exaggerated effects of the anti-B7-DC mAb treatment on the asthmatic response were mediated by an IFN--dependent mechanism.
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
production in the BALF. These effects of anti-B7-DC mAb treatment were diminished in animals that were depleted of IFN-. Interestingly, the treatment of animals with anti-PD-1 mAb did not affect the asthmatic responses in this model.
Despite the abundant expression of B7-H1 on DCs and macrophages in the inflamed lung and DLN cells after allergen challenge, surprisingly, treatment with anti-B7-H1 mAb did not affect lung eosinophilia and AHR in these animals. It is unlikely that our anti-B7-H1 mAb failed to effectively bind and block B7-H1, as treatment with this same Ab effectively enhanced immune responses that were mediated by PD-1/B7-H1 interactions in animals belonging to the autoimmune nonobese diabetic (NOD) (27) and hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity (34) models. Although PD-1 has been implicated in the negative regulation of T cell functions (16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 35), several reports (19, 36, 37) have shown that its ligand, i.e., B7-H1, plays a role in providing costimulation for T cell effector functions. It has been shown that B7-H1 on tumor cells promoted apoptosis in effector CTL and that this apoptotic effect was probably mediated by PD-1 or receptors other than PD-1 (36, 38). Treatment with B7-H1Ig was shown to prolong cardiac allograft survival, and this prolongation was accompanied by reduced expression of IFN- within the graft (39). Thus, it is possible that the regulatory and costimulatory functions that are mediated by PD-1 and unknown receptor(s) can offset the B7-H1-mediated effects in the experimental asthma model.
It should be noted that the augmentation of the asthmatic response by anti-B7-DC mAb was only observed when treatment was given during the allergen challenge, but not sensitization, period. This finding suggests that B7-DC preferentially mediates the effector phase of the asthmatic response, which includes the migration and activation of pathogenic Th2 cells into the lung, but not in the induction phase, which results in the development of pathogenic Th2 cells. It is noteworthy that anti-B7-DC mAb treatment altered the cytokine profiles of the BALF, with increases seen in the Th2 cytokines, IL-5 and IL-13, and a decrease in Th1 cytokine, IFN-. Furthermore, the number of CD8+ T cells that was recruited into the lung was significantly reduced, whereas the number of recruited CD4+ T cells was not affected. As CD8+ T cells are the dominant producers of IFN-, the diminished recruitment of CD8+ T cell into the lung may partly account for the reduction in IFN- seen in that organ. The inhibition of IFN- production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was only observed in the response to a specific allergen, i.e., OVA, and not in response to nominal TCR signals, suggesting that this inhibition was Ag specific. Anti-B7-DC mAb treatment during the effector phase might alter the balance between Th1/CTL and Th2 cells. In a murine model of allergic asthma, accumulating evidence suggests that Th2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 mediate allergen-induced airway eosinophilia and AHR, whereas IFN- and IL-12 down-regulate these responses (40). Allergen-induced airway eosinophilia was shown to be augmented by treatment with anti-IFN- mAb during allergen challenge (28) and in IFN--deficient mice (33). Therefore it is possible that blockade of B7-DC might initially suppress IFN- production, resulting in enhanced Th2 cell activation and eosinophil recruitment into the lung. In support of this idea, we found that the increased severity of the asthmatic response that was seen in anti-B7-DC mAb-treated mice diminished after the neutralization of endogenous IFN-. These data suggest an initial and critical role of IFN- in the B7-DC-mediated regulation of the asthmatic response.
In contrast to the abundant expression of B7-H1, B7-DC expression in the inflamed lung was limited, especially on lung macrophages. Consistent with previous reports (6, 41, 42, 43), we observed reduced expression of CD86 and B7-DC on lung macrophages compared with other peripheral tissues. Similar findings were reported in the CNS of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (44). Interestingly, treatment with anti-B7-DC mAb, but not anti-B7-H1 mAb similarly augmented disease in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model.
We cannot completely rule out the possibility that the anti-B7-DC mAb (TY25) might have acted as an activator of B7-DC and that it activated Th2 cells. Recent reports suggested that the ligation of B7-DC by the cross-linking of IgM Abs may activate DCs and promote T cell effector functions (45, 46). However, both intact TY25 and Fab of TY25 were found to block the B7-DC-mediated cellular responses in a similar manner in vitro (H. Yagita, unpublished observations). In addition, the in vivo treatment of NOD mice (27) and mice with contact hypersensitivity (34) with TY25 failed to affect their pathological outcomes. These results support the idea that TY25 treatment can block the interaction of B7-DC with its receptor.
B7-DC is known to provide a negative signal, via an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif in the PD-1 cytoplasmic region (21). A recent study has shown that blockade of B7-DC on DCs augmented IFN- production by alloreactive T cells (47). Thus, the augmentation of asthmatic response by anti-B7-DC mAb might be due to blocking of a negative signal provided by B7-DC on IL-5 and IL-13 production. However, this speculation does not explain the reciprocal decrease in IFN- in BALF by anti-B7-DC mAb treatment, whereas mouse B7-DC transfectants inhibited IFN- production by OVA peptide-stimulated CD4+ T cells from DO11.10 transgenic mice in vitro (21). In addition, the diminished augmentation of IL-5 and IL-13 production by anti-B7-DC mAb in mice pretreated with anti-IFN- mAb renders it difficult to fully explain the whole phenomena in the context of inhibitory function of B7-DC.
Given the original concept that PD-1 ligation delivers an inhibitory signal, a remaining question is how B7-DC can stimulate IFN- production. Intriguingly, the treatment with anti-PD-1 mAbs did not affect airway eosinophilia and AHR. Previous studies using the same anti-mouse PD-1 mAb (J43), effectively blocked PD-1-mediated regulation of experimental models for autoimmune encephalomyelitis, autoimmune diabetes, graft-vs-host response, and contact hypersensitivity (27, 34, 44, 48). We included newly established anti-PD-1 mAb, RMP1–14, which blocks the binding of both B7-H1-Ig and B7-DC-Ig to PD-1 in vitro. We have recently found that RMP1–14 treatment exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (H. Yagita, unpublished observation), as did J43 (44). Tseng et al. (22) showed that naive T cells that were costimulated with B7-DC-Ig in the presence of anti-CD3 mAb enhanced their production of IFN-. but not that of IL-4 and IL-10. A recent report demonstrated that a B7-DC mutant with impaired PD-1 binding capacity was still able to provide costimulation for the production of IFN- by T cells (49). Furthermore, it was shown that DCs from B7-DC-deficient mice diminished their ability to costimulate proliferation and IFN- production by CD4+ T cells and that this costimulation was independent of PD-1 (50). These reports provide strong evidence of the existence of a second receptor, in addition to PD-1, which is capable of delivering a costimulatory signal. In our model, B7-DC might function through such a novel receptor independently of PD-1.
In the IFN--depleted mice, the treatment with anti-B7-DC mAb failed to enhance IL-5 and IL-13 production. If it is the case that B7-DC could deliver costimulatory signals to Th2 cells for production of IL-5 and IL-13 as well as to Th1 cells (and CTL) for IFN- production, and the ability for costimulation would be more potent for Th1 cells, the regulation of asthmatic responses by IFN- could overcome the potential enhancement of IL-5 and IL-13 production. To clarify this issue, further studies are now underway using B7-DC-/- and IFN--/- mice.
Two unique properties of B7-DC have been suggested by the above findings. First, as suppression of Th2 responses is specific to B7-DC, but not to B7-H1, the disparate effects of B7-H1 and B7-DC blockade on different immune responses and disease models raise the possibility that B7-H1 and B7-DC (or PD-1 and an unknown receptor) may preferentially regulate Th1 and Th2 responses (26). Second, the B7-DC blockade is observed in the effector phase of the immune response. These findings suggest that the regulation of B7-DC activity may have therapeutic implications for the control of asthma in humans. Further investigation of the molecular and cell biology of B7-H1 and B7-DC will undoubtedly lead to a broadening of our understanding of the mechanisms of immune diseases, including asthma.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
|
Footnotes |
|---|
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Hiromasa Inoue, Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. E-mail address: inoue{at}kokyu.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: PD-1, programmed death-1; AHR, airway hyper-reactivity; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; BALF, BAL fluid; DC, dendritic cell; DLN, draining lymph node.
Received for publication September 15, 2003. Accepted for publication November 26, 2003.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
on allergic airway responses in interferon--deficient mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166:451.-dependent mechanism. J. Immunol. 171:1272.This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  T. Nagamatsu, D. J. Schust, J. Sugimoto, and B. F. Barrier Human decidual stromal cells suppress cytokine secretion by allogenic CD4+ T cells via PD-1 ligand interactions Hum. Reprod., December 1, 2009; 24(12): 3160 - 3171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. S. McGee and D. K. Agrawal Naturally Occurring and Inducible T-Regulatory Cells Modulating Immune Response in Allergic Asthma Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 1, 2009; 180(3): 211 - 225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Zhang, I. P. Lewkowich, G. Kohl, J. R. Clark, M. Wills-Karp, and J. Kohl A Protective Role for C5a in the Development of Allergic Asthma Associated with Altered Levels of B7-H1 and B7-DC on Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells J. Immunol., April 15, 2009; 182(8): 5123 - 5130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. D. Blackburn, H. Shin, G. J. Freeman, and E. J. Wherry Selective expansion of a subset of exhausted CD8 T cells by {alpha}PD-L1 blockade PNAS, September 30, 2008; 105(39): 15016 - 15021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Pentcheva-Hoang, L. Chen, D. M. Pardoll, and J. P. Allison Programmed death-1 concentration at the immunological synapse is determined by ligand affinity and availability PNAS, November 6, 2007; 104(45): 17765 - 17770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. C. Beier, T. Kallinich, and E. Hamelmann T-cell co-stimulatory molecules: novel targets for the treatment of allergic airway disease Eur. Respir. J., August 1, 2007; 30(2): 383 - 390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kallinich, K. C. Beier, U. Wahn, P. Stock, and E. Hamelmann T-cell co-stimulatory molecules: their role in allergic immune reactions Eur. Respir. J., June 1, 2007; 29(6): 1246 - 1255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Nomi, M. Sho, T. Akahori, K. Hamada, A. Kubo, H. Kanehiro, S. Nakamura, K. Enomoto, H. Yagita, M. Azuma, et al. Clinical Significance and Therapeutic Potential of the Programmed Death-1 Ligand/Programmed Death-1 Pathway in Human Pancreatic Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2007; 13(7): 2151 - 2157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Zhang, Y. Chung, C. Bishop, B. Daugherty, H. Chute, P. Holst, C. Kurahara, F. Lott, N. Sun, A. A. Welcher, et al. Regulation of T cell activation and tolerance by PDL2 PNAS, August 1, 2006; 103(31): 11695 - 11700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Fukushima, T Yamaguchi, M Azuma, H Yagita, and H Ueno Involvement of programmed death-ligand 2 (PD-L2) in the development of experimental allergic conjunctivitis in mice Br J Ophthalmol, August 1, 2006; 90(8): 1040 - 1045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. K. Kim, H. Guan, G. Zu, H. Li, L. Wu, X. Feng, C. Elmets, Y. Fu, and H. Xu High-level expression of B7-H1 molecules by dendritic cells suppresses the function of activated T cells and desensitizes allergen-primed animals J. Leukoc. Biol., April 1, 2006; 79(4): 686 - 695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Zhu, I. Guleria, A. Khosroshahi, T. Chitnis, J. Imitola, M. Azuma, H. Yagita, M. H. Sayegh, and S. J. Khoury Differential Role of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 and Programmed Death-Ligand 2 in Regulating the Susceptibility and Chronic Progression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., March 15, 2006; 176(6): 3480 - 3489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Shin, K. Yoshimura, T. Shin, E. B. Crafton, H. Tsuchiya, F. Housseau, H. Koseki, R. D. Schulick, L. Chen, and D. M. Pardoll In vivo costimulatory role of B7-DC in tuning T helper cell 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses J. Exp. Med., May 16, 2005; 201(10): 1531 - 1541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. P. Pomerleau, R. J. Bagley, D. V. Serreze, C. E. Mathews, and E. H. Leiter Major Histocompatibility Complex-Linked Diabetes Susceptibility in NOD/Lt Mice: Subcongenic Analysis Localizes a Component of Idd16 at the H2-D End of the Diabetogenic H2g7 Complex Diabetes, May 1, 2005; 54(5): 1603 - 1606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Radhakrishnan, K. Iijima, T. Kobayashi, M. Rodriguez, H. Kita, and L. R. Pease Blockade of Allergic Airway Inflammation Following Systemic Treatment with a B7-Dendritic Cell (PD-L2) Cross-Linking Human Antibody J. Immunol., July 15, 2004; 173(2): 1360 - 1365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
