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Cutting Edge |
Promoter in the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling1
Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, and Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionReferences |
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(TRIF). As is the case in MyD88 and TIRAP,
overexpression of TRIF activated the NF-
B-dependent promoter.
A dominant-negative form of TRIF inhibited TLR2-, TLR4-, and
TLR7-dependent NF-B activation. Furthermore, TRIF, but neither MyD88
nor TIRAP, activated the IFN- promoter. Dominant-negative TRIF
inhibited TLR3-dependent activation of both the NF-B-dependent and
IFN- promoters. TRIF associated with TLR3 and IFN regulatory factor
3. These findings suggest that TRIF is involved in the TLR signaling,
particularly in the MyD88-independent pathway. |
Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionReferences |
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The TLR family harbors an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain and
a cytoplasmic domain (Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain) that is
homologous to that of the IL-1R family (2). Analogous to
the IL-1R, TLR recruits IL-1R-associated kinase via an adapter
MyD88, and then induces activation of TNFR-associated factor 6
and finally NF-B. TLR-mediated production of inflammatory cytokines
is completely abrogated in MyD88-deficient cells. However, recent
studies indicated that the signaling pathways through individual TLRs
might differ from each other and thereby result in different biological
responses (2). In fact, the TLR4 signaling contains
MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways; the former is essential for
cytokine production whereas the latter is involved in IFN regulatory
factor (IRF)-3 activation and subsequent induction of IFN- and
IFN-inducible genes (4, 5, 6). The MyD88-independent
pathway is also observed in TLR3 signaling (7).
Recently, TIR domain-containing adapter protein (TIRAP)/MyD88 adapter-like (Mal) has been identified as a second adapter harboring the TIR domain (8, 9). In vitro studies indicated that TIRAP/Mal is involved in LPS-induced activation of the MyD88-independent pathway (7, 9). However, studies with TIRAP-deficient mice have revealed that TIRAP acts as an adapter in the MyD88-dependent signaling pathways via TLR2 and TLR4 (10). These studies suggest that several TIR domain-containing adapters are involved in the TLR-mediated signaling pathways and differential use of these adapters provides the specificity in the TLR signaling, and furthermore that the MyD88-independent signaling pathway is mediated by a molecule other than TIRAP.
To further clarify the signaling pathways via TLRs, we searched
for adapters containing the TIR domain besides MyD88 and TIRAP. The
database screening led to identification of a novel adapter we
named TIR domain-containing adapter inducing IFN- (TRIF). Our
present study shows that TRIF preferentially activates the promoter of
the IFN-, and a dominant-negative (DN) form of TRIF, but not MyD88
or TIRAP, blocked polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))-mediated
TLR3 response, indicating the specific role of this novel adapter in
TLR3 signaling.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionReferences |
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293 cells were transfected with Flag-tagged human TLR3 expression vector together with pCMV-neo. G418-resistant clones were screened for expression of TLR3 by Western blot. Two independently isolated clones that stably express TLR3 were used in some experiments. We used LPS from Salmonella minnesota Re 595 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and poly(I:C) (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ). Macrophage-activating lipopeptide (2 kDa; MALP-2) and R-848 were described previously (11, 12).
Plasmids
The endothelial cell-leukocyte adhesion molecule (ELAM)-1
promoter-derived luciferase reporter plasmid (NF-B luciferase
reporter) was a kind gift from Dr. D. Golenbock. Murine IFN-
promoter luciferase reporter was generated by PCR as described
previously (13). Expression vectors for human TLR2 and
human TLR4 were kind gifts from Dr. R. Medzhitov. The Flag-tagged human
TLR3 was cloned into pEF-BOS vector. DN MyD88 has a deletion of death
domain and DN TIRAP contains a proline to histidine mutation at amino
acid 125. An expression vector for TLR7 was as described previously
(11).
Luciferase reporter assay
293 cells were transiently transfected with reporter plasmids, together with the indicated expression vectors. Luciferase activity of total cell lysates was measured using Dual-luciferase reporter assay system (Promega, Madison, WI). The Renilla-luciferase reporter gene (50 ng) (Promega) was used as an internal control.
Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting
293 cells were transiently transfected with the indicated expression vectors. Cells were lysed, and then immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag Ab (Sigma-Aldrich), anti-Myc Ab (MBL, Nagoya, Japan), or anti-human IRF-3 Ab (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA). Immunoprecipitants were washed, separated on SDS-PAGE, and transferred onto membrane. The membrane was blotted with anti-Flag Ab or anti-Myc Ab (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Endogenous IRF-3 was identified with anti-human IRF-3 Ab. Then, the Abs were detected by the ECL system (PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA).
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Results and Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionReferences |
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We suspected that, besides MyD88 and TIRAP, molecules with the TIR
domain are involved in the TLR-mediated signaling pathways. Therefore,
we searched for sequences that contain the TIR domain in expressed
sequence tag databases and identified a novel human partial cDNA clone
(GenBank accession number BC009860). This gene showed high
similarity with smart00255 TIR domain obtained from a National Center
for Biotechnology Information conserved domain search (Fig. 1
A). Using this fragment as a
probe, a full-length cDNA of this gene was isolated. This gene has a
long open reading frame of 2136 bp that encodes 712 aa (Fig. 1B). The nucleotide sequence is available from GenBank
(accession number AB093555). The deduced amino acid sequence of this
cDNA showed 48% identities and 57% similarities with the mouse cDNA
clone of unknown function (accession number XM110244). We referred to
this gene product as TRIF for TIR domain-containing adapter inducing
IFN- (see the next section for detail). The TIR domain
of TRIF existed in the C-terminal side of this protein. The proline
residue that is conserved among TLRs and essential for activation of
the TLR-mediated signaling was observed (Fig. 1A)
(14, 15, 16). Expression of the TRIF transcript was analyzed
by Northern hybridization (Fig. 1C). The transcript was
ubiquitously observed in all human tissues examined, among which the
liver showed strong expression.
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promoter and the
NF-B-dependent promoter
As reported previously, ectopic expression of MyD88 and TIRAP
significantly induced NF-B activation in 293 cells as determined by
the relative luciferase activity of the NF-B-responsive
promoter of the ELAM-1 gene (Fig. 2A, left).
Expression of TRIF also induced activation of the NF-B-dependent
promoter, albeit at low level compared with MyD88- or TIRAP-mediated
induction. Because LPS (TLR4 ligand) and dsRNA (TLR3 ligand) are shown
to induce expression of IFN- in a MyD88-independent manner
(5, 6, 7), we next examined activation of the IFN-
promoter using the promoter-driven luciferase reporter gene (Fig. 2A, right). No promoter activation was observed
when expression plasmid for MyD88 or TIRAP was introduced together with
the reporter plasmid. However, expression of TRIF dramatically induced
the IFN- promoter activity. This result showed that TRIF is unique
as a potent activator of the IFN- promoter.
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N, which
encompasses the C-terminal half including the TIR domain (amino acid
380 to the C-terminal end); C, which encompasses the N-terminal half
including the TIR domain (amino acids 1 to 541); and NC, which
consists of the TIR domain only. When cotransfected with the
NF-B-responsive luciferase reporter, either C or N induced the
luciferase activity, albeit reduced compared with full-length
TRIF-mediated induction (Fig. 2
B, left). In the
case of the IFN- promoter-driven luciferase reporter, C, but not
N, activated the promoter at the same level as full-length TRIF
(Fig. 2B, right). NC did not activate the
promoter activity of either luciferase reporter. These results showed
that distinct domains of TRIF are responsible for activation of these
two promoters: the N-terminal portion of TRIF is essential for
activation of the IFN- promoter activity, whereas both N-terminal
and C-terminal portions of TRIF are involved in the NF-B-dependent
activation. DN form of TRIF blocks activation of signaling pathways via several TLRs
Full-length TRIF-induced activation of both the NF-B-dependent
and the IFN- promoters was significantly inhibited by coexpression
of TRIFNC, showing that the TIR domain of TRIF acts as a dominant
inhibitor like those of MyD88 and TIRAP (8, 9, 17) (Fig. 3A). Using TRIFNC, we
examined whether TRIF is involved in TLR-dependent signaling pathways.
Expression of TLR4/MD-2 in 293 cells enabled the cells to
activate the NF-B-dependent reporter in response to LPS (Fig. 3B). Coexpression of TRIFNC inhibited the
TLR4-dependent activation of the NF-B-dependent promoter. When 293
cells were ectopically expressed with TLR2 or TLR7, the cells showed
NF-B activation in response to mycoplasmal lipopeptide (MALP-2) or
imidazoquinoline, respectively. The TLR2- and TLR7-dependent activation
of the NF-B-dependent promoter was prohibited by expression of
TRIFNC (Fig. 3, C and D). Ectopic
expression of MyD88 and TIRAP resulted in a ligand-independent
activation of the NF-B reporter. Coexpression of TRIFNC
profoundly inhibited the NF-B activity mediated by MyD88 and TIRAP
(Fig. 3E). These findings suggest that TRIF is involved in
signaling pathways via multiple TLRs at the level downstream of MyD88
and TIRAP.
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more predominantly than other inflammatory
cytokines such as IL-12 and TNF-
(18). When 293 cells
stably expressing TLR3 were transfected with the reporter plasmid and
then stimulated with poly(I:C), both the NF-B-dependent and the
IFN- promoters were activated (Fig. 3, F and
G). Although expression of DN forms of MyD88 and TIRAP
inhibited TLR2-dependent activation of NF-B, they did not inhibit
the poly(I:C)-dependent activation of either the IFN- promoter or
the NF-B-dependent ELAM-1 promoter, but enhanced
activity of the NF-B-dependent promoter (Fig. 3, F and
G). These findings indicate that TLR3 signaling mainly
consists of the MyD88-independent pathway. As ectopic expression of
TRIF led to preferential activation of the IFN- promoter, we focused
on the role of TRIF in TLR3 signaling. In sharp contrast to DN forms of
MyD88 and TIRAP, TRIFNC inhibited poly(I:C)-dependent activation
of both promoters in 293 cells stably expressing TLR3 (Fig. 3, H and I). These results indicated that TRIF is
involved in the MyD88-independent activation of TLR3 signaling. TRIF associates with TLR3 and IRF-3
We next addressed association of TRIF with TLR3 and TLR2. 293
cells were transfected with Myc-tagged TRIF together with Flag-tagged
TLR2 or TLR3. Myc-TRIF was coimmunoprecipitated with Flag-TLR2 and TLR3
(Fig. 4A). The TIR domain of
MyD88 and TIRAP was reportedly required for interaction with TLRs
(8, 9, 17). We analyzed whether the TIR domain of TRIF
(NC) associates with TLR3 (Fig. 4B). Myc-TRIFNC
was coimmunoprecipitated with Flag-TLR3. These findings indicate that
TRIF associates with TLR3 through the TIR domain and mediates the
induction of IFN- in response to poly(I:C). poly(I:C) and LPS
stimulation has been shown to activate IRF-3 (6, 19, 20).
Therefore, we next examined association of TRIF and IRF-3 (Fig. 4C). 293 cells were transfected with Flag-tagged TRIF, and
cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-human IRF-3 Ab.
Flag-TRIF was coimmunoprecipiated with IRF-3, indicating that TRIF
interacts with IRF-3.
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B responsive promoter of the ELAM-1 gene
as well as the promoter of the IFN- gene. Different from
already published adapters such as MyD88 and TIRAP, TRIF activated the
IFN- promoter much more strongly than the NF-B responsive
promoter. Noteworthy is that a DN form of TRIF, but not MyD88 or TIRAP,
completely abolished the TLR3-mediated signaling. This indicates a
special role of TRIF in the TLR3 signaling. Furthermore, the DN form of
TRIF blocked the NF-B activity mediated by TLR2, TLR4, and TLR7,
indicating some roles in other TLR signaling pathways. Although the
functional role of TRIF in individual TLR responses should be examined
through generation of knockout mice, the fact that TRIF preferentially
activates the IFN- promoter and TRIF associates with IRF-3 suggests
the involvement of TRIF in the MyD88-independent pathway of TLR3
signaling.
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Acknowledgments |
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B reporter and expression vectors for TLR2 and TLR4,
respectively. We also thank H. Sanjo, S. Uematsu,
H. Hemmi, and T. Kaisho for helpful discussions,
N. Okita for technical assistance, and E. Horita for
secretarial assistance. |
Footnotes |
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2 M.Y. and S.S. contributed equally to this work.
3 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Shizuo Akira, Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. E-mail address: sakira{at}biken.osaka-u.ac.jp
4 Abbreviations used in this paper: TLR, Toll-like receptor; MALP-2, macrophage-activating lipopeptide (2 kDa); poly(I:C), polyinosine-polycytidylic acid; IRF, IFN regulatory factor; TIR, Toll/IL-1 receptor; TIRAP, TIR domain-containing adapter protein; Mal, MyD88 adapter-like; TRIF, TIR domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-; ELAM, endothelial cell-leukocyte adhesion molecule; DN, dominant negative.
Received for publication September 20, 2002. Accepted for publication October 24, 2002.
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References |
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-induced STAT1-dependent gene expression in macrophages. Nat. Immunol. 3:392.[Medline]
B by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature 413:732.[Medline]
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 M. Abe, M. Matsuda, H. Kobayashi, Y. Miyata, Y. Nakayama, R. Komuro, A. Fukuhara, and I. Shimomura Effects of Statins on Adipose Tissue Inflammation: Their Inhibitory Effect on MyD88-Independent IRF3/IFN-{beta} Pathway in Macrophages Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2008; 28(5): 871 - 877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Z. Dogusan, M. Garcia, D. Flamez, L. Alexopoulou, M. Goldman, C. Gysemans, C. Mathieu, C. Libert, D. L. Eizirik, and J. Rasschaert Double-Stranded RNA Induces Pancreatic {beta}-Cell Apoptosis by Activation of the Toll-Like Receptor 3 and Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Pathways Diabetes, May 1, 2008; 57(5): 1236 - 1245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Fan, S. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. Lin, H. Liu, L. Guo, B. Lin, S. Huang, and A. Xu Zebrafish TRIF, a Golgi-Localized Protein, Participates in IFN Induction and NF-{kappa}B Activation J. Immunol., April 15, 2008; 180(8): 5373 - 5383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Bhushan, S. Tchatalbachev, J. Klug, M. Fijak, C. Pineau, T. Chakraborty, and A. Meinhardt Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Block MyD88-Dependent and Activate MyD88-Independent Signaling Pathways in Rat Testicular Cells J. Immunol., April 15, 2008; 180(8): 5537 - 5547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Velazquez, B. Wei, M. McPherson, L. M. A. Mendoza, S. L. Nguyen, O. Turovskaya, M. Kronenberg, T. T. Huang, M. Schrage, L. N. Lobato, et al. Villous B Cells of the Small Intestine Are Specialized for Invariant NK T Cell Dependence J. Immunol., April 1, 2008; 180(7): 4629 - 4638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Kaczorowski, K. P. Mollen, R. Edmonds, and T. R. Billiar Early events in the recognition of danger signals after tissue injury J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2008; 83(3): 546 - 552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Farhat, S. Riekenberg, H. Heine, J. Debarry, R. Lang, J. Mages, U. Buwitt-Beckmann, K. Roschmann, G. Jung, K.-H. Wiesmuller, et al. Heterodimerization of TLR2 with TLR1 or TLR6 expands the ligand spectrum but does not lead to differential signaling J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2008; 83(3): 692 - 701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. C. Johnson, X. Li, and E. Pearlman MyD88 Functions as a Negative Regulator of TLR3/TRIF-induced Corneal Inflammation by Inhibiting Activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase J. Biol. Chem., February 15, 2008; 283(7): 3988 - 3996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Piao, C. Song, H. Chen, L. M. Wahl, K. A. Fitzgerald, L. A. O'Neill, and A. E. Medvedev Tyrosine Phosphorylation of MyD88 Adapter-like (Mal) Is Critical for Signal Transduction and Blocked in Endotoxin Tolerance J. Biol. Chem., February 8, 2008; 283(6): 3109 - 3119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Sillanpaa, P. Kaukinen, K. Melen, and I. Julkunen Hepatitis C virus proteins interfere with the activation of chemokine gene promoters and downregulate chemokine gene expression J. Gen. Virol., February 1, 2008; 89(2): 432 - 443. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. E. Randall and S. Goodbourn Interferons and viruses: an interplay between induction, signalling, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures J. Gen. Virol., January 1, 2008; 89(1): 1 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Ghose, D. White, T. Guo, J. Vallejo, and S. J. Karpen Regulation of Hepatic Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Genes by Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Is Independent of Toll-Interleukin 1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adaptor Protein Drug Metab. Dispos., January 1, 2008; 36(1): 95 - 101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Asai, Y. Makimura, A. Kawabata, and T. Ogawa Soluble CD14 Discriminates Slight Structural Differences between Lipid As That Lead to Distinct Host Cell Activation J. Immunol., December 1, 2007; 179(11): 7674 - 7683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. McAleer, D. J. Zammit, L. Lefrancois, R. J. Rossi, and A. T. Vella The Lipopolysaccharide Adjuvant Effect on T Cells Relies on Nonoverlapping Contributions from the MyD88 Pathway and CD11c+ Cells J. Immunol., November 15, 2007; 179(10): 6524 - 6535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Funami, M. Sasai, Y. Ohba, H. Oshiumi, T. Seya, and M. Matsumoto Spatiotemporal Mobilization of Toll/IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adaptor Molecule-1 in Response to dsRNA J. Immunol., November 15, 2007; 179(10): 6867 - 6872. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. G. Devaraj, N. Wang, Z. Chen, Z. Chen, M. Tseng, N. Barretto, R. Lin, C. J. Peters, C.-T. K. Tseng, S. C. Baker, et al. Regulation of IRF-3-dependent Innate Immunity by the Papain-like Protease Domain of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus J. Biol. Chem., November 2, 2007; 282(44): 32208 - 32221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Shingai, T. Ebihara, N. A. Begum, A. Kato, T. Honma, K. Matsumoto, H. Saito, H. Ogura, M. Matsumoto, and T. Seya Differential Type I IFN-Inducing Abilities of Wild-Type versus Vaccine Strains of Measles Virus J. Immunol., November 1, 2007; 179(9): 6123 - 6133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. D. Gilfoy and P. W. Mason West Nile Virus-Induced Interferon Production Is Mediated by the Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKR J. Virol., October 15, 2007; 81(20): 11148 - 11158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Hirata, A. H. Broquet, L. Menchen, and M. F. Kagnoff Activation of Innate Immune Defense Mechanisms by Signaling through RIG-I/IPS-1 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells J. Immunol., October 15, 2007; 179(8): 5425 - 5432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Loiarro, F. Capolunghi, N. Fanto, G. Gallo, S. Campo, B. Arseni, R. Carsetti, P. Carminati, R. De Santis, V. Ruggiero, et al. Pivotal Advance: Inhibition of MyD88 dimerization and recruitment of IRAK1 and IRAK4 by a novel peptidomimetic compound J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2007; 82(4): 801 - 810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. D. McCall, N. Harii, C. J. Lewis, R. Malgor, W. Bae Kim, M. Saji, A. D. Kohn, R. T. Moon, and L. D. Kohn High Basal Levels of Functional Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) and Noncanonical Wnt5a Are Expressed in Papillary Thyroid Cancer and Are Coordinately Decreased by Phenylmethimazole Together with Cell Proliferation and Migration Endocrinology, September 1, 2007; 148(9): 4226 - 4237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. J. Sheedy and L. A. J. O'Neill The Troll in Toll: Mal and Tram as bridges for TLR2 and TLR4 signaling J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2007; 82(2): 196 - 203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Wang, T. Chen, C. Han, D. He, H. Liu, H. An, Z. Cai, and X. Cao Lysosome-associated small Rab GTPase Rab7b negatively regulates TLR4 signaling in macrophages by promoting lysosomal degradation of TLR4 Blood, August 1, 2007; 110(3): 962 - 971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Diao, S. Li, Y. Tian, M. Zhang, L.-G. Xu, Y. Zhang, R.-P. Wang, D. Chen, Z. Zhai, B. Zhong, et al. Negative regulation of MDA5- but not RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral signaling by the dihydroxyacetone kinase PNAS, July 10, 2007; 104(28): 11706 - 11711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Z. J. Roberts, N. Goutagny, P.-Y. Perera, H. Kato, H. Kumar, T. Kawai, S. Akira, R. Savan, D. van Echo, K. A. Fitzgerald, et al. The chemotherapeutic agent DMXAA potently and specifically activates the TBK1-IRF-3 signaling axis J. Exp. Med., July 9, 2007; 204(7): 1559 - 1569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. Mastronardi, H. Tsui, S. Winer, D. Wood, T. Selvanantham, C. Galligan, E. Fish, H-M. Dosch, and M. Moscarello Synergy between paclitaxel plus an exogenous methyl donor in the suppression of murine demyelinating diseases Multiple Sclerosis, June 1, 2007; 13(5): 596 - 609. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. E. Medvedev, W. Piao, J. Shoenfelt, S. H. Rhee, H. Chen, S. Basu, L. M. Wahl, M. J. Fenton, and S. N. Vogel Role of TLR4 Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Signal Transduction and Endotoxin Tolerance J. Biol. Chem., June 1, 2007; 282(22): 16042 - 16053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Venkataraman, M. Valdes, R. Elsby, S. Kakuta, G. Caceres, S. Saijo, Y. Iwakura, and G. N. Barber Loss of DExD/H Box RNA Helicase LGP2 Manifests Disparate Antiviral Responses J. Immunol., May 15, 2007; 178(10): 6444 - 6455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Obonyo, M. Sabet, S. P. Cole, J. Ebmeyer, S. Uematsu, S. Akira, and D. G. Guiney Deficiencies of Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88, Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2), or TLR4 Produce Specific Defects in Macrophage Cytokine Secretion Induced by Helicobacter pylori Infect. Immun., May 1, 2007; 75(5): 2408 - 2414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Tarang, A. Sodhi, and P. Chauhan Differential expression of Toll-like receptors in murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro on treatment with cisplatin Int. Immunol., May 1, 2007; 19(5): 635 - 643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Ishida, K. Li, M. Yi, and S. M. Lemon p21-activated Kinase 1 Is Activated through the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin/p70 S6 Kinase Pathway and Regulates the Replication of Hepatitis C Virus in Human Hepatoma Cells J. Biol. Chem., April 20, 2007; 282(16): 11836 - 11848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Sullivan, J. H. Postlethwait, C. R. Lage, P. J. Millard, and C. H. Kim Evidence for Evolving Toll-IL-1 Receptor-Containing Adaptor Molecule Function in Vertebrates J. Immunol., April 1, 2007; 178(7): 4517 - 4527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. A. Derbigny, S.-C. Hong, M. S. Kerr, M. Temkit, and R. M. Johnson Chlamydia muridarum Infection Elicits a Beta Interferon Response in Murine Oviduct Epithelial Cells Dependent on Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 and TRIF Infect. Immun., March 1, 2007; 75(3): 1280 - 1290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. A. Stanley, J. E. Johndrow, P. Manzanillo, and J. S. Cox The Type I IFN Response to Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Requires ESX-1-Mediated Secretion and Contributes to Pathogenesis J. Immunol., March 1, 2007; 178(5): 3143 - 3152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Power, B. Li, M. Yamamoto, S. Akira, and T.-J. Lin A Role of Toll-IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adaptor-Inducing IFN-beta in the Host Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection in Mice J. Immunol., March 1, 2007; 178(5): 3170 - 3176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Winkler, D. Ghadimi, J. Schrezenmeir, and J.-P. Kraehenbuhl Molecular and Cellular Basis of Microflora-Host Interactions J. Nutr., March 1, 2007; 137(3): 756S - 772S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Sacre, A. M. C. Lundberg, E. Andreakos, C. Taylor, M. Feldmann, and B. M. Foxwell Selective Use of TRAM in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) Induced NF-{kappa}B Activation and Cytokine Production in Primary Human Cells: TRAM Is an Adaptor for LPS and LTA Signaling J. Immunol., February 15, 2007; 178(4): 2148 - 2154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Pevsner-Fischer, V. Morad, M. Cohen-Sfady, L. Rousso-Noori, A. Zanin-Zhorov, S. Cohen, I. R. Cohen, and D. Zipori Toll-like receptors and their ligands control mesenchymal stem cell functions Blood, February 15, 2007; 109(4): 1422 - 1432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M.-F. Tsan and Baochong Gao Review: Pathogen-associated molecular pattern contamination as putative endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors Innate Immunity, February 1, 2007; 13(1): 6 - 14. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 K. Nasu, H. Itoh, A. Yuge, M. Nishida, and H. Narahara Human oviductal epithelial cells express Toll-like receptor 3 and respond to double-stranded RNA: Fallopian tube-specific mucosal immunity against viral infection Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2007; 22(2): 356 - 361. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Chen, Y. Benureau, R. Rijnbrand, J. Yi, T. Wang, L. Warter, R. E. Lanford, S. A. Weinman, S. M. Lemon, A. Martin, et al. GB Virus B Disrupts RIG-I Signaling by NS3/4A-Mediated Cleavage of the Adaptor Protein MAVS J. Virol., January 15, 2007; 81(2): 964 - 976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. G. Hise, K. Daehnel, I. Gillette-Ferguson, E. Cho, H. F. McGarry, M. J. Taylor, D. T. Golenbock, K. A. Fitzgerald, J. W. Kazura, and E. Pearlman Innate Immune Responses to Endosymbiotic Wolbachia Bacteria in Brugia malayi and Onchocerca volvulus Are Dependent on TLR2, TLR6, MyD88, and Mal, but Not TLR4, TRIF, or TRAM J. Immunol., January 15, 2007; 178(2): 1068 - 1076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Bagchi, E. A. Herrup, H. S. Warren, J. Trigilio, H.-S. Shin, C. Valentine, and J. Hellman MyD88-Dependent and MyD88-Independent Pathways in Synergy, Priming, and Tolerance between TLR Agonists J. Immunol., January 15, 2007; 178(2): 1164 - 1171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. S. Hardarson, J. S. Baker, Z. Yang, E. Purevjav, C.-H. Huang, L. Alexopoulou, N. Li, R. A. Flavell, N. E. Bowles, and J. G. Vallejo Toll-like receptor 3 is an essential component of the innate stress response in virus-induced cardiac injury Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): H251 - H258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Zhou, B. M. Lapointe, S. R. Clark, L. Zbytnuik, and P. Kubes A Requirement for Microglial TLR4 in Leukocyte Recruitment into Brain in Response to Lipopolysaccharide J. Immunol., December 1, 2006; 177(11): 8103 - 8110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. Hacker and M. Karin Regulation and Function of IKK and IKK-Related Kinases Sci. Signal., October 17, 2006; 2006(357): re13 - re13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Weighardt, S. Kaiser-Moore, S. Schlautkotter, T. Rossmann-Bloeck, U. Schleicher, C. Bogdan, and B. Holzmann Type I IFN Modulates Host Defense and Late Hyperinflammation in Septic Peritonitis J. Immunol., October 15, 2006; 177(8): 5623 - 5630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Jiang and D. S. Pisetsky The Role of IFN-{alpha} and Nitric Oxide in the Release of HMGB1 by RAW 264.7 Cells Stimulated with Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid or Lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol., September 1, 2006; 177(5): 3337 - 3343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. M. Abrahams, T. M. Schaefer, J. V. Fahey, I. Visintin, J. A. Wright, P. B. Aldo, R. Romero, C. R. Wira, and G. Mor Expression and secretion of antiviral factors by trophoblast cells following stimulation by the TLR-3 agonist, Poly(I : C) Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2006; 21(9): 2432 - 2439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. D. Pawar, P. S. Patole, M. Wornle, and H.-J. Anders Microbial nucleic acids pay a Toll in kidney disease Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2006; 291(3): F509 - F516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Hayashi, L. C. Hooper, M. S. Chin, C. N. Nagineni, B. Detrick, and J. J. Hooks Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) DNA and immune complex (HSV-1-human IgG) elicit vigorous interleukin 6 release from infected corneal cells via Toll-like receptors. J. Gen. Virol., August 1, 2006; 87(Pt 8): 2161 - 2169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. M. Pietras, S. K. Saha, and Genhong Cheng The interferon response to bacterial and viral infections Innate Immunity, August 1, 2006; 12(4): 246 - 250. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. M. Miggin and L. A. J. O'Neill New insights into the regulation of TLR signaling J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2006; 80(2): 220 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. Turner, R. S. Langley, K. L. Johnston, G. Egerton, S. Wanji, and M. J. Taylor Wolbachia Endosymbiotic Bacteria of Brugia malayi Mediate Macrophage Tolerance to TLR- and CD40-Specific Stimuli in a MyD88/TLR2-Dependent Manner J. Immunol., July 15, 2006; 177(2): 1240 - 1249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Warger, P. Osterloh, G. Rechtsteiner, M. Fassbender, V. Heib, B. Schmid, E. Schmitt, H. Schild, and M. P. Radsak Synergistic activation of dendritic cells by combined Toll-like receptor ligation induces superior CTL responses in vivo Blood, July 15, 2006; 108(2): 544 - 550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Bekeredjian-Ding, S. I. Roth, S. Gilles, T. Giese, A. Ablasser, V. Hornung, S. Endres, and G. Hartmann T Cell-Independent, TLR-Induced IL-12p70 Production in Primary Human Monocytes. J. Immunol., June 15, 2006; 176(12): 7438 - 7446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. E. Medvedev, I. Sabroe, J. D. Hasday, and S. N. Vogel Invited review: Tolerance to microbial TLR ligands: molecular mechanisms and relevance to disease Innate Immunity, June 1, 2006; 12(3): 133 - 150. [Abstract] [PDF]
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G. Cheng, J. Zhong, and F. V. Chisari Inhibition of dsRNA-induced signaling in hepatitis C virus-infected cells by NS3 protease-dependent and -independent mechanisms PNAS, May 30, 2006; 103(22): 8499 - 8504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. B. Lopez, J. S. Yount, T. Hermesh, and T. M. Moran Sendai Virus Infection Induces Efficient Adaptive Immunity Independently of Type I Interferons J. Virol., May 1, 2006; 80(9): 4538 - 4545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. C. Rowe, A. F. McGettrick, E. Latz, B. G. Monks, N. J. Gay, M. Yamamoto, S. Akira, L. A. O'Neill, K. A. Fitzgerald, and D. T. Golenbock The myristoylation of TRIF-related adaptor molecule is essential for Toll-like receptor 4 signal transduction PNAS, April 18, 2006; 103(16): 6299 - 6304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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