The JI
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     
 

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Shimaoka, T.
Right arrow Articles by Yonehara, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Shimaoka, T.
Right arrow Articles by Yonehara, S.
Right arrowPubmed/NCBI databases
*Gene*GEO Profiles
*HomoloGene*Protein
*UniGene
*Compound via MeSH
*Substance via MeSH
The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 171: 1647-1651.
Copyright © 2003 by The American Association of Immunologists

CUTTING EDGE

Cutting Edge: SR-PSOX/CXC Chemokine Ligand 16 Mediates Bacterial Phagocytosis by APCs Through its Chemokine Domain1

Takeshi Shimaoka*, Takashi Nakayama{ddagger}, Noriaki Kume{dagger}, Shu Takahashi§, Junko Yamaguchi§, Manabu Minami{dagger}, Kazutaka Hayashida{dagger}, Toru Kita{dagger}, Jun Ohsumi§, Osamu Yoshie{ddagger} and Shin Yonehara2,*

* Graduate School of Biostudies and Institute for Virus Research, and {dagger} Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; {ddagger} Department of Microbiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan; and § Biomedical Research Laboratories and Molecular Biology Research Laboratories, Sankyo, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
SR-PSOX and CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)16, which were originally identified as a scavenger receptor and a transmembrane-type chemokine, respectively, are indicated to be identical. In this study, we demonstrate that membrane-bound SR-PSOX/CXCL16 mediates adhesion and phagocytosis of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Importantly, our prepared anti-SR-PSOX mAb, which suppressed chemotactic activity of SR-PSOX, significantly inhibited bacterial phagocytosis by human APCs including dendritic cells. Various scavenger receptor ligands inhibited the bacterial phagocytosis of SR-PSOX. In addition, the recognition specificity for bacteria was determined by only the chemokine domain of SR-PSOX/CXCL16. Thus, SR-PSOX/CXCL16 may play an important role in facilitating uptake of various pathogens and chemotaxis of T and NKT cells by APCs through its chemokine domain.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The scavenger receptor family is a highly heterogenous group of cell surface molecules that commonly bind and uptake oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL)3 (1). Currently, scavenger receptors are categorized into almost 10 classes on the basis of structure, even though there are few structural and primary amino acid similarities among the classes. Scavenger receptors have been primarily studied for their roles in foam cell formation and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Some scavenger receptors have also been shown to bind a broad range of ligands including bacteria (2, 3, 4, 5). Studies with scavenger receptor class-A (SR-A) knockout mice revealed that a deficiency of SR-A enhances sensitivities for infection of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria (6, 7), suggesting that its function as a pattern recognition receptor plays potential roles in innate immunity and in the initiation of acquired immune responses (8).

Previously, we identified a novel scavenger receptor capable of binding and uptaking phosphatidylserine and OxLDL, and termed it SR-PSOX (scavenger receptor that binds phosphatidylserine and oxidized lipoprotein) (9). Surprisingly, SR-PSOX was indicated to be identical to CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)16 (10, 11), which was identified as the ligand for an orphan G-protein coupled chemokine receptor Bonzo/CXCR6. CXCL16 is the second transmembrane-type chemokine with a chemokine-domain fused to a mucin-like stalk, a structure very similar to that of fractalkine/CX3CL1 (12, 13). CXCL16 selectively expresses on APCs such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, while its receptor Bonzo/CXCR6 expresses on naive CD8 T cells, NKT cells, and type 1-polarized CD4 and CD8 T cells (10, 11, 14). Thus, SR-PSOX/CXCL16 is a multifunctional molecule that may link the family of scavenger receptors and that of chemokines.

In the present study, we have demonstrated that SR-PSOX/CXCL16 expressed by macrophages and DCs supports binding and phagocytosis of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria through the chemokine domain. SR-PSOX/CXCL16 should play a role in facilitating uptake of various pathogens and chemotaxis of T and NKT cells by professional APCs.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Cells

DCs were generated from peripheral blood monocytes isolated from human blood (a gift from Kyoto Red Cross Blood Center, Kyoto, Japan) by cultivation with 20 ng/ml IL-4 and 50 ng/ml GM-CSF (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ) for 7 days. DCs were confirmed to express CD1a, CD40, CD80, HLA-DR, and HLA-ABC at high levels, and CD14 at a low level by flow cytometry. L1.2 murine pre-B cells stably expressing CXCR6 (L-CXCR6 cells) and CX3CR1 (L-CX3CR1 cells) were generated as described previously (15).

Monoclonal anti-human SR-PSOX Abs

BALB/c female mice were immunized with SR-PSOX-Fc fusion protein produced by COS-7 cells transfected with a fusion construct consisting of the extracellular domain of human SR-PSOX (amino acids 1–206) fused at its C terminus with Fc fragment of human IgG1. According to the method described previously (16), we generated three anti-human SR-PSOX mAbs 22-19-12, 49-36, and 28-12.

Binding and phagocytosis of bacteria

Bacterial adhesion and phagocytosis assays were conducted as described previously (5). To quantitate the phagocytosis of bacteria, COS-7 cells, PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells (PMA-THP-1 cells), or DCs (2 x 105 cells/ml) were incubated for 60 min at 37°C with FITC-labeled bacteria (3 x 106 cells/ml for COS-7 cells, and 6 x 105 cells/ml for PMA-THP-1 cells and DCs). Then cells were washed, detached with trypsin and treated with trypan blue for 10 min to quench the fluorescence of extracellular bacteria. The numbers of cells with intracellular FITC-labeled bacteria were quantified by EPICS Elite (Coulter, Hialeah, FL). In blocking experiments, cells were preincubated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA; 500 µg/ml), LPS (500 µg/ml), dextran sulfate (500 µg/ml), chondroitin sulfate (500 µg/ml), native LDL (200 µg/ml), OxLDL (200 µg/ml), F(ab')2 of monoclonal anti-SR-PSOX neutralizing mAb 22-19-12 (20 µg/ml), F(ab')2 of control IgG (20 µg/ml), or cytochalasin D (2 µM) for 30 min at 37°C. The data of bacterial phagocytosis represent the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments, and statistical significance was calculated by Student’s t tests.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
SR-PSOX/CXCL16 mediates bacterial adhesion and phagocytosis

Scavenger receptors such as SR-A, MARCO, lectin-like OxLDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), and Drosophila scavenger receptor CI (dSR-CI) are known to bind and uptake bacteria (2, 3, 4, 5). Therefore, we examined whether SR-PSOX/CXCL16 could also mediate adhesion of bacteria. COS-7 cells were transfected with expression vectors for SR-PSOX as described previously (9). As shown in Fig. 1A, SR-PSOX-transfected COS-7 cells (COS-SR-PSOX cells), but not control COS-7 cells, were found to efficiently bind FITC-labeled Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive S. aureus. We next examined phagocytosis of cell surface bound bacteria by COS-SR-PSOX cells under confocal microscopy. Phagocytosed E. coli (Fig. 1B) and S. aureus (data not shown) were observed in COS-SR-PSOX cells. As reported with other scavenger receptors, SR-PSOX did not mediate adhesion and phagocytosis of zymosan (data not shown) (3, 4, 5).



View larger version (47K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 1. Adhesion and phagocytosis of E. coli and S. aureus mediated by SR-PSOX/CXCL16. A, COS-control and COS-SR-PSOX cells were incubated with FITC-labeled E. coli and S. aureus in the presence of 10% FCS for 1 h at 37°C. After washing, cells were observed under fluorescence microscopy. B, COS-SR-PSOX cells were incubated with FITC-labeled E. coli for 1 h at 37 °C. After washing, cell surface labeling was performed with rhodamine-Con A at 4°C. After another wash, cells were observed under confocal microscopy. Arrows indicate internalized bacteria. C, COS-control cells, COS-SR-PSOX cells, COS-fractalkine cells, COS-SR-A cells, and COS-LOX-1 cells were incubated with FITC-labeled E. coli ({blacksquare}) or S. aureus ({square}) for 1 h at 37°C with or without cytochalasin D or in the medium without serum. Cells that internalized FITC-labeled bacteria were quantified by flow cytometry and expressed as a percentage of total COS-7 cells. *, p < 0.01.

 
To further quantitate cells phagocytosing bacteria, cells incubated with FITC-labeled bacteria were analyzed by flow cytometry after washing and quenching of surface fluorescence of extracellular bacteria with trypan blue. COS-SR-PSOX cells, but not COS-control or fractalkine-transfected COS-7 cells (COS-fractalkine cells), were indeed found to efficiently phagocytose both E. coli and S. aureus (Fig. 1C) in the condition that expression levels of the transfected SR-PSOX and fractalkine were almost the same (see Fig. 3, B–D). The level of bacterial phagocytosis by COS-SR-PSOX cells was almost comparable to that by COS-7 cells expressing other scavenger receptors such as SR-A and LOX-1 which were reported to have bacterial phagocytosis activity (2, 5). Furthermore, COS-SR-PSOX cells efficiently phagocytosed E. coli and S. aureus in serum-free medium as well as in serum-containing medium (Fig. 1C). Bacterial phagocytosis was effectively suppressed by an actin-depolymerizing agent, cytochalasin D (Fig. 1C). Collectively, these findings clearly demonstrate that serum factors are not required for SR-PSOX-mediated bacterial phagocytosis, and the actin cytoskeleton is necessary for SR-PSOX-mediated bacterial firm adhesion and/or phagocytosis.



View larger version (22K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 3. Domain analyses of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 to bind bacteria. A, Schematic illustration of SR-PSOX/CXCL16-fractalkine hybrid molecules. {Delta}Mucin construct shows SR-PSOX without mucin domain. B–D, Flow cytometric analysis. COS-7 cells were transiently transfected with each SR-PSOX/CXCL16-fractalkine hybrid molecules schematically shown in A. Surface expression of human SR-PSOX-fractalkine hybrid molecules was analyzed by flow cytometry after staining with anti-human SR-PSOX mAb (B) 49-36 (bold line) which recognize chemokine domain or (C) 28-12 (bold line) which recognize the mucin domain of SR-PSOX or with anti-human fractalkine mAb, (D) 51637.11 (bold line) which recognize the chemokine domain of fractalkine or (B–D) control IgG (dotted line) and thereafter anti-mouse IgG-FITC. E, COS-7 cells transfected with the indicated SR-PSOX/CXCL16-fractalkine hybrid molecules were incubated with the indicated FITC-labeled E. coli ({blacksquare}) or S. aureus ({square}) for 1 h at 37°C. Cells internalizing FITC-labeled bacteria were enumerated by flow cytometry. *, p < 0.01.

 
Role of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 in bacterial adhesion and phagocytosis by professional APCs

We generated novel anti-human SR-PSOX mAbs, 22-19-12 and 28-12, which recognize the chemokine and mucin domain of SR-PSOX, respectively. To examine inhibitory activity of the mAbs for chemotactic activity of SR-PSOX/CXCL16, we generated soluble SR-PSOX as a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of SR-PSOX (amino acids 1–206) fused at its C terminus with the secreted form of placental alkaline phosphatase (SEAP). SEAP was used for quantification of SR-PSOX-SEAP by ELISA with anti-SEAP mAb, and the fused SEAP was shown not to significantly affect the chemotactic activity of SR-PSOX (data not shown). mAb 22-19-12 was shown to inhibit chemotactic activity to CXCR6-expressing cells by soluble SR-PSOX, while mAb 28-12 did not show the inhibitory activity (Fig. 2B).



View larger version (66K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 2. Role of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 in bacterial adhesion and phagocytosis by professional APCs. A, Surface expression of SR-PSOX on indicated cells was determined by flow cytometry after staining with anti-SR-PSOX mAb 22-19-12 (bold line) or control IgG (dotted line). B, Soluble SR-PSOX, which was generated as a fusion construct consisting of the extracellular domain of SR-PSOX (amino acids 1–206) fused at its C terminus with SEAP, was examined for its chemotactic activity against CXCR6-expressing L1.2 cells (L-CXCR6 cells) (•) and control L1.2 cells ({blacksquare}) by standard Transwell assays (21 ). Effects of 5 µg/ml anti-human SR-PSOX mAbs 22-19-12 ({circ}) and 28-12 ({square}) were also analyzed. The number of cells that migrated into bottom wells was expressed as a percentage of input cells. The data shown represent the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. C–E, COS-SR-PSOX cells (C), PMA-THP-1 cells (D), and human peripheral monocyte-derived DCs (E) were incubated with FITC-labeled E. coli ({blacksquare}) or S. aureus ({square}) for 1 h at 37°C with or without various inhibitors as described in Materials and Methods. Levels of phagocytosis were quantified by flow cytometry. *, p < 0.01.

 
The phagocytosis of bacteria is a necessary step for the presentation of bacterial Ags by professional APCs (17, 18), which were reported to express SR-PSOX/CXCL16 (9, 10, 11). Therefore, we examined whether SR-PSOX plays a role in bacterial phagocytosis by macrophage-like cells and DCs. We confirmed the expression of SR-PSOX in PMA-THP-1 cells and monocyte-derived DCs by RT-PCR (data not shown) and flow cytometry (Fig. 2A). We then analyzed the effects of F(ab')2 of anti-SR-PSOX mAb 22-19-12 on bacterial phagocytosis by SR-PSOX-expressing cells. Anti-SR-PSOX 22-19-12 F(ab')2 was clearly shown to inhibit bacterial phagocytosis by COS-SR-PSOX cells (Fig. 2C). In PMA-THP-1 cells, 30–40% of the phagocytosis of both E. coli and S. aureus were specifically inhibited by F(ab')2 of the mAb (Fig. 2D). In DCs, F(ab')2 inhibited 60% of phagocytosis of E. coli, while it did not significantly inhibit phagocytosis of S. aureus (Fig. 2E). These results indicate that SR-PSOX/CXCL16 plays an important role in bacterial phagocytosis by professional APCs including DCs and activated macrophages, although other cell surface molecules must be also involved.

Effects of various scavenger receptor ligands on binding of SR-PSOX to bacteria

We further examined the effects of scavenger receptor ligands on phagocytosis of bacteria by COS-SR-PSOX cells (Fig. 2C). OxLDL and dextran sulfate were used as scavenger receptor ligands because they can inhibit uptake of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetra-metyllindocarbocyanin perchlorate (DiI)-labeled OxLDL by SR-PSOX-expressing cells (9). Dextran sulfate and OxLDL inhibited bacterial phagocytosis by COS-SR-PSOX cells, while chondroitin sulfate and native LDL showed very weak or undetectable inhibitory effects. In the presence of LTA, the cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria reported to be recognized by another scavenger receptor SR-A (2), the phagocytosis of S. aureus by COS-SR-PSOX cells, PMA-THP-1 cells, and DCs were clearly inhibited (Fig. 2, C–E). In contrast, LPS, the cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria reported to be recognized by SR-A (19), slightly inhibited the phagocytosis of E. coli by PMA-THP-1 cells and did not inhibit it by COS-SR-PSOX cells and DCs (Fig. 2, C–E). Phagocytosis of both E. coli and S. aureus by PMA-THP-1 cells was specifically inhibited by 70–80% by dextran sulfate and OxLDL, while neither chondroitin sulfate nor native LDL inhibited it (Fig. 2D). In DCs, the inhibitory activities of phagocytosis of E. coli by dextran sulfate and OxLDL were lower, but significant, than those in PMA-THP-1 cells (Fig. 2E).

Domain analysis of SR-PSOX/CXCL16

In the extracellular domain of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 and fractalkine, there are two distinct domains, namely the chemokine domain and the mucin domain. Chemotaxis of CXCR6-expressing cells was induced by only the chemokine domain of SR-PSOX (data not shown). To clarify the binding domain of SR-PSOX for bacteria, we generated SR-PSOX/CXCL16-fractalkine hybrid molecules by shuffling the chemokine domains and mucin domains of SR-PSOX and fractalkine (Fig. 3A). COS-7 cells were transfected with expression vectors for hybrid molecules and similar levels of cell surface expression were confirmed among these hybrid proteins on the transfected COS-7 cells by flow cytometry using anti-human SR-PSOX/CXCL16 mAbs 49-36 (Fig. 3B) and 28-12 (Fig. 3C) that recognize the chemokine and mucin domains of SR-PSOX/CXCL16, respectively, or the anti-human fractalkine mAb (Fig. 3D) that recognizes the chemokine domain of fractalkine. COS-7 cells expressing a hybrid molecule with a chemokine domain of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 and a mucin domain of fractalkine showed significant bacterial phagocytosis (Fig. 3E), while COS-7 cells expressing a hybrid molecule with a chemokine domain of fractalkine and a mucin domain of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 did not show these activities. Interestingly, COS-7 cells expressing SR-PSOX without its mucin domain impaired the activity (Fig. 3E) although the cell surface expression was confirmed by flow cytometry (Fig. 3B). All the data indicate that the recognition specificity for CXCR6 and bacteria is determined by only the chemokine domain of SR-PSOX/CXCL16, while the mucin domain of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 is necessary for other activities of SR-PSOX, including efficient recognition and/or uptake of bacteria.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
SR-PSOX/CXCL16 is a recently identified molecule with distinct dual biological functions. We and others independently identified this molecule as a novel class of scavenger receptor capable of uptaking OxLDL (9) and as a transmembrane-type chemokine capable of recruiting cells expressing CXCR6 (10, 11), respectively. Importantly, we have demonstrated here for the first time that SR-PSOX/CXCL16 is capable of mediating bacterial phagocytosis. This activity of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 is shared with several other scavenger receptors but not with another transmembrane chemokine, fractalkine/CX3CL1 (Fig. 1). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the recognition specificity for bacteria is determined by only the chemokine domain of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 (Fig. 3).

We have also shown that SR-PSOX/CXCL16, which is expressed on macrophages and DCs, plays an important role in bacterial phagocytosis by these APCs (Fig. 2). Thus, SR-PSOX/CXCL16 has unique characteristics as a transmembrane chemokine by providing another set of multiple functions for professional APCs, i.e., recruitment of CXCR6-expressing cells such as activated T and NKT cells and also uptake of bacteria for Ag presentation.

Recently, some chemokines were reported to have killing activity against bacteria, which is similar to that of antimicrobial peptides such as {beta}-defensin (20). We have confirmed not only direct binding of soluble SR-PSOX/CXCL16 to bacteria, but also its killing activity against bacteria (data not shown). However, higher concentrations of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 were necessary to kill bacteria than those of other antimicrobial chemokines previously reported (20). The previous report and our data suggest that innate immune activity as well as chemotactic activity may be evolutionary conserved in the chemokine superfamily, and some chemokines may be a new class of pattern recognition receptor for bacteria.

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have different cell wall components. LPS and LTA are the cell wall components of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Because SR-PSOX/CXCL16 can recognize negative-charged molecules such as OxLDL and dextran sulfate, SR-PSOX/CXCL16 may recognize common and/or different negative-charged molecules on these bacterial cell walls. LTA with negative charge is a candidate on Gram-positive bacteria recognized by SR-PSOX/CXCL16, while that on Gram-negative bacteria remains to be identified (Fig. 2C).

DCs play an important role in providing a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems by phagocytosing pathogens, presenting Ag, and triggering T cell activation (21). Though scavenger receptor family members, such as mammalian SR-A, MARCO, and LOX-1 as well as Drosophila dSR-CI, were reported to be involved in phagocytosis of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria by mammalian macrophages and endothelial cells as well as Drosophila macrophages (2, 3, 4, 5), it remains to be determined which kinds of scavenger receptors on DCs are involved in the phagocytosis of bacteria. In this study, we showed that SR-PSOX/CXCL16 plays a role in the phagocytosis of bacteria in monocyte-derived DCs, while SR-A, LOX-1 and/or other scavenger receptors may be also involved in bacterial phagocytosis in other-type DCs. After phagocytosing bacteria, DCs possibly present bacterial peptide epitopes and glycolipids together with self histocompatibility Ags to T cells and NKT cells, respectively. In contrast, the soluble form of SR-PSOX/CXCL16, released by DCs, can recruit activated T cells and NKT cells expressing CXCR6 by its chemotactic activity in cooperation with other chemokines.

In conclusion, SR-PSOX/CXCL16, which is a unique class of transmembrane molecule with multiple biological activities as a scavenger receptor and chemokine through the same chemokine domain, is likely to play important roles in host defense by mediating innate and adaptive immunity. Future studies using SR-PSOX/CXCL16 gene-disrupted and CXCR6 gene-disrupted mice will no doubt clarify the physiological roles of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 in innate and acquired immunity.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank Drs. K. Sakamaki, K.-K. Lee, N. Fukumoto, K. Hieshima, K. Hori, R. Morita, M. Matsuoka, and E. Kodama for their generous help.


   Footnotes
 
1 This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of the Japanese Government. Back

2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Shin Yonehara, Graduate School of Biostudies and Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawahara-cho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. E-mail: syonehar{at}virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp Back

3 Abbreviations used in this paper: OxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein: SR-A, scavenger receptor class A; CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand; DC, dendritic cell; LTA, lipoteichoic acid: LOX-1, lectin-like OxLDL receptor-1; dSR-CI, Drosophila scavenger receptor CI; SEAP, secreted form of placental alkaline phosphatase. Back

Received for publication April 25, 2003. Accepted for publication June 20, 2003.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Steinbrecher, U. P.. 1999. Receptors for oxidized low density lipoprotein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1436:279.[Medline]
  2. Dunne, D. W., D. Resnick, J. Greenberg, M. Krieger, K. A. Joiner. 1994. The type I macrophage scavenger receptor binds to Gram-positive bacteria and recognizes lipoteichoic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:1863.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Elomaa, O., M. Kangas, C. Sahlberg, J. Tuukkanen, R. Sormunen, A. Liakka, I. Thesleff, G. Kraal, K. Tryggvason. 1995. Cloning of a novel bacteria-binding receptor structurally related to scavenger receptors and expressed in a subset of macrophages. Cell 80:603.[Medline]
  4. Ramet, M., A. Pearson, P. Manfruelli, X. Li, H. Koziel, V. Gobel, E. Chung, M. Krieger, R. A. Ezekowitz. 2001. Drosophila scavenger receptor CI is a pattern recognition receptor for bacteria. Immunity 15:1027.[Medline]
  5. Shimaoka, T., N. Kume, M. Minami, K. Hayashida, T. Sawamura, T. Kita, S. Yonehara. 2001. LOX-1 supports adhesion of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. J. Immunol. 166:5108.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Suzuki, H., Y. Kurihara, K. Takeya, N. Kamada, M. Kataoka, K. Jishage, O. Ueda, H. Sakaguchi, T. Higashi, T. Suzuki, et al 1997. A role for macrophage scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis and susceptibility to infection. Nature 386:292.[Medline]
  7. Thomas, C. A., Y. Li, T. Kodama, H. Suzuki, S. C. Silverstein, J. El Khoury. 2000. Protection from lethal Gram-positive infection by macrophage scavenger receptor-dependent phagocytosis. J. Exp. Med. 191:147.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Gough, P. J., S. Gordon. 2000. The role of scavenger receptors in the innate immune system. Microbes Infect. 2:305.[Medline]
  9. Shimaoka, T., N. Kume, M. Minami, K. Hayashida, H. Kataoka, T. Kita, S. Yonehara. 2000. Molecular cloning of a novel scavenger receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein, SR-PSOX, on macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 275:40663.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Matloubian, M., A. David, S. Engel, J. E. Ryan, J. G. Cyster. 2000. A transmembrane CXC chemokine is a ligand for HIV-coreceptor Bonzo. Nat. Immunol. 1:298.[Medline]
  11. Wilbanks, A., S. C. Zondlo, K. Murphy, S. Mak, D. Soler, P. Langdon, D. P. Andrew, L. Wu, M. Briskin. 2001. Expression cloning of the STRL33/BONZO/TYMSTRligand reveals elements of CC, CXC, and CX3C chemokines. J. Immunol. 166:5145.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Bazan, J. F., K. B. Bacon, G. Hardiman, W. Wang, K. Soo, D. Rossi, D. R. Greaves, A. Zlotnik, T. J. Schall. 1997. A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature 385:640.[Medline]
  13. Pan, Y., C. Lloyd, H. Zhou, S. Dolich, J. Deeds, J. A. Gonzalo, J. Vath, M. Gosselin, J. Ma, B. Dussault, et al 1997. Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature 387:611.[Medline]
  14. Kim, C. H., E. J. Kunkel, J. Boisvert, B. Johnston, J. J. Campbell, M. C. Genovese, H. B. Greenberg, E. C. Butcher. 2001. Bonzo/CXCR6 expression defines type 1-polarized T-cell subsets with extralymphoid tissue homing potential. J. Clin. Invest. 107:595.[Medline]
  15. Nomiyama, H., K. Hieshima, T. Nakayama, T. Sakaguchi, R. Fujisawa, S. Tanase, H. Nishiura, K. Matsuno, H. Takamori, Y. Tabira, et al 2001. Human CC chemokine liver-expressed chemokine/CCL16 is a functional ligand for CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5, and constitutively expressed by hepatocytes. Int. Immunol. 13:1021.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Yonehara, S., A. Ishii, M. Yonehara. 1989. A cell-killing monoclonal antibody (anti-Fas) to a cell surface antigen co-downregulated with the receptor of tumor necrosis factor. J. Exp. Med. 169:1747.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Corinti, S., D. Medaglini, A. Cavani, M. Rescigno, G. Pozzi, P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli, G. Girolomoni. 1999. Human dendritic cells very efficiently present a heterologous antigen expressed on the surface of recombinant Gram-positive bacteria to CD4+ T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 163:3029.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Svensson, M., B. Stockinger, M. J. Wick. 1997. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells can process bacteria for MHC-I and MHC-II presentation to T cells. J. Immunol. 158:4229.[Abstract]
  19. Hampton, R. Y., D. T. Golenbock, M. Penman, M. Krieger, C. R. Raetz. 1991. Recognition and plasma clearance of endotoxin by scavenger receptors. Nature 352:342.[Medline]
  20. Durr, M., A. Peschel. 2002. Chemokines meet defensins: the merging concepts of chemoattractants and antimicrobial peptides in host defense. Infect. Immun. 70:6515.[Free Full Text]
  21. Rescigno, M., P. Borrow. 2001. The host-pathogen interaction: new themes from dendritic cell biology. Cell 106:267.[Medline]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
S. Matsumura, B. Wang, N. Kawashima, S. Braunstein, M. Badura, T. O. Cameron, J. S. Babb, R. J. Schneider, S. C. Formenti, M. L. Dustin, et al.
Radiation-Induced CXCL16 Release by Breast Cancer Cells Attracts Effector T Cells
J. Immunol., September 1, 2008; 181(5): 3099 - 3107.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
S. H. Yang, S. J. Kim, N. Kim, J. E. Oh, J. G. Lee, N. H. Chung, S. Kim, and Y. S. Kim
NKT Cells Inhibit the Development of Experimental Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2008; 19(9): 1663 - 1671.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
J. Meijer, J. Ogink, B. Kreike, D. Nuyten, K. E. de Visser, and E. Roos
The Chemokine Receptor CXCR6 and Its Ligand CXCL16 Are Expressed in Carcinomas and Inhibit Proliferation
Cancer Res., June 15, 2008; 68(12): 4701 - 4708.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
T. Shimaoka, K.-i. Seino, N. Kume, M. Minami, C. Nishime, M. Suematsu, T. Kita, M. Taniguchi, K. Matsushima, and S. Yonehara
Critical Role for CXC Chemokine Ligand 16 (SR-PSOX) in Th1 Response Mediated by NKT Cells
J. Immunol., December 15, 2007; 179(12): 8172 - 8179.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann Rheum DisHome page
A. W T van Lieshout, J. Fransen, M. Flendrie, A. M M Eijsbouts, F. H J van den Hoogen, P. L C M van Riel, and T. R D J Radstake
Circulating levels of the chemokine CCL18 but not CXCL16 are elevated and correlate with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis
Ann Rheum Dis, October 1, 2007; 66(10): 1334 - 1338.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int ImmunolHome page
M. Tohyama, K. Sayama, H. Komatsuzawa, Y. Hanakawa, Y. Shirakata, X. Dai, L. Yang, S. Tokumaru, H. Nagai, S. Hirakawa, et al.
CXCL16 is a novel mediator of the innate immunity of epidermal keratinocytes
Int. Immunol., September 1, 2007; 19(9): 1095 - 1102.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
D. M. Okamura, J. M. Lopez-Guisa, K. Koelsch, S. Collins, and A. A. Eddy
Atherogenic scavenger receptor modulation in the tubulointerstitium in response to chronic renal injury
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): F575 - F585.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
U. Koedel, U. M. Merbt, C. Schmidt, B. Angele, B. Popp, H. Wagner, H.-W. Pfister, and C. J. Kirschning
Acute Brain Injury Triggers MyD88-Dependent, TLR2/4-Independent Inflammatory Responses
Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2007; 171(1): 200 - 213.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
S. Hojo, K. Koizumi, K. Tsuneyama, Y. Arita, Z. Cui, K. Shinohara, T. Minami, I. Hashimoto, T. Nakayama, H. Sakurai, et al.
High-Level Expression of Chemokine CXCL16 by Tumor Cells Correlates with a Good Prognosis and Increased Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Colorectal Cancer
Cancer Res., May 15, 2007; 67(10): 4725 - 4731.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
Y. Ikeda, A. Murakami, Y. Fujimura, H. Tachibana, K. Yamada, D. Masuda, K.-i. Hirano, S. Yamashita, and H. Ohigashi
Aggregated Ursolic Acid, a Natural Triterpenoid, Induces IL-1beta Release from Murine Peritoneal Macrophages: Role of CD36
J. Immunol., April 15, 2007; 178(8): 4854 - 4864.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
O. L. Fahy, S. L. Townley, and S. R. McColl
CXCL16 Regulates Cell-Mediated Immunity to Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis via Promotion of Gamma Interferon Production
Infect. Immun., December 1, 2006; 74(12): 6885 - 6894.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
A. M. Aslanian and I. F. Charo
Targeted Disruption of the Scavenger Receptor and Chemokine CXCL16 Accelerates Atherosclerosis
Circulation, August 8, 2006; 114(6): 583 - 590.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
M. Gursel, I. Gursel, H. S. Mostowski, and D. M. Klinman
CXCL16 Influences the Nature and Specificity of CpG-Induced Immune Activation
J. Immunol., August 1, 2006; 177(3): 1575 - 1580.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
Y. Huang, X.-Y. Zhu, M.-R. Du, X. Wu, M.-Y. Wang, and D.-J. Li
Chemokine CXCL16, a scavenger receptor, induces proliferation and invasion of first-trimester human trophoblast cells in an autocrine manner
Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2006; 21(4): 1083 - 1091.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BloodHome page
B. Piqueras, J. Connolly, H. Freitas, A. K. Palucka, and J. Banchereau
Upon viral exposure, myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells produce 3 waves of distinct chemokines to recruit immune effectors
Blood, April 1, 2006; 107(7): 2613 - 2618.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
E. A. Ivakine, O. M. Gulban, S. M. Mortin-Toth, E. Wankiewicz, C. Scott, D. Spurrell, A. Canty, and J. S. Danska
Molecular genetic analysis of the idd4 locus implicates the IFN response in type 1 diabetes susceptibility in nonobese diabetic mice.
J. Immunol., March 1, 2006; 176(5): 2976 - 2990.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
K. Hase, T. Murakami, H. Takatsu, T. Shimaoka, M. Iimura, K. Hamura, K. Kawano, S. Ohshima, R. Chihara, K. Itoh, et al.
The Membrane-Bound Chemokine CXCL16 Expressed on Follicle-Associated Epithelium and M Cells Mediates Lympho-Epithelial Interaction in GALT
J. Immunol., January 1, 2006; 176(1): 43 - 51.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
C. Agostini, A. Cabrelle, F. Calabrese, M. Bortoli, E. Scquizzato, S. Carraro, M. Miorin, B. Beghe, L. Trentin, R. Zambello, et al.
Role for CXCR6 and Its Ligand CXCL16 in the Pathogenesis of T-Cell Alveolitis in Sarcoidosis
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 15, 2005; 172(10): 1290 - 1298.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
M. S. Arredouani, A. Palecanda, H. Koziel, Y.-C. Huang, A. Imrich, T. H. Sulahian, Y. Y. Ning, Z. Yang, T. Pikkarainen, M. Sankala, et al.
MARCO Is the Major Binding Receptor for Unopsonized Particles and Bacteria on Human Alveolar Macrophages
J. Immunol., November 1, 2005; 175(9): 6058 - 6064.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
X. Jiang, T. Shimaoka, S. Kojo, M. Harada, H. Watarai, H. Wakao, N. Ohkohchi, S. Yonehara, M. Taniguchi, and K.-i. Seino
Cutting Edge: Critical Role of CXCL16/CXCR6 in NKT Cell Trafficking in Allograft Tolerance
J. Immunol., August 15, 2005; 175(4): 2051 - 2055.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
S. Tabata, N. Kadowaki, T. Kitawaki, T. Shimaoka, S. Yonehara, O. Yoshie, and T. Uchiyama
Distribution and kinetics of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 and CXCR6 expression on human dendritic cell subsets and CD4+ T cells
J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2005; 77(5): 777 - 786.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Lipid Res.Home page
D. R. Greaves and S. Gordon
Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. Recent insights into the biology of macrophage scavenger receptors
J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2005; 46(1): 11 - 20.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
N. Fukumoto, T. Shimaoka, H. Fujimura, S. Sakoda, M. Tanaka, T. Kita, and S. Yonehara
Critical Roles of CXC Chemokine Ligand 16/Scavenger Receptor that Binds Phosphatidylserine and Oxidized Lipoprotein in the Pathogenesis of Both Acute and Adoptive Transfer Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
J. Immunol., August 1, 2004; 173(3): 1620 - 1627.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
T. Shimaoka, T. Nakayama, K. Hieshima, N. Kume, N. Fukumoto, M. Minami, K. Hayashida, T. Kita, O. Yoshie, and S. Yonehara
Chemokines Generally Exhibit Scavenger Receptor Activity through Their Receptor-binding Domain
J. Biol. Chem., June 25, 2004; 279(26): 26807 - 26810.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
S. Abel, C. Hundhausen, R. Mentlein, A. Schulte, T. A. Berkhout, N. Broadway, D. Hartmann, R. Sedlacek, S. Dietrich, B. Muetze, et al.
The Transmembrane CXC-Chemokine Ligand 16 Is Induced by IFN-{gamma} and TNF-{alpha} and Shed by the Activity of the Disintegrin-Like Metalloproteinase ADAM10
J. Immunol., May 15, 2004; 172(10): 6362 - 6372.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
P. J. Gough, K. J. Garton, P. T. Wille, M. Rychlewski, P. J. Dempsey, and E. W. Raines
A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10-Mediated Cleavage and Shedding Regulates the Cell Surface Expression of CXC Chemokine Ligand 16
J. Immunol., March 15, 2004; 172(6): 3678 - 3685.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
T. Shimaoka, T. Nakayama, N. Fukumoto, N. Kume, S. Takahashi, J. Yamaguchi, M. Minami, K. Hayashida, T. Kita, J. Ohsumi, et al.
Cell surface-anchored SR-PSOX/CXC chemokine ligand 16 mediates firm adhesion of CXC chemokine receptor 6-expressing cells
J. Leukoc. Biol., February 1, 2004; 75(2): 267 - 274.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
R. Yamauchi, M. Tanaka, N. Kume, M. Minami, T. Kawamoto, K. Togi, T. Shimaoka, S. Takahashi, J. Yamaguchi, T. Nishina, et al.
Upregulation of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 and Recruitment of CD8+ T Cells in Cardiac Valves During Inflammatory Valvular Heart Disease
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2004; 24(2): 282 - 287.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
B. Chandrasekar, S. Bysani, and S. Mummidi
CXCL16 Signals via Gi, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Akt, I{kappa}B Kinase, and Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B and Induces Cell-Cell Adhesion and Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation
J. Biol. Chem., January 30, 2004; 279(5): 3188 - 3196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Shimaoka, T.
Right arrow Articles by Yonehara, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Shimaoka, T.
Right arrow Articles by Yonehara, S.
Right arrowPubmed/NCBI databases
*Gene*GEO Profiles
*HomoloGene*Protein
*UniGene
*Compound via MeSH
*Substance via MeSH

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS