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* Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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2-fold, and the number of SP thymocytes is further reduced 5-fold (5), underscoring the importance of CD45 in T cell development. The effects of CD45 targeting on the B cell populations are somewhat more subtle. The number of B cells produced in the bone marrow and their migration to the periphery appear largely normal, but their further maturation and functional activity are impaired (5). The role of CD45 in nonlymphoid cells is less well-understood. Its wide expression within the hemopoietic compartment suggests that CD45 may play a part in the development and/or function of other hemopoietic cell types. Indeed, recent studies have shown it to be involved in a variety of other hemopoietic cell signaling events (8, 9), including cytokine receptor signaling through the Janus kinase/STAT pathway by acting directly on phosphorylated Janus kinase family kinases (10).
CD45 is expressed as multiple protein isoforms resulting from alternative RNA splicing (11). Although there is some evidence for differences in the molecular properties of different isoforms (12, 13, 14), the functional significance of isoform variation is not well-understood. Nevertheless, there are good reasons for believing that isoform variation in CD45 is an important aspect of its biology. The existence and expression pattern of different isoforms is highly conserved throughout evolution (11, 15, 16). For example, the CD4+, CD8+ DP thymocyte population preferentially expresses the low m.w. isoform CD45RO, whereas positively selected SP thymocytes and naive peripheral T cells up-regulate expression of different, higher m.w. isoforms (for instance CD45RB in mice). This transition is reversed upon activation of the naive T cells by Ag (11).
CD45 is a large, highly glycosylated molecule with a structure reminiscent of cell surface receptors. Hence, much past effort has been directed toward the identification of ligands for CD45. However, a classical protein ligand has not been found. A number of lectin-like molecules have been shown to bind CD45 in a carbohydrate-specific fashion including galectin-1 (17), mannose receptor (18), and CD22 (19), but the significance of interactions such as these is unclear. More recently, it has been proposed that the formation of homo- and heterodimers by CD45 isoforms may be the primary mechanism by which its activity is controlled (12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22).
The mouse vav1 gene is widely expressed in hemopoietic cells but few other cell types. Thus, there is a substantial overlap in its expression pattern and that of CD45. The unusual lineage-restricted, yet compartment-wide, vav1 expression pattern and the regulation of its expression have been the subject of recent studies (23, 24, 25). These established the existence of DNaseI hypersensitive sites within the vav1 locus, marking putative transcriptional regulatory elements. The identification of such regulatory regions led to the development of vav transgenic vectors which can be used to direct expression of heterologous coding regions expressly to hemopoietic cells (23, 24, 25). In this study, we take advantage of the availability of a vav transgenic vector to restore CD45 protein, specifically the CD45RO and CD45RB isoforms, to mice deficient in endogenous CD45 and thereby investigate the ability of these individual isoforms to compensate functionally for endogenous CD45 protein in lymphocytes. Given their expression in nonlymphoid lineages, these mice should also facilitate the investigation of CD45 isoform function in other hemopoietic cells.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The CD45RO isoform encoding cDNA (26) was kindly provided by Dr. Y. Saga (Sloan-Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, NY). A cDNA encoding CD45RB was generated by amplification from splenic cDNA, using the proof-reading Pfu DNA polymerase. The resulting 437-bp 5' fragment was then used to replace the corresponding portion of the CD45RO sequence, hence producing a full-length CD45RB cDNA. The cDNAs were inserted into the NotI site of the HS321/45 vav-hCD4 plasmid (described previously in Ref. 25) using NotI linkers. By this means, the cDNA encoding truncated human CD4 was replaced with one encoding either CD45RO or CD45RB. Importantly, the normal order of the vav1 DNaseI hypersensitive sites and all other elements in the transgenic vector are maintained, with the CD45RO or CD45RB cDNAs replacing the coding portion of vav1 exon 1. The integrity of the cDNAs was confirmed by sequencing. Before microinjection, the resulting vav-CD45RO and vav-CD45RB transgenes were excised from the plasmid vector. SacII digests were electrophoresed through low melting point agarose and the transgene fragments were purified using an elutip-D column (Schleicher & Schuell, Dassel, Germany). The transgene DNA was then ethanol precipitated and dissolved in sterile 10 mmol/L Tris-HCL (pH 7.4), 0.1 mmol/L EDTA. The DNA was microinjected into fertilized (C57BL/6J x DBA/J)F2 eggs which were transferred to pseudo-pregnant (CBA/H x C57BL/6J)F1 recipient females. Transgenic pups were identified by PCR on DNA extracted from tail biopsies using primers specific to the transgene SV40 poly sequence (25). As a further test, sequences located in exons 2 (5'-CCT TTG GAT TTG CCC TTC TGG AC-3') and 7 (5'-GAT GGT GTA AGA GTT GTG AGG CTG G-3'), which flank the variably expressed exons 4, 5, and 6, were used as PCR primers. The size of the resulting product confirmed the presence of either the vav-CD45RO or vav-CD45RB transgene.
Transgenic founder mice were mated to previously described B6.129-Ptprctm1holm CD45 exon 9-/- mice (5) to generate isoform transgene-bearing animals which simultaneously lacked expression of all endogenous CD45 isoforms (referred to as Tg+, CD45-/-). In the experiments described here, transgene-negative, CD45-deficient (CD45-/-) mice were tested simultaneously, along with CD45+/+, CD45+/-, or C57BL/6J control mice. Where possible, control mice were littermates, with the exception of those from the inbred C57BL/6 strain. The status of transgenic and control mice with respect to the CD45 locus was routinely tested using PCR primers located within a CD45 intron (5'-CGA TGA TGA TTG TAC TAA TTT CCT TTT TTT-3'), exon 9 (5'-GTA ATC AGA CTT TTA AGG CAG ACC TC-3' and 5'-GCT GGA GCA CAT GAG TCA TTA GAC AC-3'), and the neomycin resistance gene which formed part of the targeting construct (5'-TTG GCT ACC CGT GAT ATT GCT G-3'). In addition, flow cytometric analysis (see below) confirmed the lack of endogenous CD45 protein in the CD45-/- control mice.
Flow cytometric analysis
Peripheral blood and other hemopoietic tissues were analyzed for expression of CD45 protein by flow cytometry using pan-CD45-specific Abs to detect all CD45 isoforms. The mice analyzed were between 10 and 26 wk of age. Blood leukocytes, obtained after NH4Cl lysis of erythrocytes, were incubated on ice with PE-labeled rat anti-mouse CD45 mAb (clone 30F11; BD PharMingen, San Diego, CA) plus anti-Fc
receptor Ab (clone 2.4G2; BD PharMingen) to reduce nonspecific binding. Alternatively, the pan-CD45-specific mAb YBM42.2 was used in conjunction with FITC anti-rat mAb (MARG2A; Serotec, Oxford, U.K.). Single cell suspensions of femoral bone marrow, thymus, spleen, mesenteric, and inguinal lymph nodes, as well as peritoneal cells, were all analyzed similarly. In some cases, mature RBCs were gated out by forward scatter rather than removed by lysis. To determine hemopoietic lineage, the cells were also incubated in saturating quantities of fluorochrome- or biotin-conjugated mAbs to anti-cell surface marker-specific Abs and, where necessary, streptavidin-allophycocyanin (Caltag Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Cell surface marker-specific mAbs used included anti-CD3 (clone 145-2C11), anti-CD4 (H129.19), anti-CD8 (53-6.7), anti-CD25 (IL-2R
chain, clone PC61-5.3), anti-CD44 (IM7.8.1), anti-CD45RB (16A or MB23G2), anti-Thy1 (T24.31.2), anti-Gr-1 (RB6-8C5), anti-Mac-1 (CD11b, clone M1/70-15), anti-CD19 (ID3), anti-IgM (anti-Cµ 5.1 or b7.6), anti-IgD (11-26C or 1.19), and anti-Ter119, all purchased from BD PharMingen or prepared in our laboratory. After staining, cells were washed and resuspended in PBS containing 2% FCS, 10 mmol/L NaN3, and 1 µg/ml propidium iodide or in PBS, 1% formaldehyde. At least 10,000 viable, nucleated cells were analyzed, using a FACSCalibur or FACScan cytometer and CellQuest software (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA).
Measurement of lymphocyte proliferative responses in vitro
T cell proliferation in response to anti-mouse CD3
(clone 145-2C11) and CD28 (clone 37.51) mAbs was measured as follows: T lymphocytes were purified from spleen by Spin-Sep (StemCell Technologies, London, U.K.), and were plated at 2 x 105 cells/well into 96-well plates precoated with either 1 or 5 µg/ml CD3 (BD PharMingen) or CD3 (1 µg/ml) plus CD28, 5 µg/ml (BD PharMingen) for 48 h at 37°C 5% CO2 in air. Each well was pulsed with 1 µCi [3H]thymidine 18 h before harvesting and incorporation into DNA was measured as above. Cell purities were checked before each proliferation by flow cytometry.
B cell proliferation in response to anti-mouse IgM (clone b7.6) mAb was measured as follows: B cells were purified by positive selection from the spleens of CD45RO, CD45RB, CD45-/-, or C57BL/6 mice using FITC-labeled anti-MHC class II Ab (clone M5/114), anti-FITC MACS beads, a MACS LS column, and a midi-MACS magnet assembly (Miltenyi Biotec, Bisley, U.K.). Purity was assessed by staining with PE-labeled anti-CD19 Ab and flow cytometry (as above). The selected populations were typically found to be comprised of 85% CD19+ cells. The purified B cells (105/well) were cultured for 3 days in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FCS and 5 x 10-5 M 2-ME in 96-well plates (Falcon 353072; BD Biosciences). Six hours before harvesting, 1 µCi [3H]thymidine (Amersham, Aylesbury, U.K.) was added to each culture. Thymidine incorporation into DNA was assessed using a Tomtec cell harvester (Hamden, CT) and a Wallac 1450 scintillation counter (PerkinElmer, Boston, MA).
Measurement of T-dependent Ag responses in vivo
Mice between 10 and 17 wk of age were immunized i.p. on day 1 and again on day 21 with 100 µg of alum-precipitated DNP-BSA (Calbiochem, Nottingham, U.K.). On days 10 and 28, serum was collected from tail vein blood samples. The presence of DNP-specific Abs (IgM and IgG1) in the serum was detected by ELISA using DNP--globulin (Calbiochem) coated plates (Maxisorb F96; Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark). After blocking nonspecific binding sites with 1% gelatin in PBS, serial dilutions of serum were added to the wells and allowed to bind at 4°C overnight. After extensive washing, biotin-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgM or anti-mouse IgG1 (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Birmingham, AL) were added. These were developed with streptavidin-HRP (Southern Biotechnology Associates) and o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride substrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) before measuring the absorbance at 490 nm.
The CD45-deficient mice used to generate Tg+, CD45-/- mice were equivalent to six generations backcrossed to C57BL/6J mice. As the transgenic lines were of mixed genetic background, all mice used in the immunization protocols were selected for the H-2Kb haplotype by PCR on genomic DNA from tail biopsies.
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Results |
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A transgenic vector containing mouse vav1 gene sequences surrounding five hemopoietic cell-specific DNaseI hypersensitive sites has previously been shown to effectively direct expression of a eukaryotic cDNA (encoding a truncated human CD4 molecule) to cells of the hemopoietic compartment (25). In this study, we have used equivalent HS321/45 vav-CD45RO or HS321/45 vav-CD45RB transgenes to target individual CD45 isoform expression, namely CD45RO or CD45RB, to the blood cells of mice which are deficient for endogenous CD45 gene expression and therefore lack all endogenous CD45 protein.
We generated 11 vav-CD45RO and 3 vav-CD45RB isoform primary transgenic mice. All but one were crossed to CD45 exon 9-mutated mice (5) to give 10 CD45RO and 3 CD45RB independent transgenic lines on a CD45-deficient background. To evaluate the expression of the transgene, PBLs were analyzed for surface CD45 protein by flow cytometry (Fig. 1). As with previous vav-driven transgenes (24, 25), both the vav-CD45RO and vav-CD45RB transgenes were expressed in the majority of the independent transgenic lines (8 of 10 and 3 of 3, respectively). Analysis of the major hemopoietic cell populations in peripheral blood samples by flow cytometry revealed three patterns of transgene expression among the independent transgenic lines. In 6 of 10 CD45RO (RO3, RO4, RO5, RO7, RO9, RO10) and 3 CD45RB (RB2, RB3, RB4) lines, transgene expression was observed in all cells of a particular hemopoietic lineage, whereas in 2 CD45RO lines (RO8 and RO11) no transgene expression was observed in any tissue or cell type tested (Fig. 1 and data not shown). Most striking was the observation that mice from lines in which the transgene was active had substantial populations of T cells in their peripheral blood (Fig. 1). This gave an early indication that one of the main functions of CD45, namely its role in T cell development, could be successfully compensated for by the introduction of either single isoform transgene.
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Having established the successful generation of CD45 isoform-expressing transgenic mouse lines, for subsequent analyses, we chose to focus on lines RO3, RO4, RO5, RO7, RO9, RO10, RB2, and RB4 which displayed transgene expression in all cells, but included the nonexpressing line RO8 as an additional control.
Independent progeny lines display extensive, yet varying, levels of CD45 transgene expression in hemopoietic cells from different tissues
We investigated CD45RO and CD45RB isoform expression in other hemopoietic tissues. In tissues from Tg+, CD45-/- animals, concomitant flow cytometric analysis of immunofluorescence for CD45 and lineage-specific surface markers revealed high transgene activity in multiple hemopoietic lineages (Fig. 2 and data not shown). As shown in Fig. 2, A and C, the lymphoid lineage cells of thymus (data shown represent the CD4+, CD8+ DP population, other major thymocyte populations were analyzed with similar results) and bone marrow (CD19+; Fig. 2, B and D) exhibited substantial levels of CD45 protein on their surface. Similarly, peripheral CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD19+ B lymphocytes of spleen (Fig. 2, E and G and F and H, respectively) and lymph node (data not shown) were also positive for CD45 isoform transgene expression. In addition, the single isoform transgenes were also active in CD19+ and Mac-1+ cells of the peritoneum, as well as the Ter119+, Mac-1+, and Gr-1+ cells of bone marrow (data not shown).
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Further, as expected from previous vav-driven transgenic mice (25), there was a hierarchy in levels of expression between the different hemopoietic lineages, with lymphoid cells displaying the highest levels of transgenic CD45, myeloid cells an intermediate level, and erythroid cells the lowest levels (Fig. 1 and data not shown).
Expression of the vav-CD45RO or vav-CD45RB transgene rescues thymic development
Development of committed T cell precursors formed in the bone marrow takes place in the thymus by a tightly controlled series of steps (27). To proceed from one stage to the next, the cell must overcome a series of developmental hurdles, including adequate signaling through the pre-TCR (28). One consequence of the loss of endogenous CD45 expression has been shown to be a severe perturbation of T cell development (5, 6, 7). CD45-deficient mice display greatly decreased mature T cell numbers, a defect which has its origins in two substantial developmental blocks during their production in the thymus. Thus, the production of DP T cell precursors is reduced 2-fold and maturation of DP to SP cells an additional 5-fold (5).
Expression of the CD45RO and CD45RB transgenes occurred in the vast majority of thymocytes (Fig. 2, A and C; also data not shown). We investigated whether this expression could reverse the thymic defects seen in CD45-null (exon 9-/-) mice. Flow cytometric analysis of the four main thymic T cell subsets (DN, DP, CD4 SP, and CD8 SP; based on their expression of CD4 and CD8) revealed that, dependent on the level of expression within a given line, the more mature SP subsets (CD4+CD8- (CD4 SP) and CD4-CD8+ (CD8 SP)), which are almost totally absent in CD45-/- mice, could be substantially restored (Fig. 3 and Table I). Similarly, there was a concomitant decrease in the proportion of DP cells when compared with CD45-/- mice (Fig. 3 and Table I) as well as a reduction in the proportion of DN cells. The level of transgene activity in the individual line appeared to correlate with the degree of complementation of the CD45-null phenotype. Low levels of transgene expression (for example, RO5) gave little or no restoration of normal thymocyte development, the highest-expressing lines (for instance, RO3) gave essentially complete restoration, and those lines with intermediate CD45 expression showed partial restoration (Fig. 3 and Table I).
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We further investigated early T cell development by analyzing the DN thymocyte population (gated on CD3low, CD4-, and CD8- cells), with respect to the four main DN subsets (27), as defined by expression of the CD25 and CD44 surface molecules (DN1, CD44+CD25-; DN2, CD44+CD25+; DN3, CD44-CD25+; DN4, CD44-CD25-). As discussed earlier, in CD45-deficient animals there is a partial block during T cell development occurring at the DN to DP transition. This is thought to reflect a reduced ability of CD45-/- DN thymocytes to signal appropriately through the pre-TCR, a requirement for further development to the DP stage. The precise point at which the block occurs is believed to be the DN3 to DN4 transition, resulting in an increase in DN3 cell numbers and a corresponding decrease in DN4 cells (5, 29). As previously reported, the CD45-/- mice displayed a higher proportion of DN3 cells than their CD45+/+ C57BL/6 counterparts (Fig. 4) indicative of a block at the DN3 to DN4 transition. The lowest-expressing line (RO5; Fig. 4) was comparable to that of the CD45-/- mice, whereas lines with higher expression of either CD45RO or CD45RB (Fig. 4) were similar to the CD45+/+ mice, indicating that, at least in the higher-expressing lines, appropriate pre-TCR signaling was restored.
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Peripheral T cell populations are restored in CD45RO and CD45RB transgenic mice
In the majority of the vav-CD45RO and vav-CD45RB lines generated, the level of transgenic isoform expression was sufficient to restore normal proportions of peripheral T cells (Fig. 5A). Although there was some variation apparent in individual mice, the percentage of CD3+ T cells in the spleen was within the normal range for all the single isoform lines examined, with two exceptions. First, those lines which failed to express the CD45 transgene (RO8 and RO11) were indistinguishable from CD45-/- mice (data not shown). Second, in the line which had the lowest level of transgene expression (RO5), we observed an intermediate frequency of splenic T cells which was consistently different from that of CD45-/- and CD45+/+ mice (Fig. 5A). Both the CD4 and CD8 splenic T cell subpopulations were restored to normal levels for the majority of CD45 isoform transgenic mice; these mice also had increased numbers of both CD4 and CD8 T cells (relative to CD45-null mice) in their peripheral lymph nodes (data not shown).
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The ability of the CD45RO and CD45RB isoform transgenes to substitute for endogenous CD45 isoform expression in B cells was markedly poorer than in T cells. Maturation of B cells from the immature to mature stages occurs in the spleen and has previously been shown to be defective in CD45-/- mice (Ref. 5 ; see also Fig. 5B). In particular, the transition from the IgMhighIgDhigh intermediate stage cells (sometimes referred to as T2 B cells; Ref. 30) to the mature IgMlowIgDhigh phenotype is markedly impaired. We examined the splenic B cells from single isoform transgenic lines and found that this B cell maturation step was variably complemented in the different lines (Fig. 5B). However, in no case did the percentage of mature B cells approach that found in CD45+/+ mice (Fig. 5B). Thus, neither CD45RO nor CD45RB, when expressed as a single isoform, appeared to substitute effectively for endogenous CD45 expression during B cell maturation.
In vitro analysis of lymphocyte function
We have previously reported that neither B cells (5) nor T cells (2) from CD45 exon 9-/- mice proliferate in response to Ag-receptor cross-linking in vitro. Therefore, we characterized the ability of lymphocytes from the vav-CD45RO and vav-CD45RB transgenic mice to respond to such stimulation. Lymphocytes from transgene-expressing lines (RO3, RO4, RO5, RO7, RO9, RO10, RB2, RB4) proliferated in vitro to stimulation with anti-CD3 Ab. In contrast, cells from the nonexpressing lines (RO8) did not (data not shown). Fig. 6A shows a representative experiment in which the proliferation of purified T cells in response to immobilized CD3 mAb, or coimmobilized CD3 and CD28 mAbs, was investigated using isoform lines matched for their CD45 expression levels. No consistent differences in proliferative responses were noted between the CD45RO and CD45RB lines, and the small differences noted in Fig. 6A were not reproducible in multiple experiments (n = 5 for each matched pair). Interestingly, however, there was a clear trend for the T cells expressing single CD45 isoforms to proliferate better than the wild-type C57BL/6 T cells at low doses of CD3 (1 µg/ml; Fig. 6A).
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15% of the wild-type (CD45+/+) level. In contrast, in all cases, the B cell preparations responded equally well to LPS (as do CD45-null B cells; Ref. 5). T-dependent Ab production and Ig class switching can occur in CD45RO and CD45RB isoform mice
We investigated the ability of vav-CD45RO and vav-CD45RB transgenic mice to respond in vivo to a T cell-dependent Ag, DNP-BSA. In each case, the serum from individual mice was titrated over a wide range and the level of DNP-specific IgM and IgG1 was determined at both 10 days after primary immunization and 7 days after rechallenge. The data shown in Fig. 7 plot the level of DNP-specific IgG1 Ab (in absorbance units) in individual animals at a particular dilution of serum taken from mice 10 days after the primary immunization. Comparisons between genetically matched groups of animals were made by one-way ANOVA and produced the same qualitative results regardless of whether single or multiple dilution points were compared. The data are presented as single dilution point values for simplicity.
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RB4 > RO10 > RO4. RO4 mice produced only low DNP-specific IgG1 levels, whereas those of the higher-expressing RB4 and RO7 lines were comparable to wild-type mice. The intermediate RO10 line, while producing a substantial response, made significantly less Ab than C57BL/6 wild-type control mice. Very similar results were obtained for secondary IgG1 Ab measurements. In summary, Ab responses correlated with the level of CD45 expression at the cell surface whereas either CD45RO or CD45RB appeared to be equally proficient at rescuing Ab responses in CD45-null mice. |
Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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In the normal thymus, the majority of thymocytes express the CD45RO isoform as their predominant isoform, with expression of CD45RB and CD45RC isoforms appearing after positive selection (33). Thus, it appears that the identity of the extracellular domain of CD45 makes no gross difference to its ability to function during pre-TCR and TCR signaling in the thymus. However, a quantitative effect was observed. Although we have not directly quantified expression, the fluorescent staining was done in conditions of Ab excess and clearly distinguishes between the surface CD45 level on homozygotes, heterozygotes, and the various transgenic lines. Our lowest line, RO5, was observably very inefficient in selection of DP thymocytes into the SP pool (Fig. 3). This line demonstrates 2–3% of the homozygous wild-type level of staining. By contrast, the RO4 line (6–8%) is almost equivalent to wild-type with regard to thymocyte development (Fig. 3, Table I). All lines with expression levels higher than RO4 are very similar to the wild-type thymic phenotype. Therefore, there appears to be a critical level of CD45RO expression (between 2 and 8% of wild-type) which is sufficient to restore thymic TCR signaling functions. We also observed the same quantitative effect with regard to the amount of CD45 required for normal differentiation within the CD4-CD8- DN thymocyte populations. The analysis of this subset revealed a novel population of CD44highCD25low cells. The significance of this population is unclear, but it may represent an additional checkpoint at which CD45 is normally acting to promote differentiation; alternatively, lack of CD45 may amplify a transient intermediate population by derepressing some proliferative signal(s), possibly via cytokines (10).
We also observed an inverse correlation between the level of staining for CD45 and the level of staining of CD4 and CD8 in DP thymocytes (Fig. 3). This may represent a genuine increase in CD4, CD8 expression, perhaps as compensation for reduced signal amplification. However, alternative explanations are possible including a reduction in masking/steric hindrance or fluorescence quenching at reduced CD45 levels.
With the exception of the lowest-expressing line (RO5), expression of either CD45RO or RB at levels considerably below that seen in wild-type mice (e.g., RO4, RB4) restores the presence of CD3+ T cells in the periphery to normal levels (Fig. 5A). This result is in marked contrast to the results obtained by Kozieradzki et al. (32). Their study reported that CD45RO and CD45RABC cDNA transgenes, driven by the lck proximal promoter, restored T cell numbers to near normal in lymph nodes whereas no restoration of T cell populations in the spleen was found (32). They used only one line in each case. We have consistently observed reconstitution of T cells in the spleen in five CD45RO and three CD45RB lines. In the case of the CD45RABC transgenic line analyzed by Kozieradzki et al. (32), the level of CD45 expression may have influenced their results, given that they found staining at 2–4% of the wild-type level, similar to our RO5 line. However, they reported an 15% wild-type staining level for their RO line, more than we found for RO4 and comparable with our RO7 line, both of which give normal T cell numbers in the spleen (Fig. 5A and data not shown). It may be noted that the proximal lck promoter is more efficient at driving gene expression in the thymus than in the periphery, whereas the vav1 promoter is efficient in both contexts, possibly explaining these conflicting results.
The finding that T cells expressing single CD45 isoforms proliferated more efficiently in response to CD3 mAb was unexpected, particularly in light of the lower isoform expression on these cells in comparison with the higher total CD45 expression on the wild-type cells. It is possible that whereas low CD45 levels exert a dominantly positive role in TCR signaling, at higher expression levels the negative actions of CD45, particularly in dephosphorylating Lck pTyr-394, counteract the positive effects to some extent (4).
The successful reconstitution of thymocyte development, T cell migration, and TCR responsiveness by the majority of our novel transgenic lines is in significant contrast to the inability of the vav-CD45RO and vav-CD45RB transgenes to complement B cell maturation and in vitro responses. As has been shown by us and others (5, 34), CD45-deficient mice are impaired in the maturation of IgMhighIgDhigh (T2) cells into the mature IgMlowIgDhigh phenotype typical of follicular B cells. This maturation step is also known to involve Btk, Vav1/2 and other components of the B cell Ag receptor signaling cascade (35, 36, 37, 38, 39). The single isoform mice examined in this study did not properly restore the ability of B cells to mature from the T2 stage despite the fact that the level of CD45 on the highest-expressing lines was greater than 50% of the homozygous wild-type level on CD19+ splenic cells and closely approached the level on heterozygous CD45 +/- mice, in which maturation is normal. Comparison of pairs of mice from CD45RO and CD45RB lines, well-matched for expression, did suggest that CD45RO might function more effectively than CD45RB in this role (Fig. 5B).
It has long been known that peripheral B cells will proliferate in vitro when stimulated by anti-IgM or anti-IgD, a phenotype completely lacking in CD45-null exon 9-/- mice (5). We found that isoform transgenic B cells would proliferate above background levels when stimulated with anti-IgM but that the level of proliferation was greatly reduced compared with wild-type B cells. This was demonstrated with highly purified B cells as well as unfractionated spleen and lymph node cells to rule out the possibility that an inhibitory population of other cells (e.g., myeloid) might be responsible. It is most unlikely that this effect is caused by the partial block in B cell maturation. Firstly, T2 and mature B cells proliferate equally well to anti-IgM in vitro (30) and CD45-null mice possess a normal fraction of T2 cells (5). Secondly, some of the RO lines do contain significant numbers of mature B cells (e.g., RO3) and yet still proliferate very poorly (compare C57BL/6 and RO3 in Figs. 5B and 6).
Although, like almost all hemopoietic cells, B cells express more than one CD45 isoform, CD45RABC appears to be the predominant form on normal B cells (40). It remains to be seen whether the relatively poor functionality of CD45RO/RB in B cells is due to a requirement for a different extracellular domain or a particular combination of isoforms. It is tempting to speculate that the CD45RABC extracellular region is required for critical interactions with other molecules within the B cell membrane which cannot be mimicked by CD45RO or CD45RB (13). Although it is possible to argue that our transgenic lines simply require a higher threshold level of CD45, if so the threshold must be extremely close to the heterozygous level because the RO3 and RB2 lines approach that level. Very recently, Virts and coworkers (41) reported the complementation of our CD45-null mice using a CD45 minigene expressed under control of the LFA-1 promoter. The normal pattern of isoform expression was observed and in this case B cell maturation and function was largely restored. Although the level of expression on B cells was not specifically quantified, it appears similar to their wild-type control. Therefore the data of Virts et al. (41) does not assist to answer the question as to which CD45 isoforms, and at what level, are needed for B cell development and function.
CD45-null (exon 9-/-) mice do not produce IgG1 against T-dependent Ags due to a lack of functional peripheral T cells. Indeed, B cells from these exon 9-targeted animals, as well as those bearing the exon 6 mutation, have been shown to be capable of isotype switching in response to a different T cell-dependent Ag (DNP-KLH) in the presence of T cells from CD45+/+ mice (N. Holmes, unpublished data; Ref. 34). Furthermore, both exon 9-/- mice (N. Holmes, unpublished data) and exon 6-/- mice (34) make T cell-independent antigenic responses which are somewhat greater than CD45+/+ wild-type mice. In light of these data, the ability of the single isoform transgenic mice to mount a T cell-dependent Ab response will depend on the helper function, and perhaps abundance, of their T cells. It is noteworthy, then, that RO4 mice make only a poor primary (Fig. 7) and secondary (data not shown) T-dependent Ab response despite having normal numbers of T cells in their peripheral lymphoid organs. Furthermore, the RO10 line (with an expression level intermediate between RO4 and RO7) also makes a demonstrably lower response, whereas RO7 and RB4 give quantitatively normal responses. We interpret these data as showing that CD45RB and CD45RO isoforms can supply all the functions a T cell needs for Ag responsiveness and B cell help, providing they are expressed in sufficient quantity. For this reason, the demonstration by Kozieradzki et al. (32) that CD45RABC single isoform mice, expressing 2–4% of wild-type levels, did not produce T-dependent Ab needs to be interpreted cautiously. Xu and Weiss (14) have recently proposed a model in which CD45RO forms inactive dimers in a concentration-dependent manner. Our data, which demonstrate a positive correlation between CD45RO expression levels and lymphocyte function, do not seem consistent with this hypothesis.
In summary, we have compared the abilities of CD45RO and CD45RB isoforms to function in both T and B cells in an in vivo complementation model. Despite the broad conservation of the switching from CD45RO to larger isoforms (predominantly CD45RB in the mouse) upon T cell-positive selection and its reversal upon mature T cell activation, in general both isoforms studied here behaved similarly. The predominant finding is that there is a distinct quantitative correlation between expression level and function. The critical level required seems to vary depending on the context: less CD45 will apparently suffice for thymic development than is required for T cell function in the periphery. However, in the B cell lineage the CD45RO and CD45RB isoforms do not effectively substitute for the normal endogenous isoforms. These transgenic lines should also permit analysis of CD45 function in nonlymphoid lineages.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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2 Current address: Department of Hematology, Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, U.K.
3 Current address: The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037.
4 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Nick Holmes, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, U.K. E-mail address: nh106{at}cam.ac.uk
5 Abbreviations used in this paper: DN, double negative; DP, double positive; SP, single positive; Tg, transgene.
Received for publication March 27, 2003. Accepted for publication June 9, 2003.
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or 5 µg/ml, 
), or immobilized CD3 + CD28 (1 µg/ml and 5 µg/ml, respectively, 
) is shown in cpm of [3H]thymidine incorporation. Proliferation in response to phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (20 ng/ml) and ionomycin (0.5 µg/ml) is indicated by the white square symbols. B, Proliferation of purified B cells from vav-CD45RO (RO3) or vav-CD45RB (RB2) isoform transgenic mice compared with those from C57BL/6 (CD45+/+) control mice, in response to either b7.6 anti-IgM (5 µg/ml, 
) is shown by cpm of incorporated [3H]thymidine (left axis). The response of each population to LPS is shown by the black square symbols (right axis). Each value represents the geometric mean and SD of triplicate cultures.