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The Journal of Immunology, 2001, 166: 3637-3640.
Copyright © 2001 by The American Association of Immunologists

CUTTING EDGE

Cutting Edge: CD43 Functions as a T Cell Counterreceptor for the Macrophage Adhesion Receptor Sialoadhesin (Siglec-1)

Timo K. van den Berg1,*, Deepa Nath{ddagger}, Hermann J. Ziltener§, Dietmar Vestweber, Minoru Fukuda||, Irma van Die{dagger} and Paul R. Crocker{ddagger}

Departments of * Cell Biology and Immunology and {dagger} Medical Chemistry, Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; {ddagger} Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; § The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Institute of Cell Biology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; and || Glycobiology Program, Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 42037


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 
Sialoadhesin (Siglec-1) is a macrophage-restricted sialic acid-binding receptor that mediates interactions with hemopoietic cells, including lymphocytes. In this study, we identify sialoadhesin counterreceptors on T lymphocytes. Several major glycoproteins (85, 130, 240 kDa) were precipitated by sialoadhesin-Fc fusion proteins from a murine T cell line (TK-1). Binding of sialoadhesin to these glycoproteins was sialic acid dependent and was abolished by mutation of a critical residue (R97A) of the sialic acid binding site in the membrane distal Ig-like domain of sialoadhesin. The 130- and 240-kDa sialoadhesin-binding glycoproteins were identified as the sialomucins CD43 and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (CD162), respectively. CD43 expressed in COS cells supported increased binding to immobilized sialoadhesin. Finally, sialoadhesin bound different glycoforms of CD43 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, including unbranched (core 1) and branched (core 2) O-linked glycans, that are normally found on CD43 in resting and activated T cells, respectively. These results identify CD43 as a T cell counterreceptor for sialoadhesin and suggest that in addition to its anti-adhesive role CD43 may promote cell-cell interactions.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 
Sialoadhesin (Sn, also called Siglec-1)2 is a macrophage-restricted sialic acid receptor that binds glycoconjugates containing the terminal oligosaccharides NeuNAc{alpha}2,3-Gal{beta}1,3-GalNAc or NeuNAc{alpha}2,3-Gal{beta}1,3 (4)-GlcNAc, and as such mediates adhesive interactions with lymphoid and myeloid cells (1, 2, 3). The molecule is a member of the Ig superfamily with the unusually large number of 17 Ig-like domains (4). It is closely related to CD22 (Siglec-2), CD33 (Siglec-3), myelin-associated glycoprotein (Siglec-4), and Siglecs 5–9, and along with sialoadhesin these molecules form the Siglec family of sialic acid-binding lectins (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). Previous studies have shown that the membrane distal V-set Ig domain of sialoadhesin contains the sialic acid binding site (11) and the structural basis for sialic acid recognition has been resolved by mutagenesis and crystallography (12).

Under normal conditions, the expression of sialoadhesin in vivo is restricted to subpopulations of macrophages in lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes) and macrophages in the adrenal gland (13, 14, 15, 16). During chronic inflammation, as occurs during autoimmune disease, high levels of sialoadhesin are found on macrophages in inflammatory infiltrates, where it is suggested to mediate local cell-cell interactions (16, 17, 18, 19).

We have previously demonstrated that sialoadhesin can mediate adhesion of T and B lymphocytes (2). Importantly, sialoadhesin-mediated interactions appear to be important for the effective killing of tumor cells by CTLs in a murine tumor model in vivo (20). So far the counterreceptors for sialoadhesin on T cells have not been identified. Previously, we identified the heavily sialylated mucin MUC1 on breast cancer cells as a sialoadhesin-binding glycoprotein (21). In this study, we demonstrate that the sialomucin CD43 on T cells functions as a counterreceptor for sialoadhesin.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 References
 
Fc proteins

Recombinant fusion proteins composed of N-terminal Ig domains of the indicated proteins and the Fc portion of the human IgG1 were constructed, expressed in COS cells, and purified as described previously (11, 22, 23, 24, 25). Purity was >95% as shown by SDS-PAGE previously (25). The following Fc proteins were used: Sn-Fc, containing Ig-like domains 1–3 of the murine sialoadhesin (11); SnR97A-Fc, like Sn-Fc but with arginine-97 substituted by alanine (11); CD22-Fc, containing Ig-like domains 1–3 of the murine CD22 (22); CD33-Fc, containing the extracellular portion (two Ig domains) of human CD33 (23); and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) Fc, containing the extracellular portion (five Ig domains) of human NCAM (23).

Cells, transfections, and culture conditions

Murine TK-1 lymphoma cells (2) and COS-1 cells were grown in DMEM containing 10% FCS, penicillin, and streptomycin. COS cells were transiently transfected with pCDM8 containing the full-length murine CD43 cDNA (generously provided by P. A. van der Merwe, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.) using the DEAE-dextran method as described previously (24). Cells that were expressing CD43, as measured by flow cytometry using mAb S7 (BD PharMingen, San Diego, CA), were used for experiments. The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with human CD43 (CHO-CD43) and CHO-CD43 cotransfected with the core 2 {beta}1,6 GlcNAc-transferase (CHO-CD43-C2GnT) have been described before (26, 27) and were grown in DMEM/10% FCS containing G-418 (100 µg/ml) and/or hygromycin B (200 µg/ml). Expression of CD43 and the core 2 glycoform of CD43 was checked by flow cytometry as described previously using mAb 1G10 (BD PharMingen) and T305 (27). Cells (2 x 106/ml) were metabolically labeled overnight in glucose-low (10%) DMEM medium containing 10% dialyzed FCS and 1% normal FCS with 25–50 µCi/ml D-[6-3H]glucosamine as previously described (21).

Immunoprecipitations

Washed cells were lysed on ice in 1% Nonidet P-40 containing buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF, 0.5 mg/ml leupeptin, and 0.2 mg/ml aprotinin). After pelleting (10,000 x g for 10 min) insoluble material, the lysates were precleared for 2 h at 4°C with 50 µl of a 10% slurry of protein-A-Sepharose beads. Fractions were then incubated overnight with 5 µg of Fc protein at 4°C. Fifty microliters of protein-A-Sepharose was added and incubated for 1–2 h, and the beads were washed three times and eluted with SDS-sample buffer. In reprecipitation experiments, bound material was eluted for 3 min at 80°C in 15 µl of 3% SDS, followed by addition of 485 µl of lysis buffer and preclearing in protein-A-Sepharose, before proceeding with the next precipitation. Specific Abs (used at 5 µg/incubation) include affinity-purified anti-peptide rabbit polyclonal Abs directed against the cytoplasmic tail of murine CD43 (28) and a rat IgG1 mAb, 2PH1, directed against murine P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) (29). Samples were resolved by 6.5% SDS-PAGE (nonreducing). Gels were fixed and radioactivity was visualized after soaking in Amersham Amplify (Amersham, Arlington Heights. IL) as recommended. Sialidase treatment was performed before lysis of the cells by incubation for 2 h at 37°C in 0.1 U/ml sialidase (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA) in 25 mM HEPES-buffered RPMI 1640.

Cell-binding assays

Ninety-six-well plates (Immulon 3; Dynatec Laboratories, Chantilly, VA) were coated overnight at 4°C with 15 µg/ml anti-human IgG (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) in 0.1 M bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6). After washing in PBS containing 0.25% BSA (PBS/BSA), blocking of nonspecific binding sites with 5% marvel milk protein, and washing again, plates were incubated with the indicated Fc proteins for 2 h at room temperature. After washing, TK-1 cells (2 x 105/well) were added in 25 mM HEPES-buffered RPMI 1640 and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. COS cells (107 cells/ml) were labeled for 30 min at 37°C with 10 µg/ml 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6-) carboxyfluorescein-acetoxy methyl ester (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) dye in DMEM containing 20 mM HEPES. Cells were washed and resuspended in PBS/BSA, added (105 cells/well) to the coated plates, and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. The cells were fixed in 0.25% glutaraldehyde for 5 min, washed, and binding was quantified either by counting using an inverted microscope (TK-1) or by measuring fluorescence (excitation, 485 nm; emission, 530 nm) using a Cytofluor system (COS; Millipore, Bedford, MA). Data are expressed as mean ± SD.


   Results and Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
References
 
Since our previous studies had shown that murine TK-1 T lymphoma cells demonstrate excellent sialoadhesin (Sn)-binding capacity (2), this cell line was chosen for the identification of potential counterreceptors for sialoadhesin. First, the capacity of TK-1 cells for binding to recombinant Sn-Fc protein was tested and compared with that of CD22 and CD33 (Fig. 1Go). A concentration-dependent binding to Sn-Fc was clearly observed. Binding to Sn was stronger than to CD22, whereas CD33 and control Fc protein (NCAM) did not show any TK-1 adhesion. To identify glycoprotein counterreceptors for Sn on TK-1 cells, Fc proteins were used in immunoprecipitation experiments employing lysates from TK-1 cells in which the glycans had been metabolically labeled with [3H]glucosamine. As can be seen in Fig. 2GoA, Sn-Fc selectively precipitated major glycoproteins of 240, 130, and 85 kDa, which was not seen with CD22-Fc or CD33-Fc. The recognition of TK-1 glycoproteins by Sn was sialic acid dependent: first, because it could in large part be prevented by pretreatment of cells with sialidase, and, second, because a mutation (R97A) in the first Sn Ig-like domain, which is known to abolish sialic acid-dependent binding (11), completely prevented recognition of TK-1 glycoproteins (Fig. 2GoB). The major sialylated glycoprotein on T cells is the 115- to 130-kDa sialomucin CD43 (leukosialin, sialophorin). To test whether the dominant 130-kDa band precipitated by Sn-Fc represented CD43, an experiment was performed in which glycoproteins were precipitated with Sn-Fc, eluted, and reprecipitated with Sn-Fc or affinity-purified Abs against CD43. As can be seen in Fig. 3GoA, the 130-kDa glycoprotein could be selectively reprecipitated by anti-CD43 Ab and thus represents CD43. Similar reprecipitation experiments using the mAb 2PH1 identified the 240-kDa glycoprotein immunoprecipitated with the Sn-Fc protein as PSGL-1 (CD162; Fig. 3GoB). It was important to investigate whether surface-expressed CD43 and PSGL-1 can indeed mediate binding to Sn. Murine CD43 was expressed in COS cells and the binding to immobilized Sn-Fc was evaluated (Fig. 3GoC). Clearly, expression of CD43 led to an enhanced adhesion to Sn when compared with either sham- or complement receptor 1-transfected COS cells. All measurable binding was sialic acid dependent, since it could be reduced to background levels by sialidase pretreatment of the COS cells (data not shown). It is worth mentioning that the relatively high levels of expression in COS cells most probably are a good reflection of the situation in T cells, which carry the large number of 1–1.5 x 105 CD43 molecules/cell, covering an estimated 28% of the T cell surface area (30). In contrast to CD43, COS cells expressing PSGL-1 did not show enhanced adhesion to Sn-Fc compared with sham-transfected cells (data not shown).



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  		FIGURE 1. Binding of TK-1 T lymphoma cells to immobilized sialoadhesin-Fc protein (Sn-Fc) and comparison to other Siglec members. Plates were coated with indicated concentrations of Fc proteins and binding of TK-1 cells (1 h at 37°C) was evaluated. Maximal binding to Sn-Fc (650 cells/0.25 mm2) corresponds to ~50% binding of input.

 


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  		FIGURE 2. Identification of TK-1 cell glycoproteins interacting with sialoadhesin. Cells were metabolically labeled with [3H]glucosamine and lysed. Lysates were immunoprecipitated with indicated Fc proteins. Binding glycoproteins (3.3 x 106 cell equivalents/lane) were electrophoresed and visualized using autoradiography. A, Comparison of Sn-Fc to other Siglec members. Total shows all labeled glycoproteins (3 x 105 cell equivalents/lane). Note: selective recognition by Sn of glycoproteins of 240, 130, and 85 kDa. B, Sialic acid dependence of recognition. Binding is abolished after sialidase pretreatment or mutation of Sn arginine-97.

 


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  		FIGURE 3. CD43 and PSGL-1 represent major glycoprotein counterreceptors for Sn. Labeled TK-1 cell lysates were first immunoprecipitated with Sn-Fc (1° Sn-Fc), and bound material was eluted and then reprecipitated with Sn-Fc (2° Sn-Fc), anti-CD43 Abs (2° anti-CD43), or anti-PSGL-1 Abs (2° anti-PSGL-1). Note: selective reprecipitation of the 130- and 240-kDa glycoproteins by anti-CD43 (A) and anti-PSGL-1 (B), respectively. C, Expression of murine CD43 in COS cells promotes increased binding to immobilized Sn-Fc protein. Results are represented as means ± SD of four independent experiments.

 
In an earlier report, we have shown that both resting and activated T cells bind Sn, with the latter having a somewhat higher avidity (2). It has also been shown that the glycosylation of CD43 is modified during T cell activation, with resting T cells having simple unbranched core 1 structures, whereas activated T cells have branched core 2 glycans (31). This is caused by an activation-induced expression of the {beta}1,6-GlcNAc transferase (also called the core 2 GlcNAc transferase, C2GnT), the key enzyme responsible for branching of O-linked glycan chains. To investigate whether both CD43 glycoforms were capable of binding Sn immunoprecipitation experiments were performed with CHO cells transfected with the human CD43 cDNA (CHO-CD43) and CHO-CD43 cells cotransfected with the {beta}1,6-GlcNAc transferase (CHO-CD43-C2GnT). As can be seen in Fig. 4GoA, both CD43 transfectants expressed similar levels of CD43. The core 2 glycoform of the human CD43, identified by the T305 mAb, was expressed by a subpopulation (50–85%) of the CHO-CD43-C2GnT cells, probably reflecting a heterogeneous expression of the {beta}1,6-GlnNAc transferase. As can be seen in Fig. 4GoB, the transfected CD43 (125 kDa) is selectively precipitated by Sn-Fc. From the double transfectants (CD43 plus C2GnT), two bands at 125 and 135 kDa were precipitated, representing the core 1 and core 2 forms of CD43, respectively. Thus, both glycoforms of CD43 are recognized by Sn.



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  		FIGURE 4. Sialoadhesin recognizes both core 1 and core 2 glycoforms of CD43. Human CD43 was expressed in CHO cells in the absence (CHO-CD43) or presence of the {beta}1,6-GlcNAc transferase (CHO-CD43-C2GnT). A, Expression of the CD43 and the core 2 glycoform of CD43 (CD43-core 2) was checked by flow cytometry using selective mAb 1G10 and T305, respectively (solid lines). Dotted lines represent control staining with secondary Ab alone. Note: CD43-core 2 cells appear heterogeneous with respect to C2GnT expression. B, Indicated cells were metabolically labeled with [3H]glucosamine and lysates were immunoprecipitated using Sn-Fc proteins and visualized using autoradiography. Note: both core 1 and core 2 forms of CD43 are recognized by Sn. The ~97-kDa band that is present in all three lanes is likely to be a CHO-derived glycoprotein that is specifically recognized by Sn-Fc.

 
Taken together, these results identify CD43 as a T cell counterreceptor for Sn. CD43 is a major glycoprotein, expressed primarily on T lymphocytes and myeloid cells, that carries the large number of 70–85 O-linked glycans, typically made up of the core 1-containing oligosaccharide NeuNAc{alpha}2,3-Gal{beta}1,3 (NeuNac{alpha}2,6)-GalNAc oligosaccharide (31, 32, 33). These CD43-associated glycans are likely to constitute a clustered ligand that binds, in a sialic acid-dependent fashion, to the V-set Ig-like domain of Sn. In the present experiments, branching of the oligosaccharide chains, to generate the core 2 structures predominantly found on activated T cells and myeloid cells, did not profoundly affect recognition. Considering the dimensions of Sn and CD43 (1, 34), which are each predicted to form elongated rod-like structures of 40 and 45 nm, respectively, it seems possible that these molecules mediate intercellular interactions at long distance and promote the initial physical contacts between macrophages and T cells. Whether this is important in the establishment of more firm contacts or, on the contrary, prevents the formation of short-range interactions remains to be investigated.


   Footnotes
 
1 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Timo K. van den Berg, Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije University,Van der Boechorststraat 7, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Back

2 Abbreviations used in this paper: Sn, sialoadhesin; NCAM, neural cell glycoprotein molecule; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; PSGL-1, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1. Back

Received for publication October 20, 2000. Accepted for publication January 17, 2001.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 

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A. K. Randhawa, H. J. Ziltener, J. S. Merzaban, and R. W. Stokes
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A. R. Todeschini, M. F. Girard, J.-M. Wieruszeski, M. P. Nunes, G. A. DosReis, L. Mendonca-Previato, and J. O. Previato
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