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Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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-cyclodextrin, which we have previously shown to enhance
receptor-mediated calcium mobilization, did not prevent colocalization
of the BCR and CD20, but slowed their dissociation. The data
demonstrate rapid dynamics of the BCR in relation to CD20 at the cell
surface. Activation-dependent dissociation of the BCR from CD20 occurs
before receptor endocytosis and appears to require in part the
integrity of lipid rafts. |
Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Engagement of the B cell receptor
(BCR)3 by Ag triggers
accelerated endocytosis of the receptor along with a cascade of
signaling events that can result in diverse cellular responses
(4, 5). In immature and tolerized B cells, where BCR
signaling may lead to apoptosis and anergy, respectively, the BCR is
excluded from lipid rafts (6, 7). In pre-B and mature B
cells, where BCR signaling is associated with cell activation, the BCR
and many of the molecular components of the BCR signaling cascade
associate with lipid rafts following stimulation (8, 9, 10).
Coligation of the BCR with the CD19/CD21 complex prolongs BCR
association with lipid rafts, while CD40 costimulation accelerates
movement of the BCR out of rafts (11, 12). Expression of
the EBV latent membrane protein LMP2A blocks both entry of the BCR into
rafts and BCR signaling (13). The evidence thus favors a
role for lipid rafts in BCR signal transduction. However, raft
disruption using methyl--cyclodextrin (MCD) does not inhibit
BCR-mediated tyrosine kinase activation, ERK activation, or calcium
release from intracellular stores (9, 14). Taken together,
the data suggest that rafts function to organize and limit selected
signaling events, rather than serving as essential conduits for all BCR
signals.
CD20 is a B cell integral membrane protein that shares with the BCR the ability to associate with lipid rafts (15). CD20 belongs to a newly discovered, largely uncharacterized, family of proteins expressed in a variety of tissues (16, 17) and is involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression in B lymphocytes as either a component or a regulator of a calcium channel (18, 19, 20). In human peripheral B lymphocytes, signals delivered through CD20 can increase levels of c-Myc and synergize with the BCR to drive cellular proliferation (18). Lipid rafts could represent the compartment of the cell membrane where CD20 regulates BCR signaling, possibly through modulating levels of intracellular calcium.
Evidence of a functional association between the BCR and CD20 and their mutual association with lipid rafts prompted us to examine their relative distribution in B cells. In this report we show that the BCR and CD20 colocalize on the surface of stimulated B lymphocytes, then rapidly dissociate before BCR internalization. Dissociation was retarded in cholesterol-depleted cells. Surface-labeled BCR and CD20 were visualized in isolated rafts using a novel strategy involving tracking of fluorochrome-conjugated Abs bound to live cells before lysis. CD20 and the BCR were partially colocalized in isolated rafts under conditions where cell surface colocalization was observed. When the BCR and CD20 were dissociated at the cell surface, they were correspondingly segregated in isolated rafts. The data suggest that the BCR, upon stimulation, redistributes to lipid rafts with CD20 and subsequently traffics away in a distinct population of rafts before undergoing endocytosis.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Ramos B cells were maintained in culture in RPMI 1640 and 7.5% FBS. Goat F(ab')2 anti-human IgM, either unconjugated or conjugated to Cy3 or biotin (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA), was used to stimulate and label the BCR. Streptavidin-Cy3 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) or streptavidin-PE (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) was used to detect biotin-labeled BCR. The CD20-specific mAb 2H7 and anti-CD45 mAb 9.4 were provided by Dr. J. Ledbetter (University of Washington, Seattle, WA). 2H7 conjugated to Alexa 488 was generated using the Alexa Fluor 488 protein labeling kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). Rabbit antiserum to CD20, used for immunoblotting, was generated using a peptide corresponding to the intracellular C-terminal (aa 280–297) of human CD20 conjugated to GST. Cholera toxin B (CTB) and rabbit anti-CTB were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Alexa 488-conjugated transferrin (Tf) was purchased from Molecular Probes.
Detergent-resistant membrane isolation
Lipid rafts were isolated as low density, detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) by sucrose density gradient centrifugation after lysis in Triton X-100 essentially as previously described (15). Cells (108) were lysed in ice-cold lysis buffer (25 mM morpholineethane-sulfonic acid, 150 mM NaCl, 10 µg/ml leupeptin, 10 µg/ml aprotinin, 2 mM PMSF, 10 mM EDTA, 2 mM Na3VO4, and 1% Triton X-100). Samples were immediately placed on ice for 20 min. Lysates were mixed with an equal volume of 80% sucrose in MBS (25 mM MES and 150 mM NaCl), overlaid with 5 ml of 30% sucrose and 5 ml of 5% sucrose in MBS, and centrifuged at 37,000 rpm for 3 h in a Sw41Ti swinging bucket rotor in a Beckman XL-70 ultracentrifuge (Fullerton, CA). The layer of opaque material at the 5/30% interface, previously shown to contain lipid rafts (9), was collected in 1 ml, diluted in 11 ml cold 1x MBS, and respun at 37,000 rpm for 1 h. The pelleted material was solubilized in 100 µl of 2x SDS sample buffer.
Immunoblots
Samples were heated at 95°C for 5 min, separated on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and transferred to Immobilon P membranes (Millipore, Bedford, MA). The membranes were blocked in 5% BSA and incubated with anti-CD20 antiserum or biotin-conjugated goat F(ab')2 anti-human IgM. Following washing, protein A-HRP (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA) or NeutrAvidin-HRP (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Birmingham, AL) was used to detect anti-CD20 or biotin-conjugated goat F(ab')2 anti-human IgM, respectively. Immunoblots were developed using Super Signal chemiluminescence (Pierce, Rockford, IL). The bands were visualized using the Fluor S-Max (Bio-Rad) imaging system.
Immunofluorescence microscopy and digital deconvolution
CD20 and the BCR were stimulated and labeled at 37°C or on ice (0°C) by addition of 2H7-Alexa 488 and/or F(ab')2 anti-IgM-Cy3 (1 µg/106 cells). For detection of surface BCR, cells were stimulated with F(ab')2 anti-IgM-biotin for the specified times and rapidly pelleted at 0°C, and the supernatants were aspirated. Cell pellets were placed at 0°C for 30 s and mixed with cold streptavidin-Cy3 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) for an additional 30 s. GM1 was labeled at 0°C by sequential 15-min incubations with CTB, rabbit anti-CTB, and goat anti-rabbit IgG-Cy3 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories). The negative control for GM1 staining replaced anti-CTX with normal rabbit serum (not shown). For CD45 labeling, cells were incubated at 0°C with 9.4 mAb or IgG2b as a control, then with anti-mouse IgG-FITC. Tf receptor was labeled by incubating cells at 37°C with Tf-Alexa 488 for 30 min. Cells were fixed by the addition of 1% glutaraldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Fort Washington, PA) in 1x PBS. The fixed and stained cells were washed and placed on microscope slides coated with poly-D-lysine (Sigma-Aldrich). For imaging DRMs, cells were stimulated and labeled as described above before lysis and sucrose density gradient centrifugation; 0.5 ml was removed from the 5/30% sucrose interface, and 12 µl was placed on a poly-D-lysine-coated slide. The cells or DRMs were visualized using a Leica DMRXA microscope (Rockleigh, NJ) attached to a 14-bit cooled CCD camera (Princeton Instruments, Monmouth Junction, NJ). Digital deconvolution was performed using a nearest neighbor algorithm, Microtome for Windows (VayTek, Fairfield, IA).
Image quantitation
Deconvolved images were converted to binary images in ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). The mean fluorescence across one entire image was determined; a threshold for positive staining was set and maintained for all images within each experiment. The percent colocalization from each image was derived from the number of positive pixels common to both images (BCR/CD20), divided by the number of positive pixels within the CD20 image. Paired Student’s t test was performed to determine significance.
Electron microscopy
For visualization by transmission electron microscopy, 400 µl DRMs were removed from the sucrose gradient, fixed, and stained in 0.8% osmium tetroxide (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Fort Washington, PA) with rotation at room temperature for 30 min. The DRMs were washed and resuspended in 400 µl of 1x PBS. Four microliters was placed on a carbon-coated copper grid, air-dried, and visualized on an H-7000 transmission electron microscope (Hitachi, Schaumburg, IL).
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The membrane distribution of CD20 and the BCR in unstimulated
Ramos B cells was assessed by labeling fixed cells with 2H7-Alexa 488
and F(ab')2 anti-IgM-Cy3 (Fig. 1
, top panel). Both were
uniformly distributed around the plasma membrane, with areas of
coincident brighter staining. Cells were then exposed to the
fluorochrome-labeled Abs before fixation at either 37 or 0°C, for
times ranging from 1–60 min. At 0°C, CD20 and the BCR were clustered
and colocalized at all times; the results at 60 min shown in Fig. 1, second panel from the top, were also typical of
data obtained at 1, 5, and 15 min. The amount of colocalization was
estimated at 46 ± 2.7% (see Table I). At 37°C, CD20 and the BCR had the
highest degree of colocalization at 1 min, with the extent of
colocalization decreasing over time (Fig. 1 and Table I). CD20, unlike
the BCR, is not internalized after ligation (15, 21). As
expected, CD20 remained on the cell surface, while the BCR was
internalized by 15–60 min (Fig. 1).
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In immunofluorescence experiments represented in all but the
top panel of Fig. 1
, CD20 was visualized by incubating
viable cells with fluorochrome-conjugated Abs before fixation. This was
because we found that extracellular CD20 epitopes were sensitive to
fixation and Ab binding after fixation was weak. Since we have shown
previously that CD20 mAbs induce biochemical alterations in CD20
consistent with its redistribution to lipid rafts, it was important to
determine whether Ab binding to CD20 contributed to its dissociation
from the BCR. Ramos cells were incubated with anti-CD20 at 37°C
for 5 min in the absence of anti-IgM, fixed, and stained for BCR.
The results show that the BCR remained colocalized with CD20 (Fig. 2, top panel; percent
colocalization estimated at 72.3 ± 2.9). In contrast, when cells
were incubated with anti-IgM, fixed, and stained for CD20, the BCR
was predominantly segregated from CD20 (Fig. 2, middle
panel; percent colocalization, 15.8 ± 2.6), with relative
staining patterns similar to those observed when the BCR and CD20 were
both engaged before fixation (Fig. 2, bottom panel; percent
colocalization, 22.5 ± 1.0). Thus, dissociation of CD20 and the
BCR is a consequence of BCR stimulation.
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Dissociation of the BCR and CD20 appeared to have occurred at the
cell surface. However, it was possible that endocytosis was already
underway by 5 min. If this were the case, labeled BCR that was just
under the surface might not be distinguishable from surface BCR. To
determine whether the BCR was still on the surface at times when it was
separated from CD20, biotin-conjugated F(ab')2
anti-IgM was used to stimulate the BCR for 5, 15, and 60 min. After
washing away unbound Ab, the cells were rapidly chilled and briefly
incubated at 0°C with streptavidin-Cy3 to label only surface BCR. As
expected, the amount of labeled BCR decreased over time (Fig. 3). However, the BCR could still be
detected on the cell surface at times when it was no longer colocalized
with CD20, indicating that separation occurred after BCR cross-linking,
but before internalization.
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Translocation of the BCR to lipid rafts has previously been shown
to occur in cells held at 0°C (7, 8, 22). At 37°C, the
association of the BCR with rafts is transient, peaking at 5–15 min
and declining thereafter (7, 8, 9), whereas CD20
translocation at 37°C does not decline over the course of 1 h
(15). The ability of CD20 to translocate at 0°C has not
been reported. To compare BCR and CD20 cell surface distribution with
their localization to lipid rafts, DRMs were isolated from Ramos cells
pretreated at either 37 or 0°C with F(ab')2
anti-IgM and 2H7 Abs. DRMs isolated from Ramos cells have
previously been shown to be enriched in Src family kinase Lyn,
G
i, actin, and ezrin, but not tubulin or
paxillin (9, 14). Redistribution of the BCR and CD20 to
DRMs at various times after Ab addition was determined by
immunoblotting. The results obtained for the BCR at both temperatures
and for CD20 at 37°C were consistent with those previously
reported. Translocation of CD20 to DRMs
also occurred at 0°C (Fig. 4A).
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20% 5–15 min after stimulation.
Within this time frame, it was possible that surface BCR could be in
non-raft domains, while raft-associated BCR was internalized.
Alternatively, a proportion of surface BCR may be associated with lipid
rafts, either colocalized with CD20 or in distinct rafts. To test this,
DRMs were isolated from Ramos cells that, before lysis, had been
stimulated and surface-labeled with fluorochrome-conjugated Abs as
described for Fig. 3, and then observed and analyzed by
immunofluorescence microscopy. To confirm that this method would detect
known DRM-associated molecules, but not membrane proteins thought to be
excluded from rafts, cells were prelabeled at 0°C for sphingolipid
GM1 and for CD45. As an additional negative control, the Tf receptor
was labeled with Tf-Alexa 488 at 37°C. Tf and its receptor associate
with early recycling endosomes, through which the internalized BCR
trafficks on its way to the class II MHC loading compartment
(23). An aliquot of cells was removed from each sample to
confirm appropriate labeling (Fig. 4B, upper
panel). GM1 and CD45 were brightly stained at the cell surface,
and Tf was internalized as expected. The remaining cells were lysed and
processed for DRM isolation. Isolated DRMs were found to be brightly
stained for GM1, but not for CD45 or Tf receptor (Fig. 4B,
lower panel). CD20 mAb 2H7 (IgG2b, as is CD45 mAb 9.4) was
used as a positive control for dual staining with GM1. Interestingly,
GM1 and CD20 were not colocalized either at the cell surface or in
isolated DRMs, indicating their localization to distinct lipid
rafts.
Using this technique, surface-labeled BCR was indeed detected in DRMs
(Fig. 4C). When isolated from cells that were incubated and
labeled at 0°C, there was an incidence of BCR/CD20 colocalization in
DRMs similar to that observed at the surface of intact cells under
these conditions. In contrast, when cells were stimulated for 5 min at
37°C, surface BCR was largely segregated from CD20 in DRMs, as it is
at the cell surface. Transmission electron microscopy performed on DRMs
that were similarly isolated demonstrated that they consisted of a
heterogeneous mixture of large and small particles ranging from 50 to
250 nm in size (Fig. 4D). This is consistent with several
reports of lipid raft size measured in vivo (24, 25, 26). The
size of the particles of fluorescence in Fig. 4, B and
C, was estimated and corresponded to the largest particles
observed by electron microscopy.
MCD slows the kinetics of BCR/CD20 dissociation
The effect of lipid raft disruption on the dynamics of BCR/CD20
association was examined using MCD under conditions that we have
previously demonstrated to efficiently prevent the association of both
BCR and CD20 with DRMs in Ramos cells (9, 14).
Interestingly, MCD did not prevent the colocalization of BCR and
CD20 observed at early time points of stimulation, but delayed their
dissociation (Fig. 5 and Table I). At 5
and 15 min of BCR stimulation there was still coincident staining with
CD20 (compare with Fig. 1; see Table I). Internalization of the BCR was
also reduced, but not completely prevented, as confirmed using flow
cytometry (data not shown).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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In Ramos B cells that were fixed before staining, BCR and CD20 were
uniformly distributed around the plasma membrane, with areas of
coincident brighter staining that hinted at colocalization in resting
cells. The distribution of CD20 in fixed cells was difficult to
determine with confidence because extracellular CD20 epitopes are
sensitive to fixation, and staining was weak. In unfixed cells CD20
cross-linking coclustered the BCR in the absence of BCR stimulation
(Fig. 2), strongly suggesting that the BCR and CD20 are indeed
colocalized before receptor stimulation.
Coclustering of BCR and CD20 was also observed when both were Ab-ligated at 0°C. It is known that stimulation at low temperatures prevents capping and internalization, but not clustering, of the BCR (27, 28). Consistent with this, colocalization of BCR and CD20 was stable at 0°C. Following stimulation at 37°C, however, colocalization was transient, and the BCR and CD20 dissociated while both were still on the cell surface. Separation occurred only after BCR stimulation; CD20 ligation was neither sufficient nor required. These receptor dynamics were also observed in another human B cell line, BJAB, and in tonsil B cells, although the kinetics were variable (data not shown). In tonsil cells BCR and CD20 were already dissociated at 1 min after stimulation at 37°C, and the BCR was completely internalized by 5 min. In BJAB cells colocalization and dissociation were observed at 1 and 5 min, respectively, but BCR internalization was faster than in Ramos, essentially complete by 15 min.
In parallel with BCR/CD20 colocalization at the cell surface was the finding of surface BCR and CD20 in the same or closely apposed DRMs. When DRMs were isolated from cells preincubated with fluorochrome-conjugated Abs at 0°C, the estimated colocalization was similar to that found in intact cells (42.0 ± 4.3 and 46.4 ± 2.7%, respectively). Similarly, dissociation of BCR and CD20 at the cell surface corresponded to the finding of surface BCR and CD20 in predominantly distinct DRMs (down from 42 ± 4.3 to 12.6 ± 4.2% colocalization). The most straight-forward interpretation of these data is that the BCR and CD20 transiently colocalize in the same lipid rafts and then dissociate into distinct lipid rafts before BCR internalization. Unclustering of proteins within lipid rafts has, to our knowledge, not previously been described. Alternatively, it is possible that the BCR and CD20 are never colocalized in the same lipid rafts, but are present in closely apposed rafts that separate during BCR stimulation. New strategies for detection and/or isolation of rafts will be required to distinguish these possibilities.
The inhibitory effects of MCD on BCR/CD20 dissociation indicate a
requirement for the integrity of lipid rafts in this process. Lipid
rafts are rich in actin and actin-associated proteins, and it is well
known that engaged BCRs become attached to the cytoskeleton
(29). It would not be surprising to find that BCR
dissociation from CD20 is mediated via the actin cytoskeleton, but this
remains to be tested. As well, the consequences of BCR/CD20
colocalization and their rapid dissociation are not yet known. CD20 is
a putative calcium channel, and lipid rafts are likely sites of calcium
regulation (30). It is possible that calcium-dependent
signaling events are initiated within BCR/CD20-positive lipid rafts
immediately after stimulation. These signaling events could be limited
in part by dissociation of the BCR from these sites of calcium entry.
This would be consistent with the increased BCR-mediated intracellular
calcium flux and the slower rate of BCR/CD20 dissociation observed in
MCD-treated B cells (9, 14).
Evidence for heterogeneity among plasma membrane microdomains is
accumulating rapidly. Specialized non-raft microdomains in
Ag-presenting B cells contain a subset of MHC-peptide complexes in
association with tetraspanins (31). Glycosphingolipids GM1
and GD3 segregate to distinct lipid rafts in neuronal cells
(32), and GM3 and GM1 differentially localize to the
leading and trailing edges, respectively, of migrating T cells
(33). CD20 was shown here to localize to rafts distinct
from those containing GM1 (Fig. 4B). Since this experiment
was performed under conditions where CD20 and the BCR colocalize, i.e.,
at 0°C, it is likely that BCR and GM1 are also in distinct rafts, at
least during the earliest stage of BCR stimulation. Our preliminary
data indicate that this is indeed the case, and it will be interesting
to determine whether there is differential segregation of GM1 and
BCR/CD20 during B cell migration. Using immunogold electron microscopy
of plasma membrane sheets from resting peripheral blood T cells, Schade
and Levine (34) observed Lck and linker for activation of
T cells (LAT) in separate raft microdomains that apparently
converge after TCR activation. Interestingly, raft association of LAT
was found by these investigators to be resistant to cholesterol
depletion. Although a contradictory result for LAT was previously
reported by another group (35), this finding is similar to
our recent report (14) that the related adaptor protein
Csk-binding protein/phosphoprotein associated with
glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains (Cbp/PAG) is resistant
to cholesterol depletion. Unlike Cbp/PAG, BCR and CD20 raft
associations are both sensitive to the effects of MCD, suggesting
that Cbp/PAG could be present in a third population of lipid raft
microdomains in B cells.
Lipid rafts may have multiple roles in coordinating the organization of membrane molecules in response to the extracellular environment. In addition to the potential role in signaling regulation mentioned above, it is possible that distinct lipid rafts are involved in organizing molecular events leading to B cell migration. Additionally, a recent report described the formation of a synapse between B-T cell conjugates involving the redistribution of BCRs to the contact site along with actin and signaling effectors (36). Localization of functionally related molecules in separate lipid rafts may be involved in organization of the B cell synapse. Finally, unclustering of proteins within rafts may be a sorting process that promotes selective internalization of the Ag receptor while leaving other raft-associated proteins, such as CD20, on the cell surface. The rapid activation-dependent membrane trafficking events described here may reflect a mechanism integrating the early phases of more than one of these components of B cell activation. Elucidation of the composition and function of the distinct rafts in which BCR and CD20 reside after activation should help to address these important questions.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Julie P. Deans, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1. E-mail address: jdeans{at}ucalgary.ca
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: BCR, B cell receptor; Cbp/PAG, Csk-binding protein/phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains; CTB, cholera toxin B; DRM, detergent-resistant membrane; LAT, linker for activation of T cells; MCD, methyl--cyclodextrin; Tf, transferrin.
Received for publication February 25, 2002. Accepted for publication July 16, 2002.
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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-cyclodextrin on B cell receptor signaling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 287:77.
subunit of the high-affinity IgE receptor. Gene 264:87.[Medline]
RI-, and HTm4-related gene family: sixteen new MS4A family members expressed in human and mouse. Genomics 72:119.[Medline]
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