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The Journal of Immunology, 2001, 167: 4801-4804.
Copyright © 2001 by The American Association of Immunologists

Cutting Edge

Cutting Edge: Neosynthesis Is Required for the Presentation of a T Cell Epitope from a Long-Lived Viral Protein1

Selina Khan*, Rita de Giuli*, Gunter Schmidtke*, Michael Bruns{dagger}, Michael Buchmeier{ddagger}, Maries van den Broek§ and Marcus Groettrup2,*

* Research Department, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland; {dagger} Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany; {ddagger} Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and § Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
CTLs recognize peptide epitopes which are proteolytically generated by the proteasome and presented on MHC class I molecules. According to the defective ribosomal product (DRiP) hypothesis, epitopes originate from newly synthesized polypeptides which are degraded shortly after their translation. The DRiP hypothesis would explain how epitopes can be generated from long-lived proteins. We examined whether neosynthesis is required for presentation of the immunodominant epitope NP118 of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein, which has a half-life of >3 days. Two days after nucleoprotein biosynthesis was terminated in a tetracycline-regulated transfectant, the presentation of the NP118 epitope ceased. This indicates that NP118 epitopes are generated from newly synthesized nucleoproteins rather than from the long-lived pool of nucleoproteins in the cell. Therefore, the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein is the first substrate for which a major prediction of the DRiP hypothesis, namely the requirement for neosynthesis, is shown to hold true.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The MHC class I pathway allows CTLs to monitor the protein content of virtually all cells of our body and, if properly activated, to eliminate those cells which contain immunogenic proteins. A prerequisite for the recognition of pathogen-encoded proteins is that the protein is degraded at such a rate that sufficient class I ligands are produced. It is therefore not only the steady state concentration of an intracellular protein but also its rate of degradation and the efficiency of processing which determines epitope production. The essential role of protein catabolism for Ag presentation in the class I compartment is evident because Ag presentation is abrogated when cells are treated with inhibitors of the proteasome, a proteolytic complex which is crucially involved in epitope generation. However, most intracellular proteins are rather long-lived, and viruses encode structural proteins which are degraded at a low rate. The nucleoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)3 is an example of a very stable protein which nevertheless gives rise to immunodominant epitopes, such as the H-2Ld restricted NP118 epitope, which is the main target of LCMV-specific CTLs in BALB/c mice. Despite the long half-life of the LCMV nucleoprotein, the generation of the NP118 epitope is abolished by proteasome inhibitors (1).

A possible solution to this apparent paradox is the defective ribosomal products (DRiP) hypothesis, which states that epitopes are not necessarily derived from the degradation of mature and appropriately folded proteins, but may be processed from newly translated polypeptides which are rapidly degraded because they fail to acquire their natively folded state (2). Consistent with this hypothesis, it has recently been shown that about one-third of newly synthesized proteins are degraded within 15 min after their biogenesis (3). Moreover, the peptide-dependent maturation of class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum was slowed down when translation was suppressed with protein synthesis inhibitors. The latter experiment suggested that a substantial portion of MHC class I peptide ligands are derived from proteins which were synthesized and degraded within a period of 90 min. This concept gained further support through the demonstration that the activity of the TAP largely depends on protein neosynthesis (4). However, it should be pointed out that these experiments were performed in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors which may not be representative for the physiological situation. Moreover, an example of a DRiP substrate has not been identified so far. Therefore, we investigated the long-lived LCMV nucleoprotein as a potential DRiP substrate. By expressing the nucleoprotein in an inducible manner we could demonstrate that NP118 presentation relies on protein neosynthesis, which is a property anticipated by the DRiP hypothesis.


   Materials and Methods
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 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Antibodies

The mAbs used in this study were KL25 specific for the LCMV glycoprotein GP1 and KL53 specific for the LCMV nucleoprotein (5).

Cell lines

B8 is a BALB/c-derived fibroblast line obtained by SV40 infection in vitro (5). The T cell hybridoma LCMV-NP118 is specific for the NP118 epitope of LCMV (5) and T2-Ld is an H-2Ld transfectant of the TAP-deficient lymphoblastoid line T2. The cells were grown in IMDM supplemented with 10% FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin.

LCMV and infection of cell lines

LCMV-WE strain was grown and titrated on L929 cells as previously described (5). The infection of 107 cells in vitro was performed at a multiplicity of infection of 0.05 in RPMI 1640 medium without FCS in a volume of 1 ml under agitation at room temperature for 30 min. Subsequently, the cells were plated in complete growth medium.

Generation of the pTet-SpliceLCMV-NP construct

The LCMV-WE cDNA was cloned into the tetracycline (tet)-regulated expression construct pTet-Splice (6) via EcoRI and SpeI sites, thus yielding the plasmid pTet-SpliceLCMV-NP.

Transfections

B8 cells were cotransfected by calcium phosphate precipitation with the pTet-tTAk plasmid encoding the tet-responsive inductor (6) and the pLXSH plasmid encoding a hygromycin resistance gene. Clones were selected with hygromycin B (400 µg/ml) in medium containing 1 µg/ml tet. The presence of pTet-tTAk was confirmed by genomic PCR analysis using the oligonucleotides 5'-ATGTCTAGATTAGATAAAAGTAAAG-3' and 5'-CTACCCACCGTACTCGTCAA-3', specific for the coding sequence of the transactivator gene. B8tTA.F4, a clone which showed high tTAk expression in the absence of tet but very low expression in the presence of tet was selected for supertransfections. B8tTA.F4 cells were transfected with pTet-SpliceLCMV-NP and the pLXSP plasmid encoding a puromycin resistance gene. Puromycin-resistant clones were cultured in IMDM supplemented with 10% FCS, 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin, 400 µg/ml hygromycin, 5 µg/ml puromycin, and 1 µg/ml tet. The integration of the pTet-SpliceLCMV-NP construct into the genome was confirmed by genomic PCR using oligonucleotides 5'-AGAAAGGAAAGGAGGGACGATA-3' and 5'-TGAATTGCTTCTGGTCCGTAG-3'.

Cytolytic assay and hybridoma assay

As target cell we used unpulsed B8 cells or B8 cells loaded with the NP118 peptide RPQASGVYM at 10-7 M in PBS for 1 h. Splenocytes from a BALB/c mouse which had been infected 8 days before with 200 pfu of LCMV-WE i.v. were used as effectors in chromium release assays. Loading of target cells with chromium and performance of the cytolytic assay were exactly as previously described (5). The hybridoma/lacZ assay was performed with the LCMV-NP118-specific T cell hybridoma as outlined elsewhere (5).

Metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation

B8 cells were either left uninfected or were infected with LCMV-WE 24 h before metabolic labeling. B8tNP64 cells were grown in the presence or absence of 1 µg/ml tet at least 5 days before labeling. Cells were labeled with [35S]methionine/[35S]cysteine for 3 h, chased for indicated time periods, and immunoprecipitated with mAb KL53 as previously described (1).

Northern blot

Total RNA was extracted from cells using TRIzol Reagent (Life Technologies, Basel, Switzerland), separated on agarose formaldehyde gels, transferred to a membrane, and radioactively probed as described elsewhere (7). 32P-Labeled probes were generated on nucleoprotein and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) cDNA templates using random primers as well as the specific primers HPRT1 (5'-CACAGGACTAGAACACCTGC-3'), HPRT2 (5'-GCTGGTGAAAAGGACCTCT-3'), NP1 (5'-GAGAAGCTGAAGGCCAAAAT-3'), and NP2 (5'-CGCACCAAGACTGAAATTATA-3').


   Results
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 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
The LCMV nucleoprotein is a very long-lived protein in LCMV-infected cells and in a tet-regulated nucleoprotein transfectant

LCMV is a small (-)-strand RNA virus which consists of only two structural proteins, the glycoprotein and the nucleoprotein. Previously we observed during pulse chase experiments that the half-life of the nucleoprotein is much longer than that of the glycoprotein (1). To determine the degradation rate of the LCMV nucleoprotein in B8 mouse fibroblast cells, these cells were infected with the WE strain of LCMV, and after 1 day of infection the cells were metabolically labeled and chased over a period of 3 days. Remarkably, no evidence for a degradation of the LCMV nucleoprotein could be obtained within 3 days (Fig. 1GoA).



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  		FIGURE 1. The LCMV nucleoprotein (NP) is degraded at a very low rate. A, B8 fibroblasts were either left uninfected (uninf.) or infected with LCMV-WE for 24 h before being metabolically labeled and chased for the indicated time periods. B, Pulse chase experiment of nucleoprotein expression in the tet-regulated nucleoprotein transfectant B8tNP64. B8tNP64 cells were grown for 5 days in the presence (+tet) or absence (-tet) of tet. For -/+ tet samples, cells were grown and metabolically labeled with 35S in the absence but chased in the presence of tet to avoid nucleoprotein synthesis during the chase. Uninfected and LCMV-infected B8 cells were used as controls.

 
To investigate the role of protein neosynthesis for the presentation of the nucleoprotein epitope NP118, we generated a transfectant of B8 cells in which the nucleoprotein is expressed from a tet-regulated promoter. Initially, B8 cells were stably transfected with the expression construct pTet-tTAk, which encodes a tet-responsive transcriptional inducer (6). The transfectants were tested by transient supertransfection of tet-regulated {beta}-galactosidase or luciferase reporter constructs, and a clone designated B8tTA.F4 was chosen for additional experiments. This clone was stably supertransfected with the plasmid pTet-SpliceLCMV-NP, which contains the full-length cDNA of the LCMV-WE nucleoprotein under the control of a tet-repressible promoter (6). Transfectants were prescreened with genomic PCR, and a clone, designated B8tNP64, which presented the NP118 epitope in the absence but not in the presence of tet (Fig. 4GoA), was selected for further analysis.



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  		FIGURE 4. Cytolytic chromium release assay of NP118 presentation by B8tNP64 cells. Target cells were the same as in Fig. 3Go; effector cells were splenocytes from a BALB/c mouse on day 8 after LCMV-WE infection. A, Comparison of NP118 presentation by untreated or NP118 peptide-loaded B8 cells with B8tNP64 cells grown in the absence or presence of tet. B, Kinetic of NP118 presentation on different days after termination of nucleoprotein synthesis through the addition of tet as outlined in Fig. 3Go. Values represent means of triplicates.

 
The degradation rate of the LCMV nucleoprotein was determined in the B8tNP64 clone in a pulse chase experiment (Fig. 1GoB). A quantification of the nucleoprotein immunoprecipitates from LCMV-WE-infected B8 cells and the B8tNP64 clone in the absence of tet showed that the amount of nucleoprotein was about eightfold lower in B8tNP64 cells. The expression of the nucleoprotein in B8tNP64 cells is completely suppressed in the presence of tet, as evidenced in the third lane of Fig. 1GoB. Similar to what we had observed in LCMV-WE-infected B8 cells, the half-life of the nucleoprotein in B8tNP64 cells is longer than 3 days. It should be noted that the pulse chase experiment with B8tNP64 cells was performed such that tet was added to the growth medium during the chase, thus preventing nucleoprotein neosynthesis during the chase period.

Determination of the half-life of nucleoprotein mRNA in tet-regulated transfectants and of H-2Ld/NP118 complexes on the cell surface

To determine the role of nucleoprotein neosynthesis for NP118 presentation it was important to investigate how long the mRNA for the nucleoprotein would persist in B8tNP64 transfectants after the cells were treated with tet. The Northern blot shown in Fig. 2Go illustrates that B8tNP64 cells which had been grown for 5 days in the presence of tet do not express nucleoprotein mRNA (Fig. 2Go, lane 1). When the clone was grown for 5 days in the absence of tet the nucleoprotein mRNA was readily detected in B8tNP64 cells (Fig. 2Go, lane 2). The amount of nucleoprotein mRNA in B8tNP64 cells was about eightfold lower than in B8 cells which had been infected with LCMV-WE for 2 days, a result which is in accordance with the quantification of nucleoprotein immunoprecipitates (Fig. 1GoB) which had been performed with aliquots of the same cells. Only 24 h after the addition of tet to these cells (Fig. 2Go, lane 3) nucleoprotein mRNA was not detectable anymore, indicating that the tet-mediated ablation of nucleoprotein transcription was rapid and the nucleoprotein mRNA in B8tNP64 cells was degraded within 1 day. Consistently, we could not detect nucleoprotein neosynthesis in metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation experiments after cells had been treated with tet for 6, 24, 48, 72, or 96 h (data not shown).



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  		FIGURE 2. Northern blot analysis of LCMV nucleoprotein mRNA content in LCMV-infected B8 cells and in the tet-regulated nucleoprotein transfectant B8tNP64. Cells were grown in the presence (+tet) or absence (-tet) of tet. In the case of -/+ tet samples, B8tNP64 cells had been cultivated without tet and were then grown in the presence of tet for the indicated time periods. Total RNA was blotted and hybridized with 32P-labeled LCMV nucleoprotein and HPRT probes. The small size difference between the viral and vector derived mRNAs is probably due to untranslated regions of different length.

 
Another factor which affects the duration of Ag presentation after shutting off nucleoprotein neosynthesis is the half-life of H-2Ld/NP118 complexes on the cell surface. We determined by flow cytometry how long the NP118 synthetic nonamer would be able to stabilize H-2Ld complexes on the surface of T2-Ld cells. The loss of H-Ld/NP118 complexes from the cell surface was complete after 16 h of incubation at 37°C (data not shown), indicating that for the stimulation of T cells new supply of epitopes is required after this time period.

Neosynthesis of the LCMV nucleoprotein is required for the presentation of the NP118 epitope

To determine how the tet-mediated ablation of synthesizing nucleoprotein mRNA and, as a consequence, of the nucleoprotein itself would affect NP118 presentation in B8tNP64 cells, we performed lacZ assays based on the activation of the H-2Ld/NP118-specific T cell hybridoma LCMV-NP118 (5). In a first experiment we tested the specificity of the hybridoma, which reacted with NP118-pulsed B8 cells and with B8tNP64 cells grown in the absence of tet but not with unpulsed B8 cells or B8tNP64 cells grown in the presence of tet (Fig. 3GoA). Moreover, we established that NP118 presentation on LCMV-infected B8 cells was not affected by tet (data not shown). Next, we monitored NP118 presentation on B8tNP64 cells which had been grown in the absence of tet and were subsequently cultivated for 0, 1, 2, and 3 days in the presence of tet (Fig. 3GoB). Only 1 day after cultivation with tet, NP118 presentation was reduced by 50%, and on the second day of tet treatment the NP118 presentation was at background levels obtained with uninfected B8 cells. Aliquots of the same B8tNP64 cells used as stimulators in this experiment were used in parallel for the immunoprecipitation and Northern blot analysis shown in Fig. 1GoB and Fig. 2Go, respectively. It is therefore evident that nucleoprotein neosynthesis is required to maintain NP118 presentation and that the presentation of this epitope cannot be fueled from the long-lived nucleoprotein molecules, which remained at the same level in B8tNP64 over 3 days. The same conclusion was reached in an independent experiment when NP118 presentation was monitored in a cytolytic assay with LCMV-specific primary CTLs as effectors (Fig. 4Go). Even with this very sensitive read-out system, a sharp drop in NP118 presentation was detected 1 day after the termination of nucleoprotein synthesis in B8tNP64 cells and no residual NP118 presentation remained on the third day of cultivation in the presence of tet. Taken together, our data clearly demonstrate a requirement for nucleoprotein neosynthesis for the presentation of the immunodominant epitope NP118.



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  		FIGURE 3. Analysis of NP118 presentation by B8tNP64 cells with a T cell hybridoma-based lacZ assay. Activation of the LCMV-NP118 hybridoma leads to {beta}-galactosidase production, which is measured in a chromogenic assay. A, Comparison of NP118 presentation by untreated or NP118 peptide-loaded B8 cells with B8tNP64 cells grown in the absence or presence of tet. B, NP118 presentation was determined for B8tNP64 cells which had been cultured in the absence of tet and were then grown in the presence of tet for the indicated number of days (-/+ tet, filled bars). For each assay day, B8tNP64 cells which had been grown in the absence (-tet) or presence (+tet) of tet were used as controls. The data represent means and SEM of triplicate values.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
In this work we tried to reconcile two paradoxical experimental findings. On the one hand, the LCMV nucleoprotein contains two immunodominant T cell epitopes which are presented in a proteasome-dependent manner (1). On the other hand, the nucleoprotein is a long-lived protein which is not detectably degraded within a period of 3 days. Two hypotheses have been proposed which could resolve the apparent paradox. The first hypothesis is the peptone hypothesis proposed in 1989 by Boon and Van Pel (8). It suggests that class I ligands may stem from polypeptides (peptons) which were translated from short RNAs generated randomly by promoter- and frame-independent transcriptional events. This hypothesis is inconsistent with our results because NP118 presentation correlates strictly with the activation of the tet-repressible promoter which drives nucleoprotein transcription. The second hypothesis is the DRiP hypothesis put forward in 1996 by Yewdell et al. (2). It states that T cell epitopes are derived from defective ribosomal products which are not translated or folded properly and are degraded shortly after their synthesis. A critical aspect of this hypothesis, namely the requirement of neosynthesis for class I-restricted presentation, is in accordance with our results. Whether some or all of these rapidly degraded nucleoproteins are defective or whether they were translated correctly but simply did not fold fast enough to escape degradation has not been addressed in the present study and remains to be determined.

Although we cannot rule out that a minor contribution to the pool of NP118 epitopes stems from the catabolism of preexisting and long-lived nucleoproteins, this supply is clearly insufficient to be recognized by NP118-specific CTLs. Hence, the NP118-specific CTL response will lyse only those cells which actively synthesize the nucleoprotein, and cells which managed to suppress the transcription and translation of the LCMV nucleoprotein with help of antiviral cytokines like IFN-{alpha} and IFN-{gamma} may escape lysis and irreversible destruction through CTLs.


   Footnotes
 
1 This work was supported by grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation (Nr. 31-52284.97/1), Roche Research Foundation, Novartis Foundation, and Rentenanstalt Jubiläumsstiftung (to M.G.), and by a grant from the Cloëtta Foundation (to M.v.d.B.) Back

2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Marcus Groettrup, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Laborforschungsabteilung, Haus 09, CH-9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland. E-mail address: marcus.groettrup{at}kssg.ch Back

3 Abbreviations used in this paper: LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; DRiP, defective ribosomal product; HPRT, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase; tet, tetracycline. Back

Received for publication July 17, 2001. Accepted for publication September 18, 2001.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Schwarz, K., R. de Giuli, G. Schmidtke, S. Kostka, M. van den Broek, K. Kim, C. M. Crews, R. Kraft, M. Groettrup. 2000. The selective proteasome inhibitors lactacystin and expoxomicin can be used to either up- or down-regulate antigen presentation at nontoxic doses. J. Immunol. 164:6147.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Yewdell, J. W., L. C. Anton, J. R. Bennink. 1996. Defective ribosomal products (DRiPs): a major source of antigenic peptides for MHC class I molecules. J. Immunol. 157:1823.[Abstract]
  3. Schubert, U., L. C. Anton, J. Gibbs, C. C. Norbury, J. W. Yewdell, J. R. Bennink. 2000. Rapid degradation of a large fraction of newly synthesized proteins by proteasomes. Nature 404:770.[Medline]
  4. Reits, E. A. J., J. C. Vos, M. Gromme, J. Neefjes. 2000. The major substrates for TAP in vivo are derived from newly synthesized proteins. Nature 404:774.[Medline]
  5. Schwarz, K., M. van den Broek, S. Kostka, R. Kraft, A. Soza, G. Schmidtke, P. M. Kloetzel, M. Groettrup. 2000. Overexpression of the proteasome subunits LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1, but not PA28{alpha}{beta}, enhances the presentation of an immunodominant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus T cell epitope. J. Immunol. 165:768.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Shockett, P., M. Difilippantonio, N. Hellman, D. G. Schatz. 1995. A modified tetracycline-regulated system provides autoregulatory, inducible gene expression in cultured cells and transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6522.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Groettrup, M., A. Baron, G. Griffiths, R. Palacios, H. von Boehmer. 1992. T cell receptor (TCR) {beta} chain homodimers on the surface of immature but not mature {alpha}, {gamma}, {delta} chain deficient T cell lines. EMBO J. 11:2735.[Medline]
  8. Boon, T., A. Van Pel. 1989. T cell-recognized antigenic peptides derived from the cellular genome are not protein degradation products but can be generated directly by transcription and translation of short subgenic regions: a hypothesis. Immunogenetics 29:75.[Medline]



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