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CUTTING EDGE |
* Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, and Departments of
Ophthalmology and
Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan;
PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan; and
¶
Ontario Cancer Institute and Departments of MedicalBiophysics and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract |
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2 and is essential for the initial mounting of Th1 responses. STAT1 interacts with tyrosine-phosphorylated WSX-1, and the conserved tyrosine residue of the cytoplasmic domain of WSX-1 is essential for transcriptional activation of STAT1. IL-27 stimulation induced STAT1 phosphorylation in wild-type but not in WSX-1-deficient naive CD4+ T cells. Although IL-27 did not directly induce IFN-
production by wild-type CD4+ T cells, IL-12-dependent IFN- production was augmented by IL-27 stimulation in wild-type naive CD4+ T cells but was impaired in WSX-1-deficient naive CD4+ T cells. Additionally, IL-27 stimulation induced T-bet and IL-12R2 expression in wild-type, but not in WSX-1-deficient, CD4+ T cells. Thus, during the initiation of Th1 differentiation, the IL-27/WSX-1 signaling system plays a pivotal role by STAT1-mediated T-bet induction before the IL-12R system. |
Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionReferences |
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production and the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Th1 cells via STAT4 (1). IL-12R2 chain expression is rapidly up-regulated by signals, including TCR stimulation, and is required for STAT4 activation. T-bet, a key transcriptional factor for Th1 initiation, is exclusively expressed in Th1 cells and is a potent transactivator of the IFN- gene (2). Although the role of T-bet for Th1 induction is clear, the induction mechanism for T-bet has been controversial (2, 3, 4, 5).
WSX-1 is a novel class I cytokine receptor with homology to the IL-12Rs and is highly expressed in lymphoid tissues (6, 7). WSX-1 encodes a putative cytokine receptor with a WSX signature motif in its extracellular domain and a box 1 motif in its intracellular domain. There is one conserved tyrosine residue between human and murine WSX-1, suggesting that WSX-1 is capable of signal transduction by tyrosine phosphorylation. Analyses of WSX-1-deficient mice revealed that WSX-1 is required for normal production of IFN- by naive CD4+ T cells, indicating that WSX-1 signaling is essential for the initial mounting of Th1 (8).
Reportedly, IL-27 is a candidate ligand for WSX-1 (9). However, the downstream signaling pathway of IL-27/WSX-1 system has not been elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated that STAT1 is activated through interaction with the tyrosine residue in the cytoplasmic domain of WSX-1. In addition, we found that IL-27-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and IL-12-dependent IFN- production were abrogated in WSX-1-deficient naive CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, IL-27 induced expression of T-bet through WSX-1 signaling in wild-type naive CD4+ T cells. In toto, these results showed that IL-27/WSX-1 signaling is important for the initial commitment of Th1 responses.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionReferences |
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HEK293 cells were cultured in DMEM containing 10% calf serum. Ba/F3 was maintained in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FCS and 1 ng/ml murine IL-3. Stable WSX-1-expressing Ba/F3 transformants were obtained by transfection of the Ba/F3 cells with pCMV14 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) carrying 3xFlag-tagged full-length WSX-1 cDNA. Stable Ba/F3 transformants expressing both WSX-1 and STAT4 were obtained similarly.
Reagents
Murine rIL-12 and anti-IFN- neutralizing Ab were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Anti-STAT1 and anti-phosphotyrosine (PY)3-STAT1 Abs were purchased from New England Biolabs (Beverly, MA); anti-STAT3, -4, and -5b Abs were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA); anti-mouse IgG-HRP and anti-rabbit IgG-HRP Abs were from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, PA); and anti-FLAG M2 was from Sigma-Aldrich. Anti-T-bet Abs were kindly provided by Dr. L. Glimcher (Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA).
Constructs
For expression of the IL-12R2/WSX-1 chimeric receptor (2/W), a cDNA encoding the extracellular domain and a portion of the cytoplasmic domain containing the box 1 region of IL-12R2 was fused to cDNA fragments encoding the cytoplasmic domain of WSX-1 containing the conserved tyrosine residue. The chimeric cDNA was subcloned into pCMV14–3xFLAG. One substitution mutant of 2/W, 2/W-mt (mutation at the conserved tyrosine residue of mouse WSX-1 into phenylalanine), was derived from 2/W.
Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis
For immunoprecipitation, cells were lysed in a lysis buffer containing protease inhibitors and vanadate and immunoprecipitated with the indicated Abs. Precipitated immunocomplexes or total cell lysates were resolved by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with indicated Abs.
In vitro GST pull-down assay
GST fusion protein containing the cytoplasmic domain of WSX-1 was expressed in Escherichia coli strains BL21 or TKB1, and purified with glutathione-Sepharose beads. Cell lysates from splenocytes of wild-type mice were added to the fusion proteins bound to Sepharose beads. Bound proteins were examined by electrophoresis and immunoblotting with indicated Abs.
Luciferase assay
IL-12-dependent STAT1 reporter activity was assayed as described previously (10). HEK293 cells were plated at 2 x 105/well on 6-well dishes. Cells were transfected with indicated combination of the genes by the calcium phosphate method. After stimulation with IL-12, luciferase activity was measured using the Promega luciferase assay system (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer’s directions. Luciferase activity was normalized to -galactosidase activity.
IL-27-dependent STAT1 phosphorylation
CD4+ T cells were purified from wild-type, WSX-1-deficient, or IFN--deficient mice by MACS. Cells were activated with plate-bound anti-CD3
Ab (145-2C11; 10 µg/ml; BD PharMingen, San Diego, CA) for 24 h, washed, and stimulated with IL-27 in the presence of anti-IFN- neutralizing Abs (1 µg/ml). Cell lysates were prepared, electrophoresed, blotted, and then visualized with anti-PY-STAT1 Ab.
Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis of IL-12R2 expression
Sorted naive CD4+ T cells were stimulated with plate-bound anti-CD3 mAb (1 µg/ml) plus anti-CD28 mAb (1 µg/ml) and anti-IFN- neutralizing Ab in the absence or presence of IL-27. RNA was prepared with TRIzol (Life Technologies, Rockville, MD). For semiquantitative RT-PCR, cDNA was reverse transcribed from total RNA with oligo(dT)16 primers and murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (PerkinElmer, Wellesley, MA). First, the amounts of cDNA were adjusted by quantitating the amount of G3PDH PCR product using the ABI Prism 7000 sequence detection system (ABI, Foster City, CA). Then, the same amounts of cDNA normalized to the G3PDH were amplified for IL-12R2. The following primers were used: IL-12R2, sense, 5'-ACT GTC AGA GAG CCA AGG AG-3', and antisense, 5'-GTG CCC ACC GTG ATG ATA G-3'.
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Results and Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionReferences |
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Cytokine receptors constitutively interact with JAK that phosphorylates the receptors on tyrosine residues in the intracellular domain (11). To investigate whether WSX-1 interacts with JAK, murine WSX-1-expressing Ba/F3 lines (Ba/F3-WSX-1) were established. We found that JAK1, but not other JAKs, was coprecipitated with WSX-1 (Fig. 1A). Similarly, WSX-1 is precipitated with anti-JAK1 Ab, but not with control anti-Myc Ab in WSX-1-expressing cells. Cytoplasmic domains of cytokine receptors, when phosphorylated by JAKs, bind STATs (11). Among tyrosine residues present in the cytoplasmic domain of mouse WSX-1, only Y609 is conserved between human and murine (6, 7). To investigate whether STATs bind to Y609 of WSX-1, an in vitro pull-down assay was conducted. WSX-1 protein was expressed as a GST fusion protein in E. coli strains BL21 or the tyrosine kinase-positive derivative TKB1. GST-fused cytoplasmic domain of WSX-1, which was phosphorylated when expressed in TKB1 (data not shown), was able to associate with STAT1 but not other STATs examined, including STAT3, -4, and -5b (Fig. 1B). Unphosphorylated form of GST-WSX-1 produced in BL21 did not associate with any STATs. Association of WSX-1 with STAT1 was further confirmed using WSX-1-expressing Ba/F3 cell lines, Ba/F3-WSX-1. As shown in Fig. 1C, in cell lysates of Ba/F3-WSX-1 treated with pervanadate for increase of tyrosine phosphorylation, only STAT1 was revealed to interact with WSX-1. No association of STAT4 with WSX-1 was detected in Ba/F3-WSX-1 overexpressing STAT4 (Fig. 1C). These results indicate that only STAT1, but not other STATs including STAT4, can be recruited to WSX-1 in a phosphorylation-dependent fashion.
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Recently, IL-27, an IL-12-related cytokine, has been reported as a candidate ligand for WSX-1 (9). However, neither Ba/F3-WSX-1 cells nor Ba/F3-WSX-1/STAT4 cells responded to IL-27 by either proliferation or protein tyrosine phosphorylation (data not shown), due presumably to lack of component(s) of the WSX-1 receptor complex and/or downstream signaling pathways in Ba/F3 cells. For circumvention, we constructed a chimeric receptor (2/W) where the extracellular domain and box 1 is of IL-12R2 and the cytoplasmic domain is of WSX-1. When coexpressed with IL-12R1, exogenous IL-12 can ligate IL-12R1 and 2/W and may reconstitute WSX-1 signaling, at least partly. Thus, ligand-induced transcriptional activation of the reporter gene by STAT1 was tested by cotransfecting the IL-12R1, the 2/W chimeric receptor, and the IFN- activation site (GAS) luciferase reporter gene into cells. As shown in Fig. 2A, IL-12 treatment increased the STAT1 transcriptional activity by 4.4-fold in cells transfected with IL-12R1 and the 2/W chimeric receptor (1 plus 2/W) while the same treatment increased GAS-luciferase activity by only 1.6-fold in IL-12R1- plus -2-expressing cells (1 plus 2). We also constructed a substitution mutant form of 2/W Y824F (mutation at the conserved tyrosine residue of WSX-1 into phenylalanine). Then, we determined the transcriptional activation by STAT1 under the 2/W mutant receptor. GAS-luciferase activity in cells expressing 1 plus 2/W mutant Y824F (1 plus 2/W-mt) was not augmented by IL-12 treatment over that observed in 1- plus 2-expressing cells (Fig. 2A). STAT1 is reported to dock to the sequence pYDKPH in the IFNR (12, 13). The pYEKHF motif at the conserved tyrosine residue in WSX-1 shares amino acid similarities to the STAT1 docking site of the IFNR, pYDKPH. Thus, it is conceivable that STAT1 is activated by interaction with the WSX-1 at the conserved tyrosine residue upon ligand binding.
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and then stimulated with IL-27 in the presence of anti-IFN- neutralizing Ab. IL-27 markedly stimulated phosphorylation of STAT1 in WSX-1+/- naive CD4+ T cells (Fig. 2B). As expected, in WSX-1-/- naive CD4+ T cells, barely detectable levels of STAT1 were observed after IL-27 stimulation. It is unlikely that STAT1 phosphorylation was induced by IFN- produced in response to stimulation, because IL-27-induced STAT1 phosphorylation was observed even in IFN--/- cells (Fig. 2B). These results reiterated that IL-27-mediated WSX-1 signaling involves tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1.
WSX-1 signaling provides for IL-12-induced IFN- production
Because both IL-27 and WSX-1 have been implicated in Th1 responses (6, 8, 9), we next examined whether IL-27 induced IFN- production in naive CD4+ T cells. Purified naive CD4+ T cells from either WSX-1+/- or WSX-1-/- mice were cultured for 3 days in the presence of APC and Con A with or without IL-27, and the culture supernatants were collected for IFN- production (Fig. 3). Whereas IL-12 plus IL-27 stimulation induced IFN- production by WSX-1+/- naive CD4+ T cells, the same stimulation did not lead to IFN- production by WSX-1-/- CD4+ T cells. IFN- production was induced in neither WSX-1+/- nor WSX-1-/- CD4+ T cells stimulated solely with IL-27. Taken together, we consider that IL-27/WSX-1 signaling does not directly induce IFN- production, but it provides for responsiveness of naive CD4+ T cells to IL-12 and the consequent IFN- production.
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Lines of evidence demonstrate that T-bet is a Th1-specific transcription factor and is critical for Th1 responses (2). Recent studies revealed that T-bet is up-regulated through STAT1 activation (4, 5). In addition, it is also reported that expression of T-bet induces IL-12R2 expression (5). Because WSX-1 signaling involves STAT1 activation and is critical for IL-12-dependent IFN- production, we determined whether IL-27 induced T-bet and subsequent IL-12R2 expression in a WSX-1-dependent manner. Purified naive CD4+ T cells from either WSX-1+/- or WSX-1-/- mice were cultured with anti-CD3 Ab with or without IL-27 in the presence of anti-IFN- neutralizing Ab. As expected, expression of T-bet was augmented by IL-27 treatment of the wild-type CD4+ T cells (Fig. 4A). However, the same treatment did not augment T-bet expression more than the basal level in WSX-1-deficient CD4+ T cells. RT-PCR analysis of the similarly treated cells revealed that IL-27 induced IL-12R2 expression in wild-type but not in WSX-1-/- CD4+ T cells (Fig. 4B). These results indicate that IL-27/WSX-1 signaling is important for augmentation of T-bet expression and the following IL-12R2 expression by CD4+ naive T cells. Taken together, IL-27/WSX-1 signaling plays a pivotal role by STAT1-induced T-bet expression at the initial checkpoint of Th1 differentiation.
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production but supports IL-12-induced IFN- production. Furthermore, expression of T-bet was augmented downstream of WSX-1. Taken together, our data suggest that WSX-1 signaling controls the initial step of Th1 commitment by augmented induction of T-bet.
Despite the obvious role of T-bet for Th1 induction, its induction mechanism has been controversial. Szabo et al. (2) have suggested that the expression of T-bet is regulated by TCR signaling and STAT4-mediated IL-12R signaling. However, Mullen et al. (3) have reported that T-bet was induced and acted before STAT4 activation in Th1 development. In addition, this study suggested that T-bet expression was STAT4 independent. Furthermore, recent studies elucidated that T-bet was induced by an autocrine pathway involving IFN- and STAT1, independently of STAT4 (4, 5). In this study, we show that WSX-1 signaling augmented the expression of T-bet in stimulated naive CD4+ T cells (Fig. 4A). It is thus suggested that WSX-1 signaling plays an important role during the initial step of proper Th1 differentiation by expression of T-bet and the subsequent IL-12R2 expression. However, WSX-1 signaling is not the sine qua non of T-bet expression, because T-bet expression was detected in anti-CD3-stimulated naive T cells before IL-27 stimulation. Moreover, although not augmented by IL-27, we detected a higher level of T-bet expression in anti-CD3-stimulated WSX-1-/- T cells than in wild-type T cells before IL-27 stimulation (Fig. 4A). WSX-1-deficient T cells may have higher sensitivity to antigenic stimulation as previously shown by the higher proliferation of WSX-1-/- T cells in response to stimulation (8). Taken together, without WSX-1 signaling, the expression of T-bet and the following Th1 differentiation is initially impaired but may finally get to the normal level later.
In addition to the IL-12 and IL-12R pathway, newly identified cytokines and cytokine receptors have been revealed to play roles in Th1 responses (6, 8, 9, 14, 15). The IL-12/IL-12R system acts via STAT4 activation for IFN- production. IL-23 exerts its effects on activated/memory T cells for proliferation and IFN- production by STAT4 activation (14, 15). Discovery of IL-27 (9) and our current finding that IL-27/WSX-1 stimulation induces T-bet expression by naive CD4+ T cells through STAT1 activation identify the IL-27/WSX-1 signaling system as a key Th1 commitment step at which naive Th precursor cells commence differentiation into Th1 cells. Thus, various cytokines cooperate at different phases of T cell activation/differentiation to ensure optimal Th1 responses (for review, see Ref. 16). Further clarification of the paradigms of Th1 responses will provide approaches to therapeutic intervention against immunopathologies such as autoimmune diseases and infections.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Hiroki Yoshida, Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. E-mail address: hyoshida{at}bioreg.kyushu-u.ac.jp
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: PY, phosphotyrosine; 2/W, IL-12R2/WSX-1 chimeric receptor; 2/W-mt, 2/W mutant Y824F; JAK, Janus kinase; GAS, IFN- activation site.
Received for publication January 7, 2003. Accepted for publication March 19, 2003.
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D. C. Fitzgerald, B. Ciric, T. Touil, H. Harle, J. Grammatikopolou, J. D. Sarma, B. Gran, G.-X. Zhang, and A. Rostami Suppressive Effect of IL-27 on Encephalitogenic Th17 Cells and the Effector Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., September 1, 2007; 179(5): 3268 - 3275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Del Vecchio, E. Bajetta, S. Canova, M. T. Lotze, A. Wesa, G. Parmiani, and A. Anichini Interleukin-12: Biological Properties and Clinical Application Clin. Cancer Res., August 15, 2007; 13(16): 4677 - 4685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. F. Yates, A. M. Paterson, K. F. Nolan, S. P. Cobbold, N. J. Saunders, H. Waldmann, and P. J. Fairchild Induction of Regulatory T Cells and Dominant Tolerance by Dendritic Cells Incapable of Full Activation J. Immunol., July 15, 2007; 179(2): 967 - 976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. F. Sheibanie, J.-H. Yen, T. Khayrullina, F. Emig, M. Zhang, R. Tuma, and D. Ganea The Proinflammatory Effect of Prostaglandin E2 in Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Mediated through the IL-23->IL-17 Axis J. Immunol., June 15, 2007; 178(12): 8138 - 8147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. M. Johnson and P. Scott STAT1 Expression in Dendritic Cells, but Not T Cells, Is Required for Immunity to Leishmania major J. Immunol., June 1, 2007; 178(11): 7259 - 7266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Wang, P. H. Dennehy, H. L. Keyserling, K. Tang, J. R. Gentsch, R. I. Glass, and B. Jiang Rotavirus Infection Alters Peripheral T-Cell Homeostasis in Children with Acute Diarrhea J. Virol., April 15, 2007; 81(8): 3904 - 3912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Fakruddin, R. A. Lempicki, R. J. Gorelick, J. Yang, J. W. Adelsberger, A. J. Garcia-Pineres, L. A. Pinto, H. C. Lane, and T. Imamichi Noninfectious papilloma virus-like particles inhibit HIV-1 replication: implications for immune control of HIV-1 infection by IL-27 Blood, March 1, 2007; 109(5): 1841 - 1849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Xu and P. D. Drew Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Agonists Suppress the Production of IL-12 Family Cytokines by Activated Glia J. Immunol., February 1, 2007; 178(3): 1904 - 1913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K.-H. Sonoda, T. Yoshimura, A. Takeda, T. Ishibashi, S. Hamano, and H. Yoshida WSX-1 plays a significant role for the initiation of experimental autoimmune uveitis Int. Immunol., January 1, 2007; 19(1): 93 - 98. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Owaki, M. Asakawa, F. Fukai, J. Mizuguchi, and T. Yoshimoto IL-27 Induces Th1 Differentiation via p38 MAPK/T-bet- and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/LFA-1/ERK1/2-Dependent Pathways J. Immunol., December 1, 2006; 177(11): 7579 - 7587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Yoshimura, A. Takeda, S. Hamano, Y. Miyazaki, I. Kinjyo, T. Ishibashi, A. Yoshimura, and H. Yoshida Two-Sided Roles of IL-27: Induction of Th1 Differentiation on Naive CD4+ T Cells versus Suppression of Proinflammatory Cytokine Production Including IL-23-Induced IL-17 on Activated CD4+ T Cells Partially Through STAT3-Dependent Mechanism J. Immunol., October 15, 2006; 177(8): 5377 - 5385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Wittmann, C. Killig, M. Bruder, R. Gutzmer, and T. Werfel Critical involvement of IL-12 in IFN-{gamma} induction by calcineurin antagonists in activated human lymphocytes J. Leukoc. Biol., July 1, 2006; 80(1): 75 - 86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Oniki, H. Nagai, T. Horikawa, J. Furukawa, M. L. Belladonna, T. Yoshimoto, I. Hara, and C. Nishigori Interleukin-23 and interleukin-27 exert quite different antitumor and vaccine effects on poorly immunogenic melanoma. Cancer Res., June 15, 2006; 66(12): 6395 - 6404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Shimizu, M. Shimamura, T. Owaki, M. Asakawa, K. Fujita, M. Kudo, Y. Iwakura, Y. Takeda, A. D. Luster, J. Mizuguchi, et al. Antiangiogenic and Antitumor Activities of IL-27. J. Immunol., June 15, 2006; 176(12): 7317 - 7324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Larousserie, P. Charlot, E. Bardel, J. Froger, R. A. Kastelein, and O. Devergne Differential Effects of IL-27 on Human B Cell Subsets J. Immunol., May 15, 2006; 176(10): 5890 - 5897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. O Huising, C. P Kruiswijk, and G. Flik Phylogeny and evolution of class-I helical cytokines. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2006; 189(1): 1 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Owaki, M. Asakawa, S. Kamiya, K. Takeda, F. Fukai, J. Mizuguchi, and T. Yoshimoto IL-27 Suppresses CD28-Medicated IL-2 Production through Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3. J. Immunol., March 1, 2006; 176(5): 2773 - 2780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. Gao, J. Kasten-Jolly, and D. A. Lawrence The Paradoxical Effects of Lead in Interferon-Gamma Knockout BALB/c Mice Toxicol. Sci., February 1, 2006; 89(2): 444 - 453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. V. Villarino, J. S. Stumhofer, C. J. M. Saris, R. A. Kastelein, F. J. de Sauvage, and C. A. Hunter IL-27 Limits IL-2 Production during Th1 Differentiation J. Immunol., January 1, 2006; 176(1): 237 - 247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. E. Rosas, A. A. Satoskar, K. M. Roth, T. L. Keiser, J. Barbi, C. Hunter, F. J. de Sauvage, and A. R. Satoskar Interleukin-27R (WSX-1/T-Cell Cytokine Receptor) Gene-Deficient Mice Display Enhanced Resistance to Leishmania donovani Infection but Develop Severe Liver Immunopathology Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2006; 168(1): 158 - 169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Shimizu, N. Sugiyama, K. Masutani, A. Sadanaga, Y. Miyazaki, Y. Inoue, M. Akahoshi, R. Katafuchi, H. Hirakata, M. Harada, et al. Membranous Glomerulonephritis Development with Th2-Type Immune Deviations in MRL/lpr Mice Deficient for IL-27 Receptor (WSX-1) J. Immunol., December 1, 2005; 175(11): 7185 - 7192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. I. Happel, E. A. Lockhart, C. M. Mason, E. Porretta, E. Keoshkerian, A. R. Odden, S. Nelson, and A. J. Ramsay Pulmonary Interleukin-23 Gene Delivery Increases Local T-Cell Immunity and Controls Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Lungs Infect. Immun., September 1, 2005; 73(9): 5782 - 5788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. Corn, C. Hunter, H.-C. Liou, U. Siebenlist, and M. R. Boothby Opposing Roles for RelB and Bcl-3 in Regulation of T-Box Expressed in T Cells, GATA-3, and Th Effector Differentiation J. Immunol., August 15, 2005; 175(4): 2102 - 2110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Owaki, M. Asakawa, N. Morishima, K. Hata, F. Fukai, M. Matsui, J. Mizuguchi, and T. Yoshimoto A Role for IL-27 in Early Regulation of Th1 Differentiation J. Immunol., August 15, 2005; 175(4): 2191 - 2200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Miyazaki, H. Inoue, M. Matsumura, K. Matsumoto, T. Nakano, M. Tsuda, S. Hamano, A. Yoshimura, and H. Yoshida Exacerbation of Experimental Allergic Asthma by Augmented Th2 Responses in WSX-1-Deficient Mice J. Immunol., August 15, 2005; 175(4): 2401 - 2407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Morishima, T. Owaki, M. Asakawa, S. Kamiya, J. Mizuguchi, and T. Yoshimoto Augmentation of Effector CD8+ T Cell Generation with Enhanced Granzyme B Expression by IL-27 J. Immunol., August 1, 2005; 175(3): 1686 - 1693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Takeda, S. Hamano, H. Shiraishi, T. Yoshimura, H. Ogata, K. Ishii, T. Ishibashi, A. Yoshimura, and H. Yoshida WSX-1 over-expression in CD4+ T cells leads to hyperproliferation and cytokine hyperproduction in response to TCR stimulation Int. Immunol., July 1, 2005; 17(7): 889 - 897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. V. Villarino, J. Larkin III, C. J. M. Saris, A. J. Caton, S. Lucas, T. Wong, F. J. de Sauvage, and C. A. Hunter Positive and Negative Regulation of the IL-27 Receptor during Lymphoid Cell Activation J. Immunol., June 15, 2005; 174(12): 7684 - 7691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. P. Harris, S. Goodrich, A. J. Gerth, S. L. Peng, and F. E. Lund Regulation of IFN-{gamma} Production by B Effector 1 Cells: Essential Roles for T-bet and the IFN-{gamma} Receptor J. Immunol., June 1, 2005; 174(11): 6781 - 6790. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Schuetze, S. Schoeneberger, U. Mueller, M. A. Freudenberg, G. Alber, and R. K. Straubinger IL-12 family members: differential kinetics of their TLR4-mediated induction by Salmonella Enteritidis and the impact of IL-10 in bone marrow-derived macrophages Int. Immunol., May 1, 2005; 17(5): 649 - 659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Larousserie, E. Bardel, S. Pflanz, B. Arnulf, C. Lome-Maldonado, O. Hermine, L. Bregeaud, M. Perennec, N. Brousse, R. Kastelein, et al. Analysis of Interleukin-27 (EBI3/p28) Expression in Epstein-Barr Virus- and Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Associated Lymphomas: Heterogeneous Expression of EBI3 Subunit by Tumoral Cells Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2005; 166(4): 1217 - 1228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Holscher, A. Holscher, D. Ruckerl, T. Yoshimoto, H. Yoshida, T. Mak, C. Saris, and S. Ehlers The IL-27 Receptor Chain WSX-1 Differentially Regulates Antibacterial Immunity and Survival during Experimental Tuberculosis J. Immunol., March 15, 2005; 174(6): 3534 - 3544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Wirtz, C. Becker, M. C. Fantini, E. E. Nieuwenhuis, I. Tubbe, P. R. Galle, H.-J. Schild, M. Birkenbach, R. S. Blumberg, and M. F. Neurath EBV-Induced Gene 3 Transcription Is Induced by TLR Signaling in Primary Dendritic Cells via NF-{kappa}B Activation J. Immunol., March 1, 2005; 174(5): 2814 - 2824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Salcedo, J. K. Stauffer, E. Lincoln, T. C. Back, J. A. Hixon, C. Hahn, K. Shafer-Weaver, A. Malyguine, R. Kastelein, and J. M. Wigginton IL-27 Mediates Complete Regression of Orthotopic Primary and Metastatic Murine Neuroblastoma Tumors: Role for CD8+ T Cells J. Immunol., December 15, 2004; 173(12): 7170 - 7182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E. Pearl, S. A. Khader, A. Solache, L. Gilmartin, N. Ghilardi, F. deSauvage, and A. M. Cooper IL-27 Signaling Compromises Control of Bacterial Growth in Mycobacteria-Infected Mice J. Immunol., December 15, 2004; 173(12): 7490 - 7496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Goldberg, Y. Zohar, G. Wildbaum, Y. Geron, G. Maor, and N. Karin Suppression of Ongoing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Neutralizing the Function of the p28 Subunit of IL-27 J. Immunol., November 15, 2004; 173(10): 6465 - 6471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Artis, A. Villarino, M. Silverman, W. He, E. M. Thornton, S. Mu, S. Summer, T. M. Covey, E. Huang, H. Yoshida, et al. The IL-27 Receptor (WSX-1) Is an Inhibitor of Innate and Adaptive Elements of Type 2 Immunity J. Immunol., November 1, 2004; 173(9): 5626 - 5634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Morinobu, Y. Kanno, and J. J. O'Shea Discrete Roles for Histone Acetylation in Human T Helper 1 Cell-specific Gene Expression J. Biol. Chem., September 24, 2004; 279(39): 40640 - 40646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kamiya, T. Owaki, N. Morishima, F. Fukai, J. Mizuguchi, and T. Yoshimoto An Indispensable Role for STAT1 in IL-27-Induced T-bet Expression but Not Proliferation of Naive CD4+ T Cells J. Immunol., September 15, 2004; 173(6): 3871 - 3877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Yoshimoto, K. Okada, N. Morishima, S. Kamiya, T. Owaki, M. Asakawa, Y. Iwakura, F. Fukai, and J. Mizuguchi Induction of IgG2a Class Switching in B Cells by IL-27 J. Immunol., August 15, 2004; 173(4): 2479 - 2485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. V. Villarino, E. Huang, and C. A. Hunter Understanding the Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of IL-27 J. Immunol., July 15, 2004; 173(2): 715 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Goldberg, G. Wildbaum, Y. Zohar, G. Maor, and N. Karin Suppression of Ongoing Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis by Neutralizing the Function of the p28 Subunit of IL-27 J. Immunol., July 15, 2004; 173(2): 1171 - 1178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J. Bancroft, N. E. Humphreys, J. J. Worthington, H. Yoshida, and R. K. Grencis WSX-1: A Key Role in Induction of Chronic Intestinal Nematode Infection J. Immunol., June 15, 2004; 172(12): 7635 - 7641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. A. Papadakis, J. L. Prehn, C. Landers, Q. Han, X. Luo, S. C. Cha, P. Wei, and S. R. Targan TL1A Synergizes with IL-12 and IL-18 to Enhance IFN-{gamma} Production in Human T Cells and NK Cells J. Immunol., June 1, 2004; 172(11): 7002 - 7007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Artis, L. M. Johnson, K. Joyce, C. Saris, A. Villarino, C. A. Hunter, and P. Scott Cutting Edge: Early IL-4 Production Governs the Requirement for IL-27-WSX-1 Signaling in the Development of Protective Th1 Cytokine Responses following Leishmania major Infection J. Immunol., April 15, 2004; 172(8): 4672 - 4675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Yamanaka, S. Hamano, Y. Miyazaki, K. Ishii, A. Takeda, T. W. Mak, K. Himeno, A. Yoshimura, and H. Yoshida Hyperproduction of Proinflammatory Cytokines by WSX-1-Deficient NKT Cells in Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis J. Immunol., March 15, 2004; 172(6): 3590 - 3596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. C. Gavrilescu, B. A. Butcher, L. Del Rio, G. A. Taylor, and E. Y. Denkers STAT1 Is Essential for Antimicrobial Effector Function but Dispensable for Gamma Interferon Production during Toxoplasma gondii Infection Infect. Immun., March 1, 2004; 72(3): 1257 - 1264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Pflanz, L. Hibbert, J. Mattson, R. Rosales, E. Vaisberg, J. F. Bazan, J. H. Phillips, T. K. McClanahan, R. de Waal Malefyt, and R. A. Kastelein WSX-1 and Glycoprotein 130 Constitute a Signal-Transducing Receptor for IL-27 J. Immunol., February 15, 2004; 172(4): 2225 - 2231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Hisada, S. Kamiya, K. Fujita, M. L. Belladonna, T. Aoki, Y. Koyanagi, J. Mizuguchi, and T. Yoshimoto Potent Antitumor Activity of Interleukin-27 Cancer Res., February 1, 2004; 64(3): 1152 - 1156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Lucas, N. Ghilardi, J. Li, and F. J. de Sauvage IL-27 regulates IL-12 responsiveness of naive CD4+ T cells through Stat1-dependent and -independent mechanisms PNAS, December 9, 2003; 100(25): 15047 - 15052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Mohty, A. Vialle-Castellano, J. A. Nunes, D. Isnardon, D. Olive, and B. Gaugler IFN-{alpha} Skews Monocyte Differentiation into Toll-Like Receptor 7-Expressing Dendritic Cells with Potent Functional Activities J. Immunol., October 1, 2003; 171(7): 3385 - 3393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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) or without (
) IL-12 (100 ng/ml for maximum induction of GAS-luciferase activity) for 12 h, and cell extracts were prepared for luciferase activity. *, p < 0.01 by paired t test. Data normalized with the 
