| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CUTTING EDGE |
,
* Department of Medicine and Webb-Waring Institute for Cancer, Aging, and Antioxidant Research,
Department of Immunology, and
Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80262
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionReferences |
|---|
, but not V
, expression in these cells. Therefore, CD40-regulated expression of RAG1 and RAG2 in peripheral T cells may constitute a novel pathway for the generation of autoaggressive T cells. |
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionReferences |
|---|
Immunological dogma holds that RAGs are permanently inactivated once T cells exit the thymus. However, RAG expression has been reported in peripheral T cells (3, 4, 5). For example, peripheral NOD CD8+ T cells stimulated by repeated Ag exposure in vivo and in vitro induced RAG expression and subsequent TCR rearrangement (5). Peripheral RAG activation leading to altered TCR expression would necessarily result in nonthymically selected, potentially autoaggressive T cells.
We recently identified a highly autoaggressive peripheral CD4+ T cell subset, characterized by the expression of CD40 (6). In diabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, CD4+CD40+ T cells represent 60% of the CD4+ compartment, but in age-matched BALB/c mice these cells represent 
5% of the CD4+ population (6). Furthermore, as NOD mice develop toward diabetes, the CD4+CD40+ T cell population expands (D. M. Waid, G. Vaitaitis, and D. H. Wagner Jr., manuscript in preparation). Earlier studies demonstrated that peripheral CD4+CD40+ T cells can alter TCR V surface expression when CD40 is engaged (7). Because these events occur in the periphery, this suggests a mechanism by which autoaggressive T cells can be generated.
CD40 was first described on APC (8). CD40 signals B cells to activate RAG1 and RAG2 resulting in Ab class switching (9). Reminiscent of B cell CD40 activity, we determined that CD40 signals altered expression of TCR V molecules, in a RAG-dependent manner, in primary peripheral T cells (7). Importantly, change in V expression was induced by CD40 cross-linking of the 3A9 T cell hybridoma demonstrating that CD40 signals induced altered TCR expression and not clonal expansion of specific T cells (7). Peripheral CD40+ T cells occur mainly in the CD4low subset of CD4+ T cells in NOD mice (6) and CD4low, but not CD4high, peripheral NOD T cells readily transfer insulitis and eventually diabetes when injected into NOD.scid recipients (6). Our findings, and the recent reports that RAGs can be reactivated in the periphery (3, 4, 5), suggested that CD40 signals may induce RAG expression, leading to altered TCR expression, in peripheral CD4+CD40+ T cells. This ultimately may be responsible for the generation of autoaggressive T cells in the periphery.
In this study, we report that CD40 was cloned from an autoaggressive T cell clone and from purified, primary NOD splenic T cells. We demonstrate that these cells can be induced through CD40 engagement to alter surface expression of TCR V. Significantly, expression and nuclear translocation of RAG1 and RAG2 is regulated by CD40 signals. Therefore, CD40+ T cells constitute a population of T cells capable of reactivating RAGs peripherally, potentially allowing the generation of autoaggressive T cells.
|
Materials and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionReferences |
|---|
NOD mice were from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) or Taconic Farms (Germantown, NY) and were maintained under pathogen-free conditions at the Webb-Waring Institute for Cancer, Aging, and Antioxidant Research, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee-approved facility (Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado, Denver, CO).
Antibodies
CyChrome-conjugated anti-CD4 (clone H129.19) and anti-TCR-V Ab, as listed (see Table I), were from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA). Anti-RAG1, sc-5599, and anti-RAG2, sc-7623, Ab as well as secondary HRP-conjugated Ab, were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Biotinylated anti-CD40 Ab (clone 1C10; Ref. 10) and anti-Fc
III/IIR Ab (clone 2.4G2; Ref. 11) were produced in-house. Anti-actin Ab, A 2066, was from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
|
BDC-2.5 cells were cultured as described (12). NOD splenic T cells were purified over nylon wool columns then, in some experiments, sorted on CD4low/high using a MoFlo flow cytometer (Fort Collins, CO). Purified T cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% FCS.
cDNA cloning and sequencing
NOD T cells were cultured as above. BDC-2.5 T cells were cultured as described (12), then allowed to come to rest for 2 wk. Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen/Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) then was DNase I-treated. Using random primers, 1 µg of RNA was reverse-transcribed with Superscript II (Invitrogen/Life Technologies) For PCR, one-one hundredth of the resulting cDNA was amplified using PFU DNA Polymerase (Stratagene, Cedar Creek, TX) and the following intron-spanning primers: CD40 sense, 5'-GGAGCCCTGTGATTTGGCTCTTCTG-3'; CD40 antisense 5'-CAAAGGTCAGCAAGCAGCCATCGCC-3'. The PCR product from BDC-2.5 was sequenced at the University of Colorado Cancer Center DNA Sequencing Core (Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado).
Flow cytometry
Splenic T cells were isolated from female, NOD mice (12–16 wk of age) as above, then CD40 cross-linked, or not, for 48 h. BDC-2.5 T cells were allowed to come to rest for 2 wk then were CD40 cross-linked every 4 days for 2 wk in the absence of APC. After cross-linking, cells were treated with anti-FcIII/IIR Ab then stained with CyChrome-conjugated anti-CD4, biotinylated anti-CD40 (followed by washes then PE-streptavidin) and FITC-conjugated Ab to TCR V2, V3.2, V8, V4, or V8. Flow cytometry was done on a BD Biosciences FACSCalibur (San Jose, CA.)
Western blot
Cells from 6- to 9-wk-old NOD spleens were purified as above. T cells were determined by flow cytometry to be >97% CD3+ and then cross-linked with biotinylated CD40 Ab, or not, followed by streptavidin. Controls received isotype control Ab. Protein was extracted as described below then 20 µg of cytoplasmic (CF) or 10 µg of nuclear (NE) protein were electrophoresed according to Laemmli (13). Protein was transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane and RAG1 levels were analyzed. The blots were stripped and reprobed for RAG2. Blots of CF were further stripped and probed for actin.
Cytoplasmic and nuclear cell extract preparations
Cell pellets were resuspended in hypotonic buffer (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.9, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 10 mM KCl, 0.1% Igepal CA630, 1 mM DTT, 1 µg/ml leupeptin, 1 µg/ml aprotinin, and 0.2 mM PMSF) then homogenized. Nuclei were pelleted at 16,000 x g and the supernatant (CF) was frozen. Nuclei were washed once in hypotonic buffer then resuspended in nuclear extraction buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.9, 0.2 mM EDTA, 25% glycerol, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 340 mM KCl, 1 mM DTT, protease inhibitors as above) and ultrasonicated for 10 s. Insoluble matter was pelleted at 20,000 x g and the supernatant (NE) was frozen.
Semiquantitative RT-PCR
Cultured cells were cross-linked, or not, with CD40 Ab as described earlier. RNA was prepared and 0.1–1 µg were reverse transcribed as above. For PCR, one-one hundredth to one-twentieth of the resulting cDNA was PCR-amplified using RAG1- or RAG2-specific primers. RAG1 sense, 5'-TCATCGAGA CAGTCCCTTCC-3'; RAG1 antisense, 5'-CGATAGAGCCATCCCTTTC-3'. RAG2 sense, 5'-CGGAGGGAAAACACCAAACAATG-3'; RAG2 antisense, 5'-CCTGGCAAGACTGTGCAATTCAC-3'. -actin was amplified as a control using intron-spanning primers: -actin sense, \?\space\?\5'-CAGGGTGTGATGGTGG GAATG-3'; -actin non-sense, 5'-CTCATCGTACTCCTGCTTGCTG-3'.
|
Results and Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionReferences |
|---|
We previously demonstrated the presence of CD40 on the surface of CD4lowCD3+, autoaggressive, peripheral T cells and on several diabetogenic T cell clones including the NOD CD4+ Th1 clone, BDC-2.5 (6). To confirm the presence of CD40 on the T cell clone and the CD4low T cell subpopulation, we cloned CD40 mRNA using RT-PCR.
A PCR product of the predicted CD40 cDNA size, 952 bp, was produced in both the T cell clone and the purified, primary CD4low T cells (Fig. 1, arrow). This product was cloned, sequenced, and found to have complete homology to the CD40 sequence reported for B cells (GenBank accession no. M83312, data not shown.) To ensure that the product in the BDC-2.5 sample did not stem from irradiated APC used in the culturing of the BDC-2.5 T cells, irradiated APC were maintained in culture alone but otherwise under the same conditions as when culturing BDC-2.5. As expected, only degraded RNA could be prepared and no RT-PCR product was obtained, after irradiation, from the APC.
|
, but not V, surface expression in NOD spleen and BDC-2.5 T cells
We have shown that peripheral T cells of several autoimmune prone strains of mice, e.g., SWR/J, MRL, and NZB x NZW, and cells of the 3A9 T cell hybridoma alter their TCR V surface expression in response to CD40 cross-linking (7). We have also shown that the CD40+ T cell population occurs almost exclusively in the CD4low portion of peripheral T cells in diabetes-prone NOD mice (6). In this study, we show that CD40 cross-linking caused a 10-fold increase in V3.2 and a 2.5-fold increase in V8 expression within the CD40+CD4low population compared with untreated cells (Table I). V2 expression on CD40+CD4low T cells was not affected. As predicted, CD40-CD4high T cells did not change their V expression in response to CD40 cross-linking. Interestingly, the V molecules examined did not change in either the CD4low or the CD4high cells. The numbers reported are within the gated CD4+ and further gated CD40+ or CD40- populations and therefore do not reflect changes in total T cells.
An important question is whether CD40 engagement induced selective clonal expansions or resulted in altered V expression. Clonal expansions are not likely because substantial V differences were seen after only 18 h of CD40 signaling (data not shown) which is not sufficient time for extensive proliferation. However, we addressed this question by performing the same experiment in the CD4+CD40+ T cell clone BDC-2.5. When BDC-2.5 was CD40 cross-linked over a 2-wk period, we saw a drastic induction of V2 surface expression as well as expression of V3.2 and V8 (Table I). Before cross-linking, no expression of these TCR Vs was evident compared with isotype control. The BDC-2.5 T cell clone has been determined to express the V4 and V1 gene products (14). Although no Ab to the V1 gene product is available, the fact that we can detect TCR V proteins belonging to other TCR V families only after CD40 cross-linking strongly suggests induced rearrangement leading to altered V expression. An alternative explanation may be that CD40 cross-linking induced expression from the other allele because TCR V gene expression is not subject to allelic exclusion. However, because the above results were obtained in a T cell clone, in which all cells have the same rearranged genes, and several new V gene products were detected after CD40 cross-linking, this argues against expression from a second allele. Consistent with rearrangement causing the altered expression, multiple rearrangement and expression of V molecules has been demonstrated (15).
CD40-positive cells express RAG enzymes
Possible mechanisms for alteration of TCR V expression include the re-expression of the RAG products in the periphery as demonstrated by McMahan et al. (3, 4) and Serra et al. (5). Because of our observations that engagement of CD40 on splenic T cells alters surface expression of TCR V, and that V changes could not be induced in TCR transgenic mice on a RAG-/- background (7), we examined whether CD40 engagement affects RAG1 and RAG2 protein levels in peripheral T cells.
Expression of a product of the reported RAG1 size, 119 kDa, was not detected in the cytoplasmic fraction of NOD splenic T cells (Fig. 2A). However, upon CD40 cross-linking for 6 h, RAG1 was detected in the nuclear fraction (Fig. 2A, arrow.) When RAG2 was examined, a band of the reported size, 59 kDa, was present in the cytoplasmic fraction of all samples suggesting constitutive expression of RAG2 (Fig. 2B, arrow.) However, CD40 cross-linking increased RAG2 levels in the cytoplasm at 6 h. Nuclear localization of RAG2 was detected only after CD40 cross-linking for 6 h in NOD T cells (Fig. 2B). Recombinase activity requires that RAG1 and RAG2 form a protein complex (16) and, importantly, RAG1 and RAG2 must translocate to the nucleus to access the TCR genes. These data clearly demonstrate that CD40 cross-linking provides signals that cause the expression of both RAG proteins simultaneously as well as their translocation into the nucleus fulfilling these criteria.
|
We performed RAG1- and RAG2-specific RT-PCR on RNA prepared from NOD splenic T cells. RAG1 mRNA was present in untreated NOD peripheral T cells and expression was slightly increased in response to CD40 cross-linking (Fig. 3A, 510 bp.) In the absence of reverse transcription (RT), no product was obtained (Fig. 3A). It is possible that CD40 cross-linking induces translation of "latent" RAG1 mRNA present in the cross-linked cell as well as new transcription of the RAG1 gene. It has been shown that RAG1 mRNA levels do not correlate well with RAG1 protein levels (17). Additionally, the PCR product was sequenced and found to exactly match the published RAG1 sequence (GenBank accession no. NM_009019, data not shown.)
|
Because the CD4lowCD40+ T cell subpopulation of NOD splenic T cells, as opposed to CD4highCD40- T cells, transfers diabetes to NOD.scid animals (6), we compared CD40-induced RAG-expression in CD4low vs CD4high primary T cells. NOD splenic T cells were sorted into CD4low vs CD4high populations. CD4low T cells, the predominant CD40+ T cell subpopulation (6), were induced to express RAG1 and RAG2 mRNA in response to CD40 cross-linking while RAG expression was not detected in CD4high T cells (Fig. 4, A and B). As a control, CD3 was cross-linked but showed no induction of expression for either mRNA. It has been reported that engagement of TCR prevents RAG activation in thymocytes (18). In the absence of RT, no product was obtained (data not shown).
|
The fact that untreated cells in unsorted experiments showed the presence of RAG1 and 2 mRNA, but untreated cells in sorted cell experiments did not, may be explained by the fact that in the former all T cell populations were incubated together. This could enable the interaction between CD40 ligand-bearing T cells and CD40-bearing T cells that may be separated by compartments in vivo.
We confirmed the ability of CD40 to activate RAG using a T cell clone. RAG RT-PCR was performed on RNA from untreated or CD40 cross-linked BDC-2.5. RAG1 and RAG2 were only detectable after CD40 cross-linking of resting cells from this highly diabetogenic T cell clone (Fig. 4, C and D). Because this is a well-described T cell clone this shows that the results are T cell-specific and rules out any possible B cell contamination. Again, irradiated APC, used in the culturing of the BDC-2.5 T cells, when maintained in culture alone but otherwise under the same conditions as when culturing BDC-2.5, yielded only degraded RNA and no RT-PCR product (data not shown). In the absence of RT, no products could be detected in either the RAG1-specific or the RAG2-specific PCR experiments (data not shown).
The data presented in this report suggest a mechanism to generate autoaggressive T cells post thymic selection. This means that in addition to breach of central tolerance, autoaggressive T cells may be generated in the periphery and thus bypass thymic selection altogether. Diseases like type 1 diabetes have been closely linked to viral infections, e.g., coxsackie virus (19, 20). During infection, CD154 levels are high on activated T cells (21). Furthermore, CD154 levels are even higher in autoimmunity (22), increasing the potential for interaction between CD40 and its ligand (CD154) during autoimmune disease. Therefore, these events may alter the specificity, even if slightly, of the original TCR. This would be advantageous if the results are a TCR with higher affinity for invading pathogen Ags, e.g., coxsackie virus, as has been suggested to occur in T cell epitope spreading (23, 24). In a nonautoimmune prone animal, CD40+ peripheral T cells may serve as a "safety" pool of T cells from which TCR molecules can be generated to respond to an Ag for which there was previously no, or only a low affinity, TCR present. In all probability some of these changes would result in a TCR with specificity for self-Ags, for example pancreatic islet -cell Ags such as occur in type 1 diabetes. When the numbers of the CD40+CD4+ T cells are increased, as in autoimmune prone animals (7), the risk of generating a self-reactive TCR is increased as well. In light of our findings and the recent report that peripheral CD8+ T cells can perform a similar feat (5) a new picture of how the peripheral T cell repertoire is shaped is beginning to emerge.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. David H. Wagner, Jr., Webb-Waring Institute for Cancer, Aging, and Antioxidant Research, Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Box C 321, Denver, CO 80262. E-mail address: david.wagner{at}uchsc.edu
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: RAG, recombination activating gene; NOD, nonobese diabetic; CF, cytoplasmic fraction; NE, nuclear extract; RT, reverse transcription.
Received for publication December 27, 2002. Accepted for publication February 6, 2003.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionReferences |
|---|
repertoire. J. Immunol. 165:6902.
B. J. Immunol. 153:4357.[Abstract]
chain genes maximize the production of useful thymocytes. J. Exp. Med. 178:615.This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  D. Zehn, M. J. Bevan, and P. J. Fink Cutting Edge: TCR Revision Affects Predominantly Foxp3 Cells and Skews Them toward the Th17 Lineage J. Immunol., November 1, 2007; 179(9): 5653 - 5657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Takase, E. M. Kanagawa, and O. Kanagawa Age-Dependent TCR Revision Mediated by Interaction between {alpha}beta TCR and Self-Antigens J. Immunol., August 15, 2007; 179(4): 2163 - 2169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Munroe and G. A. Bishop A Costimulatory Function for T Cell CD40 J. Immunol., January 15, 2007; 178(2): 671 - 682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K. Patra, T. Drewes, S. Engelmann, S. Chuvpilo, H. Kishi, T. Hunig, E. Serfling, and U. H. Bommhardt PKB Rescues Calcineurin/NFAT-Induced Arrest of Rag Expression and Pre-T Cell Differentiation J. Immunol., October 1, 2006; 177(7): 4567 - 4576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ejrnaes, N. Videbaek, U. Christen, A. Cooke, B. K. Michelsen, and M. von Herrath Different Diabetogenic Potential of Autoaggressive CD8+ Clones Associated with IFN-{gamma}-Inducible Protein 10 (CXC Chemokine Ligand 10) Production but Not Cytokine Expression, Cytolytic Activity, or Homing Characteristics J. Immunol., March 1, 2005; 174(5): 2746 - 2755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Cooper, G. L. Turk, M. Sun, A. G. Farr, and P. J. Fink Cutting Edge: TCR Revision Occurs in Germinal Centers J. Immunol., December 1, 2004; 173(11): 6532 - 6536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. O. Lee, J. Moyron-Quiroz, J. Rangel-Moreno, K. L. Kusser, L. Hartson, F. Sprague, F. E. Lund, and T. D. Randall CD40, but Not CD154, Expression on B Cells Is Necessary for Optimal Primary B Cell Responses J. Immunol., December 1, 2003; 171(11): 5707 - 5717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ali, M. Weinreich, S. Balcaitis, C. J. Cooper, and P. J. Fink Differential Regulation of Peripheral CD4+ T Cell Tolerance Induced by Deletion and TCR Revision J. Immunol., December 1, 2003; 171(11): 6290 - 6296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
