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Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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-activated macrophages, Ig or CD40 ligand-activated B
cells, or dendritic cells (3, 4, 5). There is an accumulating
body of literature indicating that murine 4-1BBL can augment T cell
proliferation, cytokine production, and cytolytic effector function and
prevent activation-induced cell death (1, 2). When given
in conjunction with a strong signal through the TCR, 4-1BBL can induce
IL-2 production by resting CD4 T cells independently of the CD28
costimulatory pathway (5, 6). However, when signals
through the TCR are limiting, CD28 is much more effective in
costimulation of IL-2 production by resting T cells than is 4-1BB,
probably due to the requirement for 4-1BB to be induced on the T cell
by the TCR signal (6). Although some studies have
suggested a preferential role for 4-1BBL in CD8 T cell activation
(7, 8), a number of studies have shown that CD4 T cells
also respond to 4-1BBL (5, 9, 10, 11, 12). Recent experiments have
shown that murine CD4 and CD8 T cells respond to 4-1BBL-mediated
costimulation to a similar extent in terms of T cell expansion
(13). In contrast, agonistic anti-4-1BB Abs
differentially stimulate the two subsets both in vitro and in vivo
(7, 8). In vivo, the 4-1BB/4-1BBL costimulatory pathway
has been shown to augment secondary CTL responses to influenza virus
and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (14, 15, 16) as well as
augment anti-tumor immunity (17, 18, 19, 20, 21). Doubly
deficient,
CD28-/-4-1BBL-/- mice
show a delay in skin allograft rejection compared with mice lacking
either one of these costimulatory molecules (14). In mouse
models of graft-vs-host disease, 4-1BB and 4-1BBL have been shown to
play a role in both the MHC class II- and MHC class I-restricted
components of the response (12).
Human 4-1BB (CD137) was cloned by three different groups
(22, 23, 24) and has also been referred to as ILA
(24). 4-1BB/ILA is 60% identical with murine 4-1BB. It
contains notable differences in its cytoplasmic tail from murine 4-1BB.
In particular, the single tyrosine residue in the cytoplasmic domain of
4-1BB is found at position 220 of human 4-1BB and at position 254 of
murine 4-1BB. Human 4-1BB also diverges from murine 4-1BB at the
putative Lck binding site (25), with 4-1BB expressing the
CXCP Lck binding motif, whereas in human 4-1BB this sequence is altered
to CXFP. Both human and murine 4-1BB have in common two sites for
binding TNFR-associated factor 2 (26, 27, 28), an adaptor
protein that is essential for mediating downstream signaling events
leading to IL-2 production in response to 4-1BBL signaling (6, 29, 30). Human 4-1BB is expressed on activated CD4 and CD8 T
cells and is expressed at higher levels on activated CD8 T cells from
HIV+ individuals than on CD8 T cells from healthy
donors (17). In addition to its expression on T cells,
human 4-1BB expression has been reported on epithelial and hepatoma
cells (24) as well as on blood vessels from individuals
with malignant tumors (31). Interestingly, the 4-1BB gene
maps to human chromosome 1p36, a region previously associated with
several malignancies (32). A soluble form of 4-1BB has
also been reported in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
(33). Human monocytes express 4-1BB, and anti-4-1BB
has been shown to augment TNF-
and IL-8 production by monocytes
(34). 4-1BB is also expressed on neutrophils, and
anti-4-1BB can ameliorate activation-induced cell death of
neutrophils (35).
4-1BBL-transfected CV1 cells or anti-4-1BB Abs can augment PHA-stimulated or CD3-stimulated T cell proliferation, respectively (22, 36). For a human Th1 clone, the effects of anti-4-1BB were only observed in conjunction with CD28 signaling, and 4-1BB was found to enhance proliferation and cytokine production by the anti-CD3- and anti-CD28-stimulated cells (37). In contrast, murine 4-1BB-mediated costimulation is CD28 independent (5).
Human 4-1BBL is found on EBV-transformed human B cell lines as well as on the monocyte cell line THP-1. It shares 36% identity with murine 4-1BBL and, like murine 4-1BBL, is a type II glycoprotein with a single predicted transmembrane segment (22). Immobilized 4-1BBFc can induce monocytes to secrete cytokines, suggesting that human 4-1BBL may be involved in reverse signaling in APC (38, 39).
Thus, although human and murine 4-1BB and 4-1BBL have much in common, there are clearly differences. Furthermore, studies with human 4-1BBL to date have largely depended on the use of Abs and have examined the proliferation of unfractionated T cells (22, 36) or a Th1 clone (37). To further understand the role of 4-1BBL in human T cell responses, we have set up a model system to stimulate isolated human CD4 and CD8 T cells with 4-1BBL in conjunction with a TCR signal. As will be shown below, we find that indeed human CD4 and CD8 T cells can respond to 4-1BBL in the apparent absence of CD28 signaling and that 4-1BBL can augment both the expansion and the development of effector function of human T cells. The effects of 4-1BB on the CD8 T cell response are most apparent when both CD4 and CD8 T cells are present in the cultures; thus, CD4 and CD8 T cells cooperate in the response to 4-1BBL-mediated costimulation.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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P815, EL4, and YAC-1 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). The IL-2-dependent line CTLL-2 and the human monocytic line THP-1 were also obtained from American Type Culture Collection. All cell lines were maintained in complete culture medium, which was prepared with RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Cansera, Rexdale, Canada), 50 µM 2-ME, MEM nonessential amino acids (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD), antibiotics, pyruvate, and glutamine.
The hybridomas OKT3, OKT4, and OKT8, secreting mAb specific for CD3,
CD4, and CD8, respectively, were obtained from American Type Culture
Collection. Abs were purified from hybridoma culture supernatants using
protein G-Sepharose according to the manufacturer’s instructions
(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) and conjugated to
fluorescein using FITC (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). PE-conjugated
anti-human 4-1BBL and anti-human 4-1BB, CyChrome-conjugated
anti-CD3, and allophycocyanin-conjugated anti-IL-2 and
anti-human IFN- were purchased from BD PharMingen (San Diego,
CA). PE-conjugated as well as unconjugated anti-murine B7.1 (1G10)
were also purchased from BD PharMingen. GL-1 (anti-B7.2) Abs
(40) were isolated from hybridomas provided by Dr. R.
Hodes (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) and purified on
protein G-Sepharose. CTLA-4Ig was purified by protein G separation from
culture supernatants of CTLA-4Ig-secreting cells (originally provided
by Dr. P. Lane, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K.). Anti-human
CD28 Ab was isolated from hybridoma 9.3, provided by Dr. P.
Poussier (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada).
Generation of P815 cells expressing human 4-1BB ligand
Cytoplasmic RNA for cDNA cloning was prepared from THP-1 monocytic cells using RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, Mississauga, Canada). Human 4-1BBL cDNA was synthesized with the First Strand cDNA Syntheses kit (Roche, Indianapolis, IN) and PCR-amplified with HotStarTaq polymerase (Qiagen, Santa Clarita, CA). The transfection construct was made by insertion of the full-length human 4-1BBL cDNA into the EcoRI site of the pcDNA3 vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA).
P815 cells were cloned by limiting dilution in 96-well culture plates. An individual clone, confirmed to bind FITC-OKT3 at high levels, was chosen for the transfection. The cloned P815 cells were transfected by electroporation with the human 4-1BBL construct and selected with Geneticin (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) for neomycin resistance. The resistant cells were sorted for human 4-1BB ligand expression with PE-conjugated anti-human 4-1BBL mAb, and a clone selected for high expression was used as a stimulator/target in the T cell functional assays. Cloned P815 cells were also transfected with pcDNA3 vector only (mock transfection), and a neomycin-resistant clone was used as a 4-1BBL negative control stimulator/target.
A previous report indicated that some tumor cells, including P815 cells, can express B7.1 after irradiation or treatment with cytotoxic drugs (41). Therefore, we analyzed B7.1 and B7.2 expression before and after irradiation of the P815-4-1BBL-expressing cells. Using 1G10 (anti-B7.1) and GL-1 (anti-B7.2) Ab, we found no detectable expression of B7.1 or B7.2 on P815 cells before or after irradiation under conditions where we could detect B7.1 expression on B7.1-expressing EL4 transfectants (data not shown).
T cell isolation
Human peripheral blood was collected from healthy volunteers after obtaining signed consent, as approved by the University of Toronto human subjects review board. More than 20 different donors were used for these studies, and each experiment was repeated with several different donors as indicated in the figures. Blood was mixed with an equal volume of PBS, overlaid on Ficoll-Paque Plus (Amersham Pharmacia, Oakville, Canada), and centrifuged at 300 x g for 20 min. Mononuclear cells were collected, washed twice with PBS, and resuspended in complete culture medium. Cells in complete culture medium were incubated in culture flasks at 37°C for 1 h to deplete the plastic-adherent macrophages and monocytes. Nonadherent cells were collected in PBS and loaded onto isolation columns for total, CD4+, or CD8+ human T cell separation (Cedarlane Laboratories, Hornby, Canada). T cells were eluted according to the manufacturer’s protocol and resuspended in complete culture medium for functional assays.
T cell stimulation assays
Purified T cells were mixed with gamma-irradiated (80 Gy) stimulator cells at a 2:1 ratio (responder:stimulator) and cultured for 2–5 days. Culture supernatants were collected for cytokine assays, and the responder cells were harvested for counting, flow cytometric analysis, and analysis of CTL effector function. To prepare anti-CD3-loaded stimulatory cells, mock- or 4-1BBL-transfected P815 cells were suspended in PBS at 107 cells/ml, mixed with OKT3, and incubated at 37°C for 1 h, followed by three washes in PBS to remove unbound OKT3. Initial experiments involved titration of the anti-CD3 to determine the dose of OKT3 that when added to the stimulator cells gave minimal stimulation with OKT3 alone while revealing enhancement of T cell activation by 4-1BBL (data not shown). Based on these initial titrations, 0.25 µg OKT3 was added per 106 stimulator cells in all subsequent experiments. In some experiments anti-human CD28 or control Ab was also added to the P815 cells at the same time as OKT3 to test the effects of coligation of CD28 and OKT3 in the presence or the absence of 4-1BBL. In other studies we used CTLA-4Ig or anti-murine B7.1 or B7.2 to test the effect of B7 on the stimulation. Blocking Abs were added to the cultures at the same time as T cells.
Analysis of cytokines in culture supernatants
IL-2 production was analyzed by measuring
[3H]thymidine incorporation of the
IL-2-dependent cell line CTLL-2 after incubation with culture
supernatants as described previously (10). IFN- levels
were measured by ELISA using a cytokine detection kit (eBioscience, San
Diego, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Cytotoxic T cell assays
Cytotoxic T cell effector function was measured using a standard 51Cr release assay. Effector and target cells were cocultured at 37°C for 4 h, and the radioactivity of the supernatant was determined using a Top Count 96-well scintillation counter (Canberra-Packard, Meriden, CT).
Flow cytometry
All samples were analyzed on a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and analyzed by CellQuest software (BD Biosciences). For analysis of 4-1BB expression by flow cytometry, nonadherent, Ficoll-purified mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers were incubated with immobilized anti-CD3 Ab at a concentration of 1 µg/ml for the times indicated. At each time point the cells were stained with OKT4-FITC or OKT8-FITC, anti-CD3-CyChrome and 4-1BB-PE, or appropriate isotype control Abs. The cell populations were gated on CD3+ and CD4+ or CD8+ T cells.
For analysis of cytokine production by intracellular staining, samples
were stimulated for 48 h, then treated for 6 h with
Golgi-stop (BD PharMingen) to inhibit cytokine release. Following
surface staining for CD3 and CD4 or CD8, cells were fixed in
Cytofix/Cytoperm solution (BD PharMingen) and then stained with
allophycocyanin-conjugated anti-human IFN- or anti-human
IL-2 diluted in 1x perm/wash solution (BD PharMingen).
Labeling of cells with fluorescent dyes
T cells were stained with CFSE (Molecular Probes) as previously described (42). In brief, cells were resuspended in PBS at 5 x 107/ml. CFSE was added to the cell suspension at a final concentration of 1 µM and incubated for 10 min at 37°C. Cells were washed three times in RPMI with 10% FCS and recounted.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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A previous report indicated that 4-1BB is expressed on human CD4
and CD8 T cells, although the kinetics of this expression were not
determined (17). To assess the kinetics of 4-1BB
expression on CD4 vs CD8 T cells, adherent cell-depleted PBL from
healthy donors were incubated with immobilized anti-CD3, and
the expression of 4-1BB on CD4 vs CD8 CD3 cells was monitored by
three-color flow cytometric analysis. Fig. 1
shows a representative example of one
healthy donor. In total, we analyzed the kinetics of 4-1BB expression
for 12 different donors. In the absence of stimulation there was no
detectable expression of 4-1BB on the lymphocytes of all healthy donors
examined. 4-1BB was detectable within 6 h of anti-CD3
stimulation and reached a maximum by 
48 h with most donors; where
examined, 4-1BB expression was maintained at 72 h. In general, a
greater proportion of CD8 T cells up-regulate 4-1BB and to higher
levels than CD4 T cells. However, a proportion of both the CD4 and CD8
T cell subsets expresses 4-1BB after anti-CD3 stimulation in all
individuals examined (Fig. 1 and data not shown).
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Having established that human CD4 and CD8 T cells can express
4-1BB rapidly upon anti-CD3 stimulation, we wished to assess the
effect of 4-1BBL stimulation on these T cells. Full-length 4-1BBL
cDNA or vector control was transfected into the P815 mastocytoma
cell line. A subclone of the murine mastocytoma P815 was first
isolated by limiting dilution to ensure that the parental cell line was
homogeneous. A xenogeneic cell line was chosen to minimize any effects
of endogenous costimulatory molecules. Fig. 2A shows flow cytometric
analysis of P815 transfected with pcDNA3 vs P815 transfected with
4-1BBL. P815 cells express FcRs and can therefore be used to present
anti-CD3 to T cells, thus providing a means of displaying the
anti-TCR signal as well as the costimulatory signal on the same
cell surface. Flow cytometric analysis was also used to determine that
the mock-transfected P815 and 4-1BBL-transfected P815 bound similar
levels of FITC-OKT3 (Fig. 2B).
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). The isolated CD4 T cells expanded
more than the isolated CD8 T cells (Fig. 3A). However, the
relative proportions of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the unfractionated T
cell cultures were not changed by stimulation (Fig. 3B).
These results imply that both subsets have expanded to a similar extent
in the cultures in which total T cells were stimulated with P815-4-1BBL
plus OKT3. Similar results were found with four different donors. Based
on the flow cytometric and cell counting data, both the CD4 and CD8 T
cell populations increased by 2-fold over the 5-day culture. This
expansion reflects the net effect of survival and expansion vs cell
death. These results indicate that 4-1BBL can stimulate the survival
and/or expansion of both CD4 and CD8 T cells to a similar extent. Thus,
the presence of CD4 T cells in the culture contributes to the CD8 T
cell expansion. Fig. 3B also shows that only cultures that
include anti-CD3 show evidence of blastogenesis of the T cells, as
indicated in the forward vs side scatter profiles measured by flow
cytometry. Furthermore, the proportion of enlarged cells is increased
when cells are stimulated with P815-4-1BBL and OKT3 (Fig. 3B).
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To further assess the role of 4-1BBL in CD4 and CD8 T cell division,
total T cells, isolated as described above, were labeled with CFSE and
stimulated as shown in Fig. 3
. After 1, 2, or 3 days of culture, the
CFSE-labeled cells were surface stained with anti-CD4 or
anti-CD8 and analyzed by flow cytometry (Fig. 4A). A decrease in the mean
fluorescence intensity of the CFSE-labeled population, indicating that
cell division had taken place, was observed only in the cultures
stimulated with both anti-CD3 and 4-1BBL. No division was observed
in the first 24 h for three different donors (data not shown), and
a very small proportion of cells had divided by 48 h. However, for
all three donors examined (Fig. 4A and data not shown) both
CD4 and CD8 T cells showed clear evidence of cell division by 72 h
of culture with anti-CD3 and 4-1BBL. The studies with CFSE were
also confirmed by measuring cell proliferation by addition of
[3H]thymidine to cultures of purified T cells
at 68–72 h of culture. As shown in Fig. 4B, only cultures
that had received both a signal through the TCR as well as 4-1BBL
showed evidence of cell division at this time point (Fig. 4B) and after 5 days of culture (data not shown). Thus,
4-1BBL can provide a costimulatory signal to induce cell division in
CD4 and CD8 T cells.
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To assess the role of 4-1BBL in IL-2 production by T cells,
unfractionated T cells or purified CD4 or CD8 T cells were incubated
with P815 cells with or without 4-1BBL and with or without anti-CD3 as
described above. Fig. 5A shows
that in the presence of both 4-1BBL and anti-CD3 there was
substantially more IL-2 production in cultures of total T cells or CD4
T cells than in cultures stimulated with anti-CD3 alone. In
contrast, CD8 T cells produced only low levels of IL-2 in response to
4-1BBL-mediated costimulation. The observation that the CD8 T cell
cultures contained little or no IL-2 in the supernatant following
4-1BBL-mediated costimulation provides an explanation for the poorer
expansion of the isolated CD8 T cells in Fig. 3. However, in the total
T cell cultures it appears that the CD4 T cells can produce sufficient
IL-2 to allow similar expansion of both CD4 and CD8 T cell
proliferation. The levels of cytokine measured in the supernatant of
the cultures (Fig. 5A) reflect the net amount of IL-2 left
in the supernatant after consumption by T cells in culture.
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B). A
proportion of the CD4 T cells stained for intracellular IL-2 after
48 h of culture with P815 cells expressing 4-1BBL and
anti-CD3, but no IL-2 was detectable in cells stimulated with
anti-CD3 or 4-1BBL alone. As shown in Fig. 5A, CD8 T
cells produced little or no IL-2 in response to anti-CD3 plus
4-1BBL stimulation and clearly produced less IL-2 than CD4 T cells.
We also analyzed the effects of anti-human CD28 on
anti-CD3-mediated plus 4-1BBL-mediated IL-2 production. Anti-CD28
was used to coat the P815 cells at the same time as OKT3. To counter
any effect of anti-CD28 on the binding of OKT3 to P815 cells,
results were compared with those for P815 cells coated with OTK3 plus
isotype control Abs. Fig. 5C shows that coating of
anti-CD28 on the 4-1BBL-expressing P815 cells enhances the amount
of IL-2 produced over that induced by OKT3 plus P815-4-1BBL or
by P815 plus OKT3, or anti-CD28 alone. Qualitatively similar
results were obtained with four different donors. These data suggest
that under conditions of limiting T cell stimulation, CD28 and 4-1BB
signaling can both contribute to T cell activation.
Although we had determined that the P815 cells used in this
assay did not express B7.1 or B7.2, it was conceivable that low levels
of B7 family molecules present on the P815 cells, on activated T cells,
or on contaminating APC contribute to the 4-1BBL-dependent response. To
test this hypothesis, in some experiments we included CTLA-4Ig, a
soluble inhibitor of B7-CD28 interaction at concentrations of up to 10
µg/ml. This concentration was sufficient to completely block an MLR
against B7-expressing APC (30). As shown in Fig. 5D, CTLA-4Ig partially inhibited the response of human T
cells to P815-4-1BBL plus OKT3 stimulation. In contrast, the
combination of anti-murine B7.1 and anti-murine B7.2 in the
same experiment showed no detectable blocking, implying that human B7
molecules either on activated T cells or on contaminating APC were
enhancing the effects of human 4-1BBL. The magnitude of the effect of
CTLA-4Ig on 4-1BBL-dependent T cell activation, compared with the
marginal stimulation of human T cells in the absence of 4-1BBL, could
be due to a synergistic effect of human 4-1BBL and human B7 family
members in these cultures. However, the finding that even in the
presence of high levels of CTLA-4Ig, there remains a significant
4-1BBL-induced response indicates that 4-1BBL can induce some
CD28-independent activation of human T cells.
4-1BBL augments IFN- production by CD4 and CD8 T cells
Fig. 6A shows
the time course of IFN- production in cultures of purified T cells
incubated with irradiated P815 cells with or without 4-1BBL and with or
without OKT3. The combination of 4-1BBL and anti-CD3 on P815 cells
allows IFN- production by day 2 of culture, whereas 4-1BBL or
anti-CD3 alone does not support IFN- production by T cells.
Thus, 4-1BBL can provide a costimulatory signal for IFN- production
by purified human T cells. This finding is consistent with the previous
results reported by Kim et al. (37), who observed that
anti-4-1BB could enhance Th1 cytokine production by a Th1 clone
responding to anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28. To determine which
population of T cells, CD4 or CD8, was making IFN- in the cultures,
samples were also analyzed for intracellular cytokine staining by the
CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets (Fig. 6B). After 48 h of
culture with P815-4-1BBL plus anti-CD3, a small proportion of both
CD4 and CD8 T cells was positive for IFN- production. Negligible
numbers of IFN--producing T cells were found in cultures stimulated
with only P815 plus anti-CD3 or with P815-4-1BBL in the absence of
anti-CD3 (Fig. 6B). The donor in Fig. 6B
showed a higher proportion of CD4 compared with CD8 T cells producing
IFN-. However, other donors showed the reverse, with a higher
proportion of CD8 T cells producing IFN-. However, all three donors
tested consistently showed that P815-4-1BBL together with anti-CD3
could induce IFN- production by both T cell subsets.
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4-1BBL has been shown to augment the development of
CTL effector function by mouse CD8 T cells. To determine the effect of
4-1BBL on the development of human cytolytic T cell activity, purified
T cells were incubated with P815 cells with and without anti-CD3
and 4-1BBL as described above. After 5 days of culture, T cells were
tested for their ability to kill 51Cr-labeled
P815 cells. The presence of both 4-1BBL and OKT3 on the stimulator
cells resulted in a substantial increase in CTL activity against the
P815 targets over stimulation with P815-OKT3 or P815-4-1BBL alone.
However, 4-1BBL on P815 cells also showed a small
anti-CD3-independent effect on the development of CTL effector
function (Fig. 7A). Once
stimulated with 4-1BBL and anti-CD3, the effector CTL could kill
the P815 targets regardless of the presence of anti-CD3 or 4-1BBL
(Fig. 7A). Thus, the CTL appear to have developed a specific
(presumably MHC-restricted) response against P815 cells during the
5-day culture, and the development of this response was augmented by
4-1BBL and even more so when 4-1BBL was provided together with
OKT3.
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B). T cells that had been stimulated with
P815-4-1BBL plus OKT3 were able to kill P815
(H-2d) cells and, to a lesser extent, another
H-2d target (A20), but 4-1BBL stimulation
had a negligible effect on subsequent killing of an MHC-unrelated
target, EL4 (H-2b), or the mouse NK-sensitive
target, YAC-1 (Fig. 7B). These results suggest that the
cytolytic response that has developed is specific to the stimulating
cells and is dependent on the presence of 4-1BBL during the initial
stimulation, but not during the killing. The response is also augmented
by the presence of anti-CD3 during the initial culture. The
response of T cells to 4-1BBL requires that T cells receive a signal
through the TCR to up-regulate 4-1BB. The presence of anti-CD3 in
the cultures is expected to result in more effective up-regulation of
4-1BB and may enhance the ability of 4-1BBL to augment the development
of the CTL response to P815 target cells. |
Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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and 4). In contrast to the results with unfractionated T
cells, in cultures of isolated CD8 T cells the amount of T cell
expansion was less (Fig. 3); this is attributed to the lower levels of
IL-2 produced by human CD8 T cells compared with CD4 T cells
(Fig. 4). These studies demonstrate that for human T cells, 4-1BBL
exerts its maximal effect in cultures containing both CD4 and CD8 T
cells. The expansion of T cells in P815/OKT3/4-1BBL-stimulated cultures
was relatively modest (2-fold). The recovery of cells in the
cultures reflects the net effects of cell death vs cell survival and/or
division.
In these cultures there were no detectable B7 family members on the
stimulator cells, so the only source of B7 family members would be on
contaminating APC or activated T cells. The response of human T cells
to OKT3 plus 4-1BBL stimulation was partially blocked by addition of
CTLA-4Ig, suggesting that some B7 family members present in the
culture, probably on activated T cells or contaminating APC, contribute
to the T cell activation. Alternatively, CTLA-4Ig binding to B7.2 on
activated T cells might also block the stimulation due to steric
hindrance. The finding that vector-only-transfected P815 cells give
minimal stimulation in the presence of OKT3 in these cultures, whereas
4-1BBL-transfected P815 cells stimulate with OKT3 in a partially
B7-dependent manner, could be due to a synergy between the B7 and
4-1BBL costimulatory pathways. Consistent with this finding, addition
of anti-CD28 to the cultures clearly augmented IL-2 production
(Fig. 5C). Additionally, 4-1BBL itself might contribute to
up-regulation of B7.2 expression on T cells. Nevertheless, even in the
presence of a high dose of CTLA-4Ig in the cultures, 4-1BBL was able to
stimulate a response in T cells. Thus, the results presented here
suggest that, like murine 4-1BBL, human 4-1BBL can promote
CD28-independent T cell activation, but the combination of CD28- and
4-1BB-mediated costimulation is more effective than either alone.
4-1BBL also augmented the development of CTL effector
function (Fig. 7). Once CTL activity was induced, however, the presence
of 4-1BBL on target cells did not effect the level of lysis. These data
imply a role for 4-1BBL in the expansion of CTL with concomitant
development of CTL effector function, but rule out a role for
4-1BB/4-1BBL in the actual killing function of CTL. Similar findings
were observed with murine 4-1BBL (14). Although the
generation of maximal CTL activity in the cultures required both OKT3
and 4-1BBL on P815 stimulator cells, 4-1BBL on P815 alone induced some
activity, consistent with the finding that we had induced a specific
MHC-restricted response to P815 cells that becomes independent of
anti-CD3 in the cultures by the time of the
51Cr release assay. The enhancement of
development of CTL activity due to the presence of anti-CD3 may be
due in part to the requirement for a strong signal through the TCR to
induce 4-1BB expression, a prerequisite for the response to 4-1BBL.
Kinetic analysis of 4-1BB expression indicated that CD8 T cells
up-regulated 4-1BB to a greater extent and more rapidly than CD4 T
cells when unfractionated lymphocyte cultures were stimulated with
plate-bound anti-CD3. Despite the differences in the level of 4-1BB
up-regulation by CD4 vs CD8 T cells, the studies in Fig. 3 imply that
both CD4 and CD8 T cells respond similarly to 4-1BBL-mediated
costimulation in terms of net expansion observed in the cultures.
With respect to cytokine production, CD4 T cells were more
responsive to anti-CD3 plus 4-1BBL in IL-2 production, and both CD4
and CD8 T cells produced IFN- in response to 4-1BBL/anti-CD3
stimulation. The findings that human 4-1BBL stimulates IL-2 production
by CD4 T cells and IFN- production by CD8 T cells are similar to the
results obtained with mouse 4-1BBL (13). We did not
observe IL-4 production by either ELISA or intracellular cytokine
staining in these studies (data not shown). However, we have not
attempted to drive Th2 cytokine production in this model. In contrast,
mouse 4-1BBL expressed on a B lymphoma leads to IL-2 and IL-4
production by CD4 T cells, and IFN- production as well as low levels
of IL-2 production by CD8 T cells (10, 13). The murine CD4
T cell response to 4-1BBL can be switched to a Th1 response if IL-12 is
added to the cultures (10). Thus, it seems likely that
other factors besides 4-1BBL predominate in Th1/Th2 commitment by the T
cells. Rather, 4-1BBL seems to function as a more general stimulus for
T cell activation.
Taken together our data suggest that 4-1BBL can be used to augment the activation of human CD4 and CD8 T cells, and that 4-1BBL in conjunction with anti-CD3 provides an effective method for expanding CD4 and CD8 T cells with effector function. For CD8 T cells this expansion is most efficient when both CD4 and CD8 T cells are present in the same culture.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Tania H. Watts, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. E-mail address: tania.watts{at}utoronto.ca
Received for publication October 26, 2001. Accepted for publication March 6, 2002.
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B. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:558.B. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 242:613.[Medline]
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