The JI
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     
 

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Seo, S.-j.
Right arrow Articles by Erikson, J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Seo, S.-j.
Right arrow Articles by Erikson, J.
The Journal of Immunology, 2001, 166: 3710-3716.
Copyright © 2001 by The American Association of Immunologists

Novel Roles for Lyn in B Cell Migration and Lipopolysaccharide Responsiveness Revealed Using Anti-Double-Stranded DNA Ig Transgenic Mice1

Su-jean Seo, Jodi Buckler and Jan Erikson2

The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 
Lyn-deficient mice produce Abs against dsDNA, yet exhibit exaggerated tolerance to the model Ag hen-egg lysozyme. To investigate this apparent contradiction, and to further examine the function of Lyn in Ag-engaged cells, we have used an anti-dsDNA Ig transgenic model. Previously, looking at these anti-dsDNA B cells in Lyn-sufficient BALB/c mice, we showed that they are regulated by functional inactivation (anergy). In the absence of Lyn, these anti-dsDNA B cells remain unable to secrete Ab. This suggests that functional inactivation of anti-dsDNA B cells does not depend on Lyn, and that the anti-dsDNA Abs that are produced in lyn-/- mice arise from a defect in another mechanism of B cell tolerance. Although the anti-dsDNA B cells remain anergic, Lyn deficiency does restore their ability to proliferate to LPS. This reveals a novel role for Lyn in mediating the LPS unresponsiveness that normally follows surface Ig engagement. Furthermore, Lyn deficiency leads to an altered splenic localization and EBV-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine responsiveness of anti-dsDNA B cells, as well as an absence of marginal zone B cells, suggesting additional roles for Lyn in controlling the migration and development of specific B cell populations.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 
Lyn is a src family tyrosine kinase expressed in many hemopoietic cell types, including B cells; little to no expression has been found in T cells (1, 2). Expressed throughout B cell development (3), Lyn participates in signaling from multiple cell surface receptors. Upon engagement of surface Ig, Lyn associates with the B cell Ag receptor (BCR)3 complex and is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated, with an associated increase in its enzymatic activity (4, 5, 6). Lyn is also activated after engagement of the CD40 receptor (7), and in the absence of Lyn, CD40-induced Fas expression was reported to be substantially reduced, as was germinal center (GC) formation (8, 9). Lyn thus plays an important positive role in B cell activation; however, BCR signaling can occur in the absence of Lyn. Indeed, knockout mice have shown that the net effect of Lyn deficiency is to render B cells hyperactive to BCR stimulation (9, 10, 11), suggesting that the most crucial role for Lyn in vivo is in the down-modulation of B cell responses. In this regard, Lyn has been implicated in inhibitory signaling from the CD22 and Fc{gamma}RIIb receptors (12, 13).

Mice deficient in Lyn have been shown to produce anti-dsDNA Abs and to develop glomerulonephritis with immune complex deposition (10, 11, 14), suggesting that Lyn is crucial to the negative regulation of autoreactive B cells. There are two major sites of autoreactive B cell regulation. During B cell development in the bone marrow (BM), the process of V(D)J recombination may yield autoreactive Abs. In the BM, B cells bearing these autoreactive receptors are regulated by editing of the receptor, by deletion, or by functional inactivation (anergy). The form of the Ag appears to dictate these opposing outcomes (reviewed in Refs. 15, 16). Autoreactive B cells could also be generated in the periphery as a consequence of Ig somatic mutation during a GC reaction. These newly autoreactive B cells are thought to die in the absence of T cell help, a process referred to as death by neglect (reviewed in Ref. 17). Given that Lyn is expressed throughout B cell development and has also been reported to play an important role in GC formation, the presence of autoantibodies in lyn-/- mice could be due to perturbed regulation of B cells generated in either the BM or the periphery.

To see whether the mechanism of B cell tolerance termed anergy is maintained in the absence of Lyn, Cornall et al. (20) studied the fate of lyn-/- B cells directed against hen-egg lysozyme (HEL). B cell anergy can be defined by one fundamental property: although autoreactive B cells survive and are altered by their encounter with Ag, they do not secrete Ab. This inability to secrete Ab is exhibited by lyn+/+ anti-HEL B cells that develop in the presence of soluble HEL (18); anti-dsDNA B cells have also been described that share this characteristic (19). Intriguingly, lyn-/- anti-HEL B cells undergo an exaggerated tolerogenic response to soluble HEL and, instead of being anergized, are deleted in the BM (20). This is consistent with a role for Lyn as a negative regulator of B cell signaling.

Although this result clearly exposes distortions in lyn-/- B cell tolerance, it does not address whether anergy of anti-dsDNA B cells is likewise disrupted in lyn-/- mice. This is particularly relevant given that lyn-/- mice spontaneously produce anti-dsDNA Abs. Furthermore, considering that anergic anti-HEL B cells and anergic anti-DNA B cells have been shown to exhibit differences in cell surface phenotype and response to B cell mitogens (18, 19, 21, 22), it is quite conceivable that anti-dsDNA B cells would respond differently to the absence of Lyn. To examine this issue, we used the VH3H9 Ig transgene (Tg) to follow a population of BM-generated anti-dsDNA B cells. Previously, we have described a regulated phenotype for these anti-dsDNA B cells in BALB/c mice: in vitro, they do not proliferate in response to LPS stimulation; in vivo, they are developmentally arrested, halted at the T/B interface in the splenic white pulp, and fail to secrete Ab (19 , 22). Strikingly, in Fas-deficient mice, a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-dsDNA B cell anergy is not maintained; the anti-dsDNA B cells exhibit phenotypic differences and spontaneously secrete autoantibody (23). In lyn-/- mice, we find that anti-dsDNA B cells exhibit the same anergic cell surface phenotype seen in the presence of Lyn. Additionally, they are unable to secrete Ab, indicating that Lyn is not required for the induction or maintenance of B cell anergy. However, this study does reveal that Lyn significantly impacts several other B cell responses to autoantigen encounter. In particular, we document previously undescribed roles for Lyn in controlling the LPS responsiveness and migration of Ag-engaged B cells.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 References
 
Mice

Lyn-/- mice (backcross 4 onto the C57BL/6 background from a mixed 129/C57BL/6 background) were obtained from E. Puré (The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA), who received them originally from C. Lowell (University of California, San Francisco, CA). VH3H9 BALB/c mice were crossed with lyn-/- mice, and the resulting progeny were intercrossed to create Tg(-) lyn+/+, Tg(-) lyn-/-, VH3H9 lyn+/+, and VH3H9 lyn-/- mice. Some of these Tg(-) lyn-/- and VH3H9 lyn-/- mice were also mated to generate experimental mice; similar results were obtained from both generations of lyn-/- mice. In this work, the designation lyn+/+ refers to Lyn-sufficient mice of this genetic background, distinguishing them from BALB/c mice, which are also Lyn sufficient. The mice were bred and maintained in a specific pathogen-free room at The Wistar Institute animal facility, and they were sacrificed for experiments at 6–10 wk of age. All animal work was conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines.

PCR amplification of tail DNA was used to determine genotypes of mice. VH3H9 PCR was conducted as described (24). The presence of a wild-type lyn locus was determined as described (10). The presence of a neomycin insert (indicating a mutant lyn locus) was detected by PCR using primers derived from sequences in the 5' and 3' portions of the neomycin insert. The sequences used were: 5'-TCAGCGCAGGGGCGCCCGGTTCTTT-3' and 5'-ATCGACAAGACCGGCTTCCATCCGA-3'. PCR conditions were 94°C for 5 min; 70°C for 1 min, 72°C for 1 min, and 94°C for 1 min for 40 cycles; 70°C for 1 min; and 72°C for 5 min.

Cell preparations

One femur and one tibia were removed from each mouse for BM analysis, with the cells from both bones being pooled. Single cell suspensions from spleen and BM were prepared by disrupting the organ of interest and passing the resulting solution through a 70-µm cell strainer (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA). RBC were then removed with RBC lysing buffer (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), and total live cell numbers were determined by trypan blue exclusion.

Flow cytometry

Cells (0.5–1 x 106) were surface stained according to standard protocols (25). The following Abs were purchased from PharMingen (San Diego, CA): RA3-6B2 biotin (anti-B220), 1D3 biotin (anti-CD19), 7G6 FITC (anti-CD21/35), Cy34.1 FITC (anti-CD22), and B3B4 FITC (anti-CD23). 187.1 FITC (anti-Ig{kappa}) was grown as supernatant and conjugated. JC5.1 PE (anti-Ig{lambda} total) was a gift from J. Kearney (University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL), and streptavidin Red670 was purchased from Life Technologies (Gaithersburg, MD). All samples were analyzed on a FACScan flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) using CellQuest software. Forty thousand events, gated for live lymphocytes based on forward and side scatter, were collected for each sample.

Calculation of spleen cell numbers

Spleen cells were stained with anti-B220 biotin/streptavidin Red670 and anti-Ig{lambda} PE. Gates were drawn as shown in Fig. 1Go, with the B220+ Ig{lambda}+ gate being used to calculate the number of Ig{lambda} cells/spleen. The percentage of B220+Ig{lambda}+ cells of live cells (based on forward and side scatter) was multiplied by the total number of live cells per spleen (quantified by trypan blue exclusion using a hemacytometer and light microscope). The number of Ig{kappa} cells/spleen was calculated in a similar fashion. Because staining with anti-Ig{kappa} FITC shows that the B220+ Ig{lambda}- population consists of Ig{kappa} cells (data not shown), the B220+ Ig{lambda}- gate was used to calculate the number of Ig{kappa} cells/spleen.



View larger version (49K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 1. Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells are present with decreased surface Ig. A, BM (left) and spleen (right) cells from Tg(-) (top) and VH3H9 (bottom) mice were stained with Abs against B220 and Ig{lambda}. The mean fluorescence intensity is given for the B220+ Ig{lambda}+ cells in the boxed region to the right. B, Using the gates shown in A, the total number of splenic Ig{lambda} (left) and Ig{kappa} (right) cells was calculated as described in Materials and Methods. Brackets indicate significant differences with p values as indicated. There is no significant difference between the number of Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells in VH3H9 lyn+/+ and VH3H9 lyn-/- mice (p = 0.1855). These are representative plots of n >= 6 mice of each genotype.

 
In vitro proliferation assay

Spleen cells were labeled with CFSE (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), as described (26). CFSE-labeled spleen cells (2 x 106/ml) were then cultured in either medium alone (RPMI 1640/10% FCS/5 x 10-5 M 2-ME) or LPS (10 µg/ml; Sigma). Cells were removed from culture after 4 days to determine viability, as assessed by trypan blue exclusion under a light microscope, and proliferation. Proliferation was measured by flow cytometry as a decrease in CFSE intensity relative to unstimulated cells. Each cell division is accompanied by a decrease in CFSE intensity by one-half. Percentage of recovery was determined by dividing the number of cells recovered on day 4 by the number of cells initially placed in culture.

B cell hybridoma production

Spleen cells from an 8-wk-old VH3H9 lyn-/- mouse were cultured for 2 days with 10 µg/ml LPS (Sigma). Subsequently, hybridomas were generated, and Ab isotype and specificity were determined as described (27).

Immunohistochemistry

Spleens were suspended in OCT (Fisher Scientific), frozen in 2-methyl-butane cooled with liquid nitrogen, sectioned, and fixed with acetone. The 5- to 8-µm spleen sections were stored at -20°C and then stained according to the protocol described (28). Briefly, the sections were blocked using PBS/5% normal goat serum (Sigma)/0.1% Tween 20, and then stained with RA3-6B2 biotin (anti-B220; PharMingen), GK1.5 biotin (anti-CD4; grown as supernatant and conjugated), MOMA-1 (antimarginal zone (MZ) metallophilic macrophages; Bachem, Torrance, CA), Cy34.1 FITC (anti-CD22; PharMingen), or anti-Ig{lambda} alkaline phosphatase (AP; Southern Biotechnology Associates, Birmingham, AL). Streptavidin HRP (Southern Biotechnology Associates), polyclonal anti-rat HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA), and anti-FITC AP (Sigma) were used as secondary Abs. HRP and AP were developed using the substrates 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazole and Fast Blue BB base (Sigma), respectively.

Chemotaxis assays

Chemotaxis assays were performed in 5-µm Transwell plates (Corning Costar, Cambridge, MA). Single cell suspensions were prepared in endotoxin-free RPMI 1640 (Life Technologies) containing 10% FCS and 5 x 10-5 M 2-ME. EBV-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine (ELC) and B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC) (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) were diluted in the same medium. Transwells were preincubated with medium for 10 min at 37°C. Subsequently, this medium was removed, and chemokine solution (600 µl) was added to the bottom chamber of the Transwell. A total of 1 x 106 spleen cells (in 100 µl) was added to the upper well, and cells were allowed to migrate for 4 h at 37°C. Migrated cells were harvested, quantified by trypan blue exclusion, and identified by flow cytometry.

Crithidia luciliae assay

The presence of anti-dsDNA Abs in serum was detected using fixed, permeabilized C. luciliae (29) as the substrate (Antibodies, Davis, CA). Serum samples were tested at serial 10-fold dilutions from 1/100 to 1/1,000,000. Anti-dsDNA Ab binding (defined as staining of the kinetoplast) was detected either with a combination of FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and anti-mouse IgM reagents, or with a FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse Ig{lambda} reagent (Southern Biotechnology Associates). The samples were then visualized under a fluorescent microscope and scored without knowledge of age or genotype of the mice. The serum titer was defined as the reciprocal of the last dilution at which kinetoplast staining was seen.

Statistical analysis

Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired, two-sample Student’s t test and Instat software.


   Results and Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
References
 
The anti-dsDNA Ig Tg model

The VH3H9 Tg is an Ig heavy chain Tg that, in combination with the endogenous {lambda}1-light chain, forms an anti-dsDNA Ab (27, 30). By using anti-{lambda} reagents, we can specifically identify anti-dsDNA B cells within VH3H9 Tg mice. Endogenous {kappa}-light chains can also combine with the VH3H9 Tg, yielding both anti-DNA Abs and nonautoreactive specificities (24, 27, 30); therefore, the Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells can be studied within a diverse B cell repertoire. Using this approach, we have examined anti-dsDNA B cells in a variety of contexts, including in this study in lyn-/- mice.

Anergic anti-dsDNA B cells are not deleted in lyn-/- mice

We have previously reported that Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells from VH3H9 BALB/c mice are present in both the BM and spleen and, consistent with Ag encounter, express a decreased level of surface Ig compared with Tg(-) Ig{lambda} B cells (19). This remains true for the Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells in the lyn+/+ genetic background investigated in this study (Fig. 1GoA). Ig{lambda} cells are also present in the BM and spleens of VH3H9 lyn-/- mice with decreased levels of surface Ig, suggesting that whether or not Lyn is present, the anti-dsDNA B cells see their Ag at the same early stage of development. Additionally, their absolute number is the same in VH3H9 lyn-/- spleens as in VH3H9 lyn+/+ (Fig. 1GoB).

The ability of Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells to persist in VH3H9 lyn-/- mice is particularly striking when compared with the dramatic reduction in the number of VH3H9/Ig{kappa} cells. Consistent with published data, we found that the number of B cells in Tg(-) lyn-/- mice was decreased 54–89% (10, 11, 14), and both Ig{lambda} and Ig{kappa} cell numbers were equally reduced. Although similar reductions in overall B cell number were found in VH3H9 lyn-/- mice, in this case the decrease occurred only in the Ig{kappa} population. Thus, compared with the majority of B cells in VH3H9 lyn-/- mice, Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells appear better able to survive in the absence of Lyn. One explanation for this is that anti-dsDNA B cells are rescued by encounter with Ag. In this regard, anti-Ig treatment of lyn-/- B cells was shown to result in hyperactivation of Akt, a B cell survival factor (31, 32).

Interestingly, lyn-/- anti-dsDNA B cells also have a survival advantage over lyn-/- anti-HEL B cells that have encountered Ag (20). One obvious difference between lyn-/- anti-HEL B cells (which are deleted) and lyn-/- anti-dsDNA B cells (which survive) is the Ag specificity. This suggests that the survival of lyn-/- B cells (and possibly the extent of Akt activation) is not only linked to Ag encounter, but is also determined by the strength of signaling through surface Ig. Given that the nature of the in vivo Ag regulating anti-dsDNA B cells has not been defined, this is difficult to directly evaluate.

Maintenance of the anergic phenotype in lyn-/- anti-dsDNA B cells

Previously, using flow cytometric analysis, we established that anti-dsDNA B cells in VH3H9 BALB/c mice display an altered cell surface phenotype that correlates with their functional inactivation (19). This phenotype, which includes decreased levels of B220, CD21/35, CD22, and CD23, is also found in the VH3H9 lyn+/+ mice investigated in this work (Fig. 2Go). Before examining cell surface marker expression in VH3H9 lyn-/- mice, we established the phenotype of B cells from Tg(-) lyn-/- mice. The maturation status of splenic lyn-/- B cells has been controversial, with some groups (11, 20) suggesting no defects in B cell development and one group reporting a block in progression from the B220low HSAhigh (immature) to B220high HSAlow (mature) stage (13). In our study, Tg(-) lyn-/- B cells are able to mature and express wild-type levels of B220 and CD22, with the ratio of immature to mature cells being no different from that seen in lyn+/+ mice (Fig. 2Go).



View larger version (38K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 2. Cell surface phenotype of splenic lyn-/- B cells. Histograms (gated as in Fig. 1Go) show representative staining of Ig{lambda} cells (bold histogram) overlaying staining of Ig{kappa} cells (thin histogram). Bold histograms have been scaled 10x to allow for comparison of the smaller pool of Ig{lambda} cells with Ig{kappa} cells. Except for lacking a CD21/35high peak, Tg(-) lyn-/- B cells closely resemble Tg(-) lyn+/+ B cells. Regardless of Lyn expression, Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells in VH3H9 mice look strikingly different from Tg(-) cells, expressing lower levels of CD21/35, CD22, and CD23, as well as slightly lower levels of B220 (15–35% lower, p = 0.0371). In VH3H9 lyn-/- mice, the majority of Ig{kappa} cells also express low levels of CD21/35 and CD23. These are representative plots of n >= 6 mice of each genotype.

 
Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells in VH3H9 lyn-/- mice exhibit the same cell surface profile seen in VH3H9 lyn+/+ mice, with reduced levels of B220, CD21/35, CD22, and CD23 (Fig. 2Go). Thus, by flow cytometry, the lyn-/- Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells continue to have a phenotype that correlates with anergy. Of note, in the absence of Lyn, the majority of VH3H9/Ig{kappa} B cells also express little to no CD21/35 and CD23. As the VH3H9 Tg can combine with {kappa}-light chains to form autoreactive specificities, this altered phenotype may reflect an increased frequency of anergic B cells in the Ig{kappa} population of VH3H9 lyn-/- mice.

To verify the functional inactivation of Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells, serum samples from 40-wk-old Tg(-) and VH3H9 lyn-/- mice were tested for anti-dsDNA Abs by the C. luciliae assay. Confirming previous reports (10, 11), high titers of autoantibodies were detected in Tg(-) lyn-/- mice (mean titer = 1.50 x 104; n = 17). This contrasts with Lyn-sufficient mice, which have undetectable levels of anti-dsDNA Abs (titers <10; n = 10). Both Ig{kappa} and Ig{lambda} Abs contributed to serum titers in 15 of 17 Tg(-) lyn-/- mice; in the remaining two mice, only Ig{kappa} anti-dsDNA Abs were detected. We have previously reported that for the MRL-lpr/lpr mouse model of lupus, autoantibody production is not affected by the presence of the VH3H9 Tg, and Ig{lambda} autoantibodies arise at the same time as Ig{kappa} autoantibodies (23). However, in VH3H9 lyn-/- mice, anti-dsDNA Ab titers are reduced (mean titer = 1 x 103; n = 13), and, importantly, Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA Abs are not detected.

Given that anti-dsDNA B cell anergy remains intact in the absence of Lyn, the mechanism for anti-dsDNA Ab production in lyn-/- mice remains unknown. In terms of BM-induced tolerance, anti-dsDNA B cells are a heterogeneous group that are regulated not only by anergy, but also by deletion. For example, anti-dsDNA B cells that use the VH3H9 Tg in combination with the V{kappa}4-light chain are deleted in the BM (33). One possibility, then, is that deletion of anti-dsDNA B cells in the BM is defective. This could be tested by tracking the fate of VH3H9/V{kappa}4 anti-dsDNA B cells in the absence of Lyn.

A second possibility is that although BM-induced tolerance remains intact, there is a failure to regulate anti-dsDNA B cells produced in GCs. We have previously suggested that this is the case for bcl-2 Tg mice (34). Strikingly, in both lyn-/- and bcl-2 Tg mice, autoantibody production is reduced by the presence of the VH3H9 Tg. One explanation for this is that the VH3H9 Ig Tg increases production of autoreactive cells in the BM, where they are appropriately regulated, and by doing so limits the pool of nontolerized B cells available for recruitment into a GC. This would predict that the B cell repertoire in VH3H9 lyn-/- mice contains a much larger fraction of anergic B cells than Tg(-) lyn-/- mice. Consistent with this, a large proportion of the Ig{kappa} population in VH3H9, but not Tg(-), lyn-/- mice appears altered, expressing low levels of CD21/35 and CD23 (Fig. 2Go).

Anti-dsDNA B cells are LPS responsive in the absence of Lyn

In addition to the induction of tolerance, there are many other ways in which B cells can be altered by Ag encounter. For example, B cells that have received an initial signal through the BCR appear hyporesponsive to B cell mitogens such as LPS (35). To see whether Lyn is involved in this process, we tested the response of lyn-/- anti-dsDNA B cells to LPS stimulation. We have previously noted that Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells in several genetic backgrounds (BALB/c, MRL+/+, and MRL-lpr/lpr) proliferate in response to a combination of CD40L + IL-4, but are markedly deficient in their response to LPS. Not only do the anti-dsDNA B cells fail to proliferate, but they also do not survive (22). The ability of lyn-/- B cells to proliferate in response to LPS has been disputed, with two groups reporting impaired proliferation in the absence of Lyn (11, 14) and one group finding no change (10). In this study, looking at Tg(-) mice, we show that although lyn-/- B cells proliferate to LPS, they do not divide as many times as lyn+/+ B cells, as measured by decreases in CFSE intensity (Fig. 3Go, left panels). This could be explained by recent studies demonstrating that Lyn is essential to signaling from the Toll-like receptor protein RP105 (36), which in turn is necessary for optimal B cell responses to LPS (37).



View larger version (28K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 3. Proliferative response to LPS. Spleen cells were labeled with CFSE and cultured for 4 days in LPS. Cells were then harvested and stained with Abs against B220 and Ig{lambda}. Histograms show CFSE staining of Ig{lambda} (bold histograms) and Ig{kappa} (thin histograms) B cells overlaying the nonproliferating T cells (dotted histograms). Because Ig{kappa} B cells greatly outnumber Ig{lambda} B cells, the bold histograms were scaled up to allow for comparison of the two populations. Few Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells from VH3H9 lyn+/+ mice remain after 4 days in culture (7.88 ± 5.06% recovery). In the absence of Lyn, a greater number of Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells survive (30.87 ± 17.09% recovery), and many have proliferated (n = 4 for VH3H9 lyn-/-; n = 3 for all other genotypes).

 
Given that signals through Ig are reported to impair proliferation to LPS (35), as does the absence of Lyn, lyn-/- anti-dsDNA B cells might be expected to exhibit profound deficits in their response to LPS. However, remarkably, Lyn deficiency actually restores their ability to proliferate in the presence of LPS (Fig. 3Go, right panels). This suggests that Lyn is crucial to the pathways by which BCR signaling inhibits the LPS response. In support of this idea, it has been shown that coligation of the Fc{gamma}RIIb (from which Lyn mediates signaling) enhances the inhibitory effect of surface Ig engagement on RP105-induced proliferation (38). Thus, Lyn transduces signals from at least one receptor that can affect Ig-mediated inhibition of the LPS response.

The altered LPS responsiveness of lyn-/- anti-dsDNA B cells was also reflected in hybridomas generated from VH3H9 lyn-/- B cells. In previous experiments, anti-dsDNA B cells were not captured in hybridoma panels generated after LPS stimulation (24). However, after LPS stimulation of VH3H9 lyn-/- B cells, 6 of 102 Ig+ hybridomas secreted Ig{lambda} autoantibody (data not shown).

Altered localization and ELC responsiveness of anti-dsDNA B cells in lyn-/- mice

We have previously reported that anti-dsDNA B cells in VH3H9 BALB/c mice are restricted from entering the B cell follicles of the splenic white pulp, localizing instead at the interface between the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) and the B cell follicle (19). Anti-dsDNA B cells also line up at the T/B interface in VH3H9 lyn+/+ mice (Fig. 4GoA). To determine whether Lyn affects the migration of Ag-experienced B cells, spleen sections from lyn-/- mice were stained with anti-CD22 and anti-Ig{lambda}, or anti-CD4 and Ig{lambda}. In Tg(-) lyn-/- and lyn+/+ mice, Ig{lambda} cells disperse throughout the B cell follicles. In VH3H9 lyn-/- mice, as in VH3H9 lyn+/+ mice, Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells are excluded from the B cell follicles; strikingly, however, instead of lining up at the T/B interface, the Ig{lambda} cells are spread throughout the PALS.



View larger version (91K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 4. Alterations in lyn-/- spleens. A, Serial spleen sections from the indicated mice were stained with Abs against Ig{lambda} (blue) and either CD22 (brown; top) or CD4 (brown; middle). In Tg(-) mice, Ig{lambda} cells localize with the other B cells, whereas in VH3H9 lyn+/+ mice, the Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells accumulate at the T/B interface. Strikingly, in VH3H9 lyn-/- mice, the Ig{lambda} anti-dsDNA B cells are found spread throughout the PALS. B, Spleen sections were stained with Abs against CD22 (blue) and MOMA-1 (brown). MOMA-1 identifies metallophilic MZ macrophages and can be used to indicate the boundary between follicular and MZ B cells (41 ). Lyn-/- mice exhibit a decrease in the MZ B cell population located beyond MOMA-1 (n >= 6 mice of each genotype).

 
One mechanism to account for the altered localization of lyn-/- anti-dsDNA B cells is a change in their chemokine responsiveness. To examine this possibility, we studied migration in response to BLC, which promotes trafficking to the B cell follicle (39), and ELC, which can mediate homing to the T cell area (40). No consistent differences in baseline migration (migration at 0 ng/ml of chemokine) were seen between lyn+/+ and lyn-/- B cells (Fig. 5Go). Additionally, no consistent differences in BLC responsiveness were seen between lyn+/+ and lyn-/- B cells with or without the VH3H9 Tg (data not shown). In response to ELC, B cells and T cells from Tg(-) lyn+/+ and Tg(-) lyn-/- mice migrated to a similar extent (Fig. 5GoA and data not shown). However, anti-dsDNA B cells from VH3H9 lyn-/- mice exhibited a significantly greater chemotactic response than did those from VH3H9 lyn+/+ mice (Fig. 5GoB). Thus, Lyn does not seem to affect ELC responsiveness in resting B cells; however, it does appear to play a regulatory role after BCR engagement. This increased ELC responsiveness could explain why lyn-/- anti-dsDNA B cells localize to the T cell area, where ELC is produced.



View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 5. Chemotactic activity of ELC on Ig{lambda} B cells. A total of 106 spleen cells from Tg(-) (A) and VH3H9 (B) mice was placed in the upper chamber of a Transwell filter. The lower chambers contained concentrations of ELC as indicated. Graphs show the percentage of input lyn-/- (•) and lyn+/+ ({square}) Ig{lambda} B cells that migrated to the lower chamber. Although Lyn deficiency does not affect the migration of Tg(-) B cells, it increases the ELC responsiveness of anti-dsDNA B cells. Shown are the combined results from six experiments, with n >= 4 mice of each genotype.

 
Absence of MZ B cells in lyn-/- mice

A second alteration in splenic architecture was also noted in lyn-/- mice. Staining with MOMA-1 (to mark MZ macrophages (41)) and anti-CD22 shows that B cells fail to fully populate the MZ in lyn-/- mice (Fig. 4GoB). Compared with lyn+/+ mice, there is a clear decrease in the B cell population that usually extends beyond the ring of MOMA-1. Additionally, by flow cytometry, it is evident that lyn-/- mice lack the CD21/35high population of B cells (Fig. 2Go). Given that CD21/35highCD23low B cells are enriched in the MZ of the spleen (reviewed in Ref. 42), this is consistent with the absence of MZ B cells seen by immunohistochemistry. Thus, in addition to influencing the migration of autoreactive B cells, Lyn signaling appears crucial to the development or localization of MZ B cells. Because CD19 is reported to be required for MZ B cell development (43) and Lyn appears necessary for CD19 function (44), it may be that defects in this pathway are responsible for the lack of MZ B cells in lyn-/- mice. It is also possible that alterations in chemokine responsiveness contribute to the loss of MZ B cells. This idea was proposed to explain the lack of MZ B cells in Pyk-2-deficient mice. In support of this, the authors demonstrated that MZ B cells are highly motile and disappear from wild-type animals upon treatment with pertussis toxin, which blocks migration to chemokines (45).

A final possibility is that the loss of MZ B cells, as well as the other B cell alterations that we have documented in this study, are secondary to abnormalities in non-B cells in lyn-/- mice. In this regard, Lyn deficiency has been shown to result in an accumulation of myeloid cells in the spleens of older (>3-mo (14) or >23-wk-old (10)) lyn-/- mice. The studies here used 6- to 10-wk-old mice that had no obvious alterations in myeloid cells (data not shown). However, we cannot rule out the possibility that non-B cells may be primarily responsible for the alterations we detect in the lyn-/- B cells. Future experiments using mixed BM chimeras could be used to definitively answer this question.

In summary, anti-dsDNA B cells that are anergized in the BM remain functionally inactive in lyn-/- mice. Thus, Lyn is not required for the induction or maintenance of anti-dsDNA B cell anergy. In addition to this finding, lyn-/- anti-dsDNA B cells reveal several novel aspects of Lyn function after Ig engagement in vivo. Lyn appears to regulate B cell migration after Ag encounter; in the absence of Lyn, anti-dsDNA B cells exhibit alterations in splenic localization and responsiveness to ELC. Additionally, the absence of Lyn restores the ability of anti-dsDNA B cells to respond to LPS, implicating Lyn in the suppression of LPS responses after Ig engagement. Finally, MZ B cells are absent in lyn-/- mice, demonstrating that Lyn is crucial to the development and/or localization of this B cell population.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank Dr. Ellen Puré and Michael Gee for critical reading of the manuscript, Dr. Sally Zigmond for valuable assistance in setting up chemotaxis assays, and Dr. Clifford Lowell for the generous contribution of lyn-/- mice.


   Footnotes
 
1 This work was supported by the Core Grant CA10815 and by grants from the National Institutes of Health (5R01 AI32137-09), the Arthritis Foundation, and the Pew Charitable Trust to J.E. S.S. is supported by the Wistar Training Grant CA-09171. Back

2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Jan Erikson, The Wistar Institute, Room 276, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Back

3 Abbreviations used in this paper: BCR, B cell Ag receptor; AP, alkaline phosphatase; BLC, B lymphocyte chemoattractant; BM, bone marrow; ELC, EBV-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine; GC, germinal center; HEL, hen-egg lysozyme; MZ, marginal zone; PALS, periarteriolar lymphoid sheath; Tg, transgene. Back

Received for publication October 24, 2000. Accepted for publication January 5, 2001.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 

  1. Bolen, J. B., R. B. Rowley, C. Spana, A. Y. Tsygankov. 1992. The Src family of tyrosine protein kinases in hemopoietic signal transduction. FASEB J. 6:3403.[Abstract]
  2. Yamanashi, Y., S. Mori, M. Yoshida, T. Kishimoto, K. Inoue, T. Yamamoto, K. Toyoshima. 1989. Selective expression of a protein-tyrosine kinase, p56lyn, in hematopoietic cells and association with production of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6538.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Benlagha, K., P. Guglielmi, M. D. Cooper, K. Lassoued. 1999. Modifications of Ig{alpha} and Ig{beta} expression as a function of B lineage differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 274:19389.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Burkhardt, A. L., M. Brunswick, J. B. Bolen, J. J. Mond. 1991. Anti-immunoglobulin stimulation of B lymphocytes activates Src-related protein-tyrosine kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:7410.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Yamanashi, Y., T. Kakiuchi, J. Mizuguchi, T. Yamamoto, K. Toyoshima. 1991. Association of B cell antigen receptor with protein tyrosine kinase. Science 251:192.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Campbell, M.-A., B. M. Sefton. 1992. Association between B-lymphocyte membrane immunoglobulin and multiple members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:2315.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Ren, C. L., T. Morio, S. M. Fu, R. S. Geha. 1994. Signal transduction via CD40 involves activation of lyn kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and phosphorylation of phospholipase C{gamma}2. J. Exp. Med. 179:673.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Kato, J., N. Motoyama, I. Taniuchi, H. Takeshita, M. Toyoda, K. Masuda, T. Watanabe. 1998. Affinity maturation in Lyn kinase-deficient mice with defective germinal center formation. J. Immunol. 160:4788.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Wang, J., T. Koizumi, T. Watanabe. 1996. Altered antigen receptor signaling and impaired Fas-mediated apoptosis of B cells in Lyn-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med. 184:831.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Chan, V. W. F., F. Meng, P. Soriano, A. L. DeFranco, C. A. Lowell. 1997. Characterization of the B lymphocyte populations in Lyn-deficient mice and the role of Lyn in signal initiation and down-regulation. Immunity 7:69.[Medline]
  11. Hibbs, M. L., D. M. Tarlinton, J. Armes, D. Grail, G. Hodgson, R. Maglitto, S. A. Stacker, A. R. Dunn. 1995. Multiple defects in the immune system of Lyn-deficient mice, culminating in autoimmune disease. Cell 83:301.[Medline]
  12. Smith, K. G. C., D. M. Tarlinton, G. M. Doody, M. L. Hibbs, D. T. Fearon. 1998. Inhibition of the B cell by CD22: a requirement for Lyn. J. Exp. Med. 187:807.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Chan, V. W. F., C. A. Lowell, A. L. DeFranco. 1998. Defective negative regulation of antigen receptor signaling in Lyn-deficient B lymphocytes. Curr. Biol. 8:545.[Medline]
  14. Nishizumi, H., I. Taniuchi, Y. Yamanashi, D. Kitamura, D. Ilic, S. Mori, T. Watanabe, T. Yamamoto. 1995. Impaired proliferation of peripheral B cells and indication of autoimmune disease in Lyn-deficient mice. Immunity 3:549.[Medline]
  15. Goodnow, C. C.. 1996. Balancing immunity and tolerance: deleting and tuning lymphocyte repertoires. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:2264.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Nemazee, D.. 2000. Receptor editing in B cells. Adv. Immunol. 74:89.[Medline]
  17. MacLennan, I. C., A. Gulbranson-Judge, K. M. Toellner, M. Casamayor-Palleja, E. Chan, D. M. Sze, S. A. Luther, H. A. Orbea. 1997. The changing preference of T and B cells for partners as T-dependent antibody responses develop. Immunol. Rev. 156:53.[Medline]
  18. Goodnow, C. C., J. Crosbie, S. Adelstein, T. B. Lavoie, S. J. Smith-Gill, R. A. Brink, H. Pritchard-Briscoe, J. S. Wothersponn, R. H. Loblay, K. Raphael, R. J. Trent, A. Basten. 1988. Altered immunoglobulin expression and functional silencing of self-reactive B lymphocytes in transgenic mice. Nature 334:676.[Medline]
  19. Mandik-Nayak, L., A. Bui, H. Noorchashm, A. Eaton, J. Erikson. 1997. Regulation of anti-double-stranded DNA B cells in nonautoimmune mice: localization to the T-B interface of the splenic follicle. J. Exp. Med. 186:1257.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Cornall, R. J., J. G. Cyster, M. L. Hibbs, A. R. Dunn, K. L. Otipoby, E. A. Clark, C. C. Goodnow. 1998. Polygenic autoimmune traits: Lyn, CD22, and SHP-1 are limiting elements of a biochemical pathway regulating BCR signaling and selection. Immunity 8:497.[Medline]
  21. Goodnow, C. C., R. Brink, E. Adams. 1991. Breakdown of self-tolerance in anergic B lymphocytes. Nature 352:532.[Medline]
  22. Mandik-Nayak, L., S.-j. Seo, A. Eaton-Bassiri, D. Allman, R. R. Hardy, J. Erikson. 2000. Functional consequences of the developmental arrest and follicular exclusion of anti-double-stranded DNA B cells. J. Immunol. 164:1161.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Mandik-Nayak, L., S.-j. Seo, C. Sokol, K. M. Potts, A. Bui, J. Erikson. 1999. MRL-lpr/lpr mice exhibit a defect in maintaining developmental arrest and follicular exclusion of anti-double-stranded DNA B cells. J. Exp. Med. 189:1799.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Erikson, J., M. Z. Radic, S. A. Camper, R. R. Hardy, C. Carmack, M. Weigert. 1991. Expression of anti-DNA immunoglobulin transgenes in non-autoimmune mice. Nature 349:331.[Medline]
  25. Hardy, R. R., C. E. Carmack, S. A. Shinton, J. D. Kemp, K. Hayakawa. 1991. Resolution and characterization of pro-B and pre-B cell stages in normal mouse bone marrow. J. Exp. Med. 173:1213.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Wells, A. D., H. Gudmundsdottir, L. A. Turka. 1997. Following the fate of individual T cells throughout activation and clonal expansion: signals from T cell receptor and CD28 differentially regulate the induction and duration of a proliferative response. J. Clin. Invest. 100:3173.[Medline]
  27. Roark, J. H., C. L. Kuntz, K.-A. Nguyen, A. J. Caton, J. Erikson. 1995. Breakdown of B cell tolerance in a mouse model of SLE. J. Exp. Med. 181:1157.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Jacob, J., R. Kassir, G. Kelsoe. 1991. In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. I. The architecture and dynamics of responding cell populations. J. Exp. Med. 173:1165.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Aarden, L. A., E. R. de Groot, T. E. W. Feltkamp. 1975. Immunology of DNA. III. Crithidia luciliae, a simple substrate for the determination of anti-dsDNA with the immunofluorescence technique. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 254:505.[Medline]
  30. Radic, M. Z., M. A. Mascelli, J. Erikson, H. Shan, M. Weigert. 1991. Ig H and L chain contributions to autoimmune specificities. J. Immunol. 146:176.[Abstract]
  31. Li, H.-L., W. W. Davis, E. L. Whiteman, M. J. Birnbaum, E. Puré. 1999. The tyrosine kinases Syk and Lyn exert opposing effects on the activation of protein kinase Akt/PKB in B lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:6890.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. Pogue, S. L., T. Kurosaki, J. B. Bolen, R. Herbst. 2000. B cell antigen receptor-induced activation of Akt promotes B cell survival and is dependent on Syk kinase. J. Immunol. 165:1300.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  33. Chen, C., Z. Nagy, M. Z. Radic, R. R. Hardy, D. Huszar, S. A. Camper, M. Weigert. 1995. The site and stage of anti-DNA B cell deletion. Nature 373:252.[Medline]
  34. Mandik-Nayak, L., S. Nayak, C. Sokol, A. Eaton-Bassiri, M. P. Madaio, A. J. Caton, J. Erikson. 2000. The origin of anti-nuclear antibodies in bcl-2 transgenic mice. Int. Immunol. 12:353.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  35. Pike, B. L., A. W. Boyd, G. J. V. Nossal. 1982. Clonal anergy: the universally anergic B lymphocyte. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:2013.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  36. Chan, V. W. F., I. Mecklenbräuker, I.-h. Su, G. Texido, M. Leitges, R. Carsetti, C. A. Lowell, K. Rajewsky, K. Miyake, A. Tarakhovsky. 1998. The molecular mechanism of B cell activation by Toll-like receptor protein RP-105. J. Exp. Med. 188:93.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Ogata, H., I.-h. Su, K. Miyake, Y. Nagai, S. Akashi, I. Mecklenbräuker, K. Rajewsky, M. Kimoto, A. Tarakhovsky. 2000. The Toll-like receptor protein RP105 regulates lipopolysaccharide signaling in B cells. J. Exp. Med. 192:23.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  38. Yamashita, Y., K. Miyake, Y. Miura, Y. Kaneko, H. Yagita, T. Suda, S. Nagata, J. Nomura, N. Sakaguchi, M. Kimoto. 1996. Activation mediated by RP105 but not CD40 makes normal B cells susceptible to anti-IgM-induced apoptosis: a role for Fc receptor coligation. J. Exp. Med. 184:113.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  39. Gunn, M. D., V. N. Ngo, K. M. Ansel, E. H. Ekland, J. G. Cyster, L. T. Williams. 1998. A B-cell-homing chemokine made in lymphoid follicles activates Burkitt’s lymphoma receptor-1. Nature 391:799.[Medline]
  40. Ngo, V. N., H. L. Tang, J. G. Cyster. 1998. Epstein-Barr virus-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine is expressed by dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues and strongly attracts naive T cells and activated B cells. J. Exp. Med. 188:181.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  41. Kraal, G., M. Janse. 1986. Marginal metallophilic cells of the mouse spleen identified by a monoclonal antibody. Immunology 58:665.[Medline]
  42. Martin, F., J. F. Kearney. 2000. B-cell subsets and the mature preimmune repertoire: marginal zone and B1 B cells as part of a "natural immune memory.". Immunol. Rev. 175:70.[Medline]
  43. Martin, F., J. F. Kearney. 2000. Positive selection from newly formed to marginal zone B cells depends on the rate of clonal production, CD19, and btk. Immunity 12:39.[Medline]
  44. Fujimoto, M., Y. Fujimoto, J. C. Poe, P. J. Jansen, C. A. Lowell, A. L. DeFranco, T. F. Tedder. 2000. CD19 regulates Src family protein tyrosine kinase activation in B lymphocytes through processive amplification. Immunity 13:47.[Medline]
  45. Guinamard, R., M. Okigaki, J. Schlessinger, J. V. Ravetch. 2000. Absence of marginal zone B cells in Pyk-2-deficient mice defines their role in the humoral response. Nat. Immun. 1:31.[Medline]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
A. J. Gross, J. R. Lyandres, A. K. Panigrahi, E. T. L. Prak, and A. L. DeFranco
Developmental Acquisition of the Lyn-CD22-SHP-1 Inhibitory Pathway Promotes B Cell Tolerance
J. Immunol., May 1, 2009; 182(9): 5382 - 5392.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C. A. Acevedo-Suarez, D. M. Kilkenny, M. B. Reich, and J. W. Thomas
Impaired Intracellular Calcium Mobilization and NFATc1 Availability in Tolerant Anti-Insulin B Cells
J. Immunol., August 15, 2006; 177(4): 2234 - 2241.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
S. Seo, T. Asai, T. Saito, T. Suzuki, Y. Morishita, T. Nakamoto, M. Ichikawa, G. Yamamoto, M. Kawazu, T. Yamagata, et al.
Crk-Associated Substrate Lymphocyte Type Is Required for Lymphocyte Trafficking and Marginal Zone B Cell Maintenance
J. Immunol., September 15, 2005; 175(6): 3492 - 3501.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C.-L. Chu and C. A. Lowell
The Lyn Tyrosine Kinase Differentially Regulates Dendritic Cell Generation and Maturation
J. Immunol., September 1, 2005; 175(5): 2880 - 2889.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C. A. Acevedo-Suarez, C. Hulbert, E. J. Woodward, and J. W. Thomas
Uncoupling of Anergy from Developmental Arrest in Anti-Insulin B Cells Supports the Development of Autoimmune Diabetes
J. Immunol., January 15, 2005; 174(2): 827 - 833.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
E. H. Ekland, R. Forster, M. Lipp, and J. G. Cyster
Requirements for Follicular Exclusion and Competitive Elimination of Autoantigen-Binding B Cells
J. Immunol., April 15, 2004; 172(8): 4700 - 4708.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
L. R. Whyburn, K. E. Halcomb, C. M. Contreras, C. A. Lowell, O. N. Witte, and A. B. Satterthwaite
Reduced Dosage of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Uncouples B Cell Hyperresponsiveness from Autoimmunity in lyn-/- Mice
J. Immunol., August 15, 2003; 171(4): 1850 - 1858.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
H. Amano, E. Amano, T. Moll, D. Marinkovic, N. Ibnou-Zekri, E. Martinez-Soria, I. Semac, T. Wirth, L. Nitschke, and S. Izui
The Yaa Mutation Promoting Murine Lupus Causes Defective Development of Marginal Zone B Cells
J. Immunol., March 1, 2003; 170(5): 2293 - 2301.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
M. L. Hibbs, K. W. Harder, J. Armes, N. Kountouri, C. Quilici, F. Casagranda, A. R. Dunn, and D. M. Tarlinton
Sustained Activation of Lyn Tyrosine Kinase In Vivo Leads to Autoimmunity
J. Exp. Med., December 16, 2002; 196(12): 1593 - 1604.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
E. H. Rudolph, K. L. Congdon, F. N. A. Sackey, M. M. Fitzsimons, and M. H. Foster
Humoral Autoimmunity to Basement Membrane Antigens Is Regulated in C57BL/6 and MRL/MpJ Mice Transgenic for Anti-Laminin Ig Receptors
J. Immunol., June 1, 2002; 168(11): 5943 - 5953.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
L. Mandik-Nayak, G. Huang, K. C. F. Sheehan, J. Erikson, and D. D. Chaplin
Signaling Through TNF Receptor p55 in TNF-{alpha}-Deficient Mice Alters the CXCL13/CCL19/CCL21 Ratio in the Spleen and Induces Maturation and Migration of Anergic B Cells into the B Cell Follicle
J. Immunol., August 15, 2001; 167(4): 1920 - 1928.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Seo, S.-j.
Right arrow Articles by Erikson, J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Seo, S.-j.
Right arrow Articles by Erikson, J.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS