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*
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain; and
Servicio de Inmuno-Oncología, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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- or
LPS-initiated MDDC maturation, reflecting the induction/up-regulation
of CD49d and ß7 mRNA. CD49d mRNA steady-state level increased more
than 10 times during maturation, with the highest levels observed
24 h after TNF- treatment. CD49d integrin expression conferred
mature MDDC with an elevated capacity to adhere to the CS-1 fragment of
fibronectin, and also mediated transendothelial migration of mature
MDDC. Up-regulation of CD49d integrin expression closely paralleled
that of the mature DC marker CD83. CD49d integrin expression was
dependent on cell maturation, as its induction was abrogated by
N-acetylcysteine, which inhibits NF-
B activation and
the functional and phenotypic maturation of MDDC. Moreover, CD49d
integrin up-regulation and MDDC maturation were prevented by SB203580,
a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, but were
almost unaffected by the mitogen-activated protein/extracellular
signal-related kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor PD98059. Our results support
the existence of a link between functional and phenotypic maturation of
MDDC and CD49d integrin expression, thus establishing CD49d as a
maturation marker for MDDC. The differential expression of CD49d on
immature and mature MDDC might contribute to their distinct motility
capabilities and mediate mature DC migration into lymphoid
organs. |
Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Several pathways for DC generation have been demonstrated
(1, 2, 3, 4). In vitro, DC can be derived from either precursor
cells or peripheral blood monocytes (5, 6, 7, 8) when the
appropriate cytokine signals are provided, raising the possibility of
using DC therapeutically as adjuvants for immunization (9, 10). Immature monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) can be obtained by
culturing peripheral blood monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and
IL-4. The further addition of LPS or TNF- leads to the appearance of
MDDC with all the morphological, phenotypic, and functional
characteristics of mature DC (5, 6, 11). Thus, in vitro
MDDC maturation represents a useful system to analyze the molecular and
functional changes that take place during acquisition of the optimal T
cell-stimulating activity by DC.
One of the most relevant attributes of DC is their motility and migratory capacity (1, 2, 3). DC migration is a consequence of DC maturation and contributes to the acquisition of all the functional features of mature DC. The interdependence of DC maturation and DC migration is best exemplified by the capacity of peripheral blood monocytes to differentiate into either macrophages or DC depending on their pattern of transendothelial migration (12). Moreover, extracellular matrix components can alter the differentiation pathway of DC from peripheral blood monocytes (13).
The CD49d/CD29 integrin is preferentially expressed in cells of the hemopoietic lineage and mediates both cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions through its specific interactions with VCAM-1 or the alternatively spliced CS-1 sequence in fibronectin (FN) (14). In addition, the heterodimer CD49d/ß7 is capable of interacting with mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (15). Secondary to these interactions, CD49d integrins are key players in the process of leukocyte transendothelial migration as they participate in both the rolling and tight adhesion steps of extravasation (16). In the present manuscript, we have analyzed the changes in the pattern of integrin expression during MDDC maturation. The expression of the CD49d integrins was found to be either induced or greatly up-regulated during MDDC maturation, reflecting the increase in CD49d and ß7 mRNA steady-state levels from immature to mature MDDC, and conveying mature MDDC with an elevated capacity to adhere to the FN CS-1 fragment. The regulated expression of CD49d integrins from immature to mature MDDC might contribute to the distinct motility properties of both cell populations, including the maturation-dependent migration of DC into lymphoid organs.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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GM-CSF (Leucomax) was purchased from Schering-Plough (Madison,
NJ) and used at 1000 U/ml. TNF- and IL-4 were obtained from
PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ) and used at 100 and 1000 U/ml, respectively.
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) was obtained from PeproTech
and used at 100 ng/ml. LPS from Escherichia coli 055:B5 was
obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and used at 10 ng/ml.
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was obtained from Sigma and dissolved
in RPMI. SB203580 and PD98059 were obtained from Calbiochem (La Jolla,
CA) and used at 13 and 40 µM in DMSO, respectively.
Cells
Human PBMC were isolated from buffy coats from normal donors
over a Lymphoprep (Nycomed, Oslo, Norway) gradient according to
standard procedures. Monocytes were purified from PBMC by a 1-h
adherence step at 37°C in complete medium. Nonadherent cells were
washed off by extensive washing with PBS, and the remaining adherent
cells were >90% monocytes, as determined by flow cytometric analysis
of forward scatter/side scatter, CD14, and CD11c staining. Monocytes
were immediately subjected to the DC differentiation protocol, as
previously described (5, 6). Briefly, monocytes were
resuspended to 0.5–1 x 106 cells/ml and
cultured in RPMI supplemented with 10% FCS, 25 mM HEPES, and 2 mM
glutamine (complete medium) containing 1000 U/ml GM-CSF and 1000 U/ml
IL-4. Cells were cultured for 5–7 days, with cytokine addition every
second day, to obtain a population of immature MDDC. MDDC maturation
was induced by treatment with 100 U/ml TNF- for 5 days or,
alternatively, by treatment with LPS at 10 ng/ml. In experiments using
SB203580 and PD98059 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
inhibitors, cells were cultured for 1 h in the presence of each
inhibitor before TNF- addition. Control cells were treated with an
identical amount of DMSO.
Human endothelial cells (HUVEC) were obtained from umbilical veins and cultured following standard procedures. Cells were seeded on tissue culture flasks coated with 0.5% gelatin and grown in 199 medium (BioWhittaker, Verviers, Belgium) supplemented with 20% FCS (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD), 50 IU/ml penicillin, 50 µg/ml streptomycin, 250 µg/ml fungizone, 50 µg/ml endothelial cell growth supplement (prepared from bovine brain), and 100 µg/ml heparin, and used up to the third passage. The human cell line U937 (histiocytic lymphoma) was cultured in complete medium, at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. Induction of differentiation of U937 was conducted with PMA at 10 ng/ml for 24–48 h and at a density of 5 x 105 cells/ml.
Flow cytometry and Abs
Phenotypic analysis of the distinct cell populations was conducted by indirect immunofluorescence. mAbs used for cell surface staining included T3b (anti-CD3), TS1/11 (anti-CD11a), Bear-1 (anti-CD11b), HC1/1 (anti-CD11c), UCH-M1 (anti-CD14, from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), TS1/18 (anti-CD18), P5D2 and TS2/16 (anti-CD29), TS2/7 (anti-CD49a), HP1/2, HP2/1, HP2/4 (all anti-CD49d), Lia 1/2 (anti-CD29), HP2/9 (anti-CD44) (all of them kindly provided by Dr. F. Sánchez-Madrid, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain), P1/D6 (anti-CD49e, Telios), RR1/1 (anti-CD54; provided by Dr. R. Rothlein, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT), P2W7 (anti-CD51; provided by Dr. F. Watt, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, U.K.), HB1/5 (anti-CD83; Immunotech, Marseille, France), and Act-1 (anti-CD49d/ß7; provided by Dr. A. I. Lazarovits, Robarts Research Institute, Ontario, Canada). For double immunofluorescence experiments, cells were serially incubated with anti-CD49d, fluorescein-labeled rabbit anti-mouse Abs, and PE-labeled anti-CD83 Ab in the presence of normal mouse serum. In all indirect immunofluorescence experiments, the supernatant from the myeloma P3X63 was included as negative control. All incubations were done in the presence of 50 µg/ml of human IgG to prevent binding through the Fc portion of the Abs. Flow cytometry analysis was performed with an EPICS-CS (Coulter Científica, Madrid, Spain) using log amplifiers.
Adhesion and transmigration assays
CD49d-dependent adhesion to the CS-1 fragment of FN was
evaluated using the recombinant FN-H89 peptide. Ninety-six-well
microtiter EIA II-Linbro plates were coated overnight with FN-H89 at 3
µg/ml in 100 mM NaHCO3, pH 8.8, and at 4°C,
and the remaining sites were blocked with 0.4% BSA in the same
solution for 2 h at 37°C. MDDC were labeled in complete medium
with the fluorescent dye 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(and
-6)-carboxyfluorescein, acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF; Molecular Probes,
Leiden, The Netherlands), and then preincubated in RPMI containing
0.4% BSA and the distinct Abs for 20 min at 37°C. Cells were then
allowed to adhere to each well for 15 min at 37°C. Unbound cells were
removed by three washes with warm RPMI, and adhered cells were
quantified using a fluorescent analyzer. MDDC adhesion to total FN was
performed following the same protocol and coating the plates with 100
µg/ml FN (Life Technologies) in 100 mM NaHCO3,
pH 8.8. Specificity of the interactions was analyzed by performing the
adhesion assays in the presence of function-blocking Abs against CD49d
(HP1/2), CD49e (P1D6), CD29 (P5D2 or Lia1/2), CD11c (HC1/1), CD49d/ß7
(Act-1), or the myeloma P3X63 culture supernatant as negative control.
Transendothelial migration assay for DC was performed in polycarbonate
transwell inserts (5 µm pore; Corning, Costar, Cambridge, MA), as
previously described (17). Briefly, inserts were coated
with HUVEC, grown as monolayer for 24 h, and then treated with 10
ng/ml human rTNF- for 10 h. DC were cytoplasmically labeled
with BCECF and labeled DC were preincubated with Abs for 20 min before
plating. Typically, 1.25 x 105
BCECF-labeled DC were seeded in the upper compartment, and SDF-1
(100 ng/ml) was placed in the lower compartment. After 24 h at
37°C, the number of fluorescent labeled DC that had migrated through
the monolayer was determined by direct counting on a FACScan (Becton
Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, Mountain View, CA) using CellQuest
software.
Northern blot
After extensive washing in PBS, cells were harvested and total cellular RNA was isolated using RNeasy columns (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA) following the manufacturer’s recommendations. RNA integrity was initially confirmed in formaldehyde-containing agarose gels. Denatured RNA (10 µg) was size fractionated on formaldehyde-containing 1% agarose gels in the presence of ethidium bromide. After electrophoresis, RNA was transferred overnight onto nitrocellulose membranes with 20x SSC. Prehybridization was conducted overnight at 42°C in 50% formamide, 5x SSC, 5x Denhardt’s, 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.5, and 250 µg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA, and membranes were hybridized for 16 h at 42°C in the same solution containing 106 cpm/ml of oligo-labeled probe. Blots were sequentially washed in 2x SSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature, in 0.3x SSC, 0.5% SDS at 65°C, and exposed to x-ray film at -70°C. Detection of CD49d mRNA was accomplished with a 1.8-kbp EcoRI fragment of the CD49d cDNA (18), while the 1.8-kbp insert from the ß7 cDNA clone P9 (19) was used to detect ß7 mRNA. For comparative purposes, all filters were subsequently hybridized with a 417-bp fragment from the GAPDH cDNA (20).
Polymerase chain reaction
Determination of the level of CD49d mRNA along the MDDC differentiation/maturation pathway was accomplished by relative PCR. To that end, 2 µg of RNA from either immature or mature MDDC was reverse transcribed in a total volume of 20 µl of the amplification buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.2, 5 mM MgCl2, 10 mM DTT, 50 mM KCl, 1 mM of each deoxynucleotide, 0.5 µM random hexamers) including RNAsin and AMV reverse transcriptase at 1 U/µl. The mixture was incubated at 42°C for 60 min, followed by a 30-min incubation at 52°C, and the final volume was taken to 100 µl with water.
Amplification of the CD49d mRNA was conducted on 5 µl of each cDNA synthesis reaction in 50 µl of a solution containing 0.2 mM of each deoxynucleotide, 1 µM of each oligonucleotide primer, and 2.5 U of Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Preliminary experiments indicated that the CD49d mRNA was optimally amplified after 35 cycles of denaturation (95°C, 45 s), annealing (62°C, 45 s), and extension (72°C, 1 min), followed by a 10-min extension step at 72°C. Oligonucleotides used for CD49d mRNA amplification (VLA4-III, 5'-GCTGATTTACAGGTTTCTGC-3';VLA4-IV, 5'-ACTTCTGACGTGATTACAGGAAGC-3')flanka 286-bp fragment from the CD49d mRNA (between nucleotides 1946 and 1660), and their sequences are derived from separate exons in the CD49d gene (21). As an internal control, each PCR also included oligonucleotides 5'-GGCTGAGAACGGGAAGCTTGTCA-3' and 5'-CGGCCATCACGCCACAGT TTC-3' (1 µM), which together amplify a 417-bp fragment from the GAPDH mRNA (20). Analysis of the relative levels of CD49d mRNA in immature and mature MDDC was done by removing 15-µl aliquots of the PCR during the log phase of the amplification (after 22, 24, 27, and 30 cycles), and the amplified fragments were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis.
Western blot
Total cell lysates were obtained in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 250 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% Triton X-100, 0.5 mM DTT, 10 mM NaF, 1 mM Na3VO4, 20 mM Pefabloc, and 2 µg/ml of aprotinin, antipain, leupeptin, and pepstatin. A total of 10 µg of each lysate was subjected to SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and transferred onto an Immobilon polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA). After blocking of the unoccupied sites with 5% BSA in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween-20, protein detection was performed using the Supersignal West Pico Chemiluminescent system (Pierce, Rockford, IL), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For reprobing, membranes were incubated in stripping buffer (62.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.7, 100 mM 2-ME, 2% SDS) for 30 min at 50°C with occasional agitation. Detection of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1/2, p38, phospho-ERK1/2 (pERK1/2), and phospho-p38 (pp38) was conducted using specific polyclonal Abs from New England Biolabs (Beverly, MA).
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The pattern of integrin expression changes
during differentiation in numerous cell lineages (22, 23).
Conversely, integrin molecules directly affect the differentiation
program of hemopoietic cells (24, 25). Because the
functional activity of DC is dependent on their adhesive and migratory
capabilities, the levels of integrin expression were analyzed during DC
differentiation/maturation from peripheral blood monocytes. Flow
cytometry analysis revealed that the expression of several subunit
integrins greatly differed between immature and mature MDDC. Immature
MDDC expressed high levels of CD49e/CD29, CD11a-c/CD18, moderate levels
of CD51, and very low (or absent) levels of CD49d (Fig. 1
, left).
The low expression of CD49d on immature MDDC is in agreement with our
previous results, showing that its expression on monocytes is
down-regulated upon in vitro culture (26). TNF--induced
MDDC maturation led to induction of CD83 expression, without affecting
the expression of the CD11a-c/CD18 integrins (Fig. 1). By contrast, the
expression of CD49d was up-regulated during MDDC maturation. Analysis
of MDDC from more than 30 donors revealed that CD49d was either absent
or extremely low on immature MDDC, while TNF- maturation either
induced or greatly up-regulated the expression of CD49d (Fig. 1, left). To exclude a conformational change as the basis for
the differential CD49d expression, both cell types were analyzed with
Abs recognizing distinct functional epitopes on the CD49d molecule
(27). mAbs against epitopes A, B1, and B2 similarly
detected the changes in CD49d expression between immature and mature
MDDC (Fig. 1, right), thus ruling out an epitope-specific
effect and confirming that CD49d expression is greatly increased by
TNF- on MDDC. Furthermore, LPS treatment of MDDC up-regulated CD49d
(see below, Fig. 3), indicating that maturation-inducing agents other
than TNF- are also capable of increasing the expression of
CD49d-containing integrins.
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Maturation of MDDC by TNF- increases the expression of
costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86) and induces the expression of the
mature DC marker CD83 after 2–4 days of treatment (3, 11). To determine the kinetics of the TNF--mediated
up-regulation of CD49d, integrin expression was measured at different
time points during MDDC differentiation/maturation and compared with
CD83. Forty-eight hours after TNF- addition, a time point at which a
CD83-expressing subset had already appeared, CD49d expression had also
started to increase (Fig. 2, A
and B). The proportion of cells with high CD49d expression
steadily increased during MDDC maturation, and the whole cell
population had acquired CD83 expression and exhibited high levels of
CD49d 96 h after TNF- addition (Fig. 2, A and
B). Therefore, expression of the CD49d integrins is
up-regulated concomitantly with CD83 induction, suggesting that a high
expression of CD49d can be considered as a maturation marker on MDDC.
To determine whether CD49d expression was associated with specific cell
subsets in mature MDDC, double-labeling experiments were performed with
anti-CD83 and anti-CD49d Abs on TNF--treated MDDC. Two days
after initiation of the maturation program, all CD83-positive cells
exhibited high expression of CD49d (Fig. 2B), and a similar
result was observed 72 h after TNF- addition (Fig. 2B). Therefore, CD83 and CD49d expression are almost
simultaneously acquired by maturing MDDC, indicating that CD49d
integrin expression can be considered a marker for mature
MDDC.
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, CD49d integrin expression was induced
upon LPS-triggered maturation, emphasizing the importance of the CD49d
expression along MDDC maturation. Moreover, because CD49d integrins
include the heterodimers CD49d/CD29 and CD49d/ß7, flow cytometry
experiments were performed to determine the identity of the induced
molecules. CD49d/ß7 cell surface expression was not detected on
immature MDDC, as analyzed with the CD49d/ß7-specific mAb Act-1 (Fig. 3). However, TNF- or LPS induced the expression of CD49d/ß7 on
mature MDDC (Fig. 3). The Act-1 epitope appeared at lower levels (Fig. 3) and with slower kinetics (data not shown) than the CD49d-specific
epitopes. Therefore, while TNF-- or LPS-triggered MDDC maturation
induces expression of both CD49d integrins, CD49d/CD29 appears to be
the predominant CD49d integrin on mature MDDC. Agents blocking MDDC maturation inhibit CD49d integrin up-regulation
DC constitutively express NF-B (2), and DC
maturation is dependent on the functional activity of the NF-B
family of transcription factors (2, 28). In fact, NAC, an
antioxidant agent that inhibits activation of the transcription factor
NF-B (29), inhibits the phenotypic and functional
maturation of DC (28). To analyze whether CD49d integrin
up-regulation requires NF-B-mediated MDDC maturation, immature MDDC
were treated with NAC before exposure to maturation-inducing agents. As
shown in Fig. 4, NAC abrogated the
TNF--dependent up-regulation of CD49d expression and, in agreement
with previous data (28), prevented CD83 induction and CD54
up-regulation. By contrast, CD11c expression was unaffected by NAC
treatment (data not shown). The inhibition could be observed 24 and
48 h after TNF- addition, and similar results were observed
upon LPS-induced MDDC maturation (data not shown). Therefore, CD49d
induction appears to be dependent on the NF-B activation initiated
by MDDC maturation-inducing agents.
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stimulation of immature MDDC also initiates activation of
several MAPK, including ERK2, stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun
N-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK (30). To determine the
influence of these signaling pathways on the maturation-dependent CD49d
integrin up-regulation, immature MDDC were treated with TNF- in the
presence of either PD98059 (31), an inhibitor of
mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase 1/2 in the ERK2 activation
pathway, or SB203580 (32), which specifically inhibits p38
MAPK. Inhibition of the ERK signaling pathway slightly increased the
TNF--triggered up-regulation of either CD83 or CD49d (Fig. 5A). By contrast, the p38 MAPK
inhibitor SB203580 reduced to one-third the percentage of cells that
had acquired CD83 after treatment with TNF- (Fig. 5A).
While 85 ± 5% of TNF--treated cells were
CD83+ after 48 h (average mean fluorescence
intensity (MFI) 4.53), SB203580 pretreatment reduced CD83-expressing
cells to 26 ± 6% (average MFI 0.6). Interestingly, analysis of
CD49d integrin expression revealed a similar inhibitory effect: in the
presence of SB203580, the percentage of CD49d+
cells and the level of CD49d expression were comparable with those
observed on immature MDDC after 48 h (Fig. 5A). As a
control, Western blot analysis was performed to verify that SB203580
and PD98059 were actually inhibiting MAPK activation. In agreement with
previous results (30), TNF- induced ERK1/2 and p38
activation after 10 min (Fig. 5B). SB203580 reduced the
phosphorylation of p38 in response to TNF-, while PD98059 completely
blocked the activation of ERK1/2 (Fig. 5B), thus
demonstrating the activity and specificity of both inhibitors.
Therefore, inhibition of p38 MAPK activity prevents the acquisition of
the CD83 and CD49d maturation markers on TNF--treated MDDC,
suggesting that activation of the p38 MAPK pathway is required for MDDC
to complete their phenotypic maturation after stimulation by
inflammatory agents.
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The CD49d/CD29 integrin mediates cell-extracellular matrix and
cell-cell interactions via recognition of the CS-1 fragment of FN and
the cell surface molecule VCAM-1, respectively (33, 34).
To find out whether the increased expression of CD49d conveyed mature
MDDC with an increased adhesive capacity, adhesion assays were
performed with immature and mature MDDC on the fibronectin FN-H89
fragment, which includes the CS-1 region and does not contain the RGD
motif recognized by the CD49e/CD29 integrin (34). Immature
MDDC exhibited a very low adhesion to FN-H89, while mature MDDC
exhibited adhesion levels that were 10-fold higher than immature MDDC
(Fig. 6A). MDDC adhesion to
FN-H89 was reduced to 30–40% in the presence of Abs against CD49d or
function-blocking anti-CD29 Lia1/2, indicating that the interaction
is specifically mediated by CD49d/CD29 and that mature MDDC express
functionally active CD49d/CD29 molecules on the cell surface (Fig. 6A). Accordingly, treatment of mature MDDC with the
activating anti-CD29 TS2/16 mAb did not increased adhesion
significantly (Fig. 6A), further indicating that CD49d
integrins are constitutively active on mature MDDC. In accordance with
flow cytometry data, additional experiments revealed that an
anti-CD49d/ß7 Ab (Act-1) inhibited the adhesion of mature MDDC to
FN-H89 (Fig. 6B). The involvement of CD49d/ß7 in MDDC
adhesion to FN-H89 might explain the distinct inhibitory effect of
CD29- and CD49d-specific Abs (Fig. 6, A and B),
and indicates that MDDC attachment to the FN-H89 is mediated by both
CD49d-containing integrins. When MDDC were assayed for adhesion to
intact FN, it became evident that both immature and mature MDDC bound
to FN in a CD49e- and CD29-dependent manner (Fig. 6, C and
D). In fact, comparison of immature and mature MDDC binding
to either FN or FN-H89 revealed that immature MDDC exhibited higher
binding ability to FN than mature cells (Fig. 6, C and
D), while only mature MDDC bound significantly to FN-H89
(Fig. 6C). Therefore, the increase in binding to FN-H89 is
not due to an overall augmented adhesiveness of mature MDDC and appears
to reflect the augmented expression of CD49d integrins.
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E, mature MDDC seeded onto TNF--stimulated endothelial
cells significantly migrated into the SDF-1-containing lower
chamber. More importantly, MDDC transendothelial migration was greatly
reduced in the presence of blocking anti-CD49d mAbs (Fig. 6E), thus demonstrating that CD49d integrins on mature MDDC
mediate both FN attachment and transendothelial migration. Steady-state levels of CD49d and ß7 integrins during MDDC maturation
Changes in the level of expression of CD49d integrins have been
previously described in differentiating cells of distinct lineages
(22, 23). In differentiating myeloid leukemic cells,
CD49d/CD29 is dramatically down-regulated as a consequence of a
considerable decrease in the steady-state levels of CD49d mRNA
(22). In the case of DC, and because immature cells have
extraordinarily high levels of endocytic activity (35, 36), changes in integrin expression could be due to molecule
recycling and/or internalization. To analyze the molecular basis for
the differential expression of CD49d integrins in immature vs mature
MDDC, the steady-state levels of CD49d and ß7 mRNA were determined by
Northern blot. As shown in Fig. 7A, no hybridization could be
detected in RNA from immature cells, while CD49d mRNA species were
readily detected in mature MDDC. Similarly, ß7 mRNA was only detected
in mature MDDC, while GAPDH mRNA levels were similar in both cell
populations (Fig. 7A). As a control, and in agreement with
our previous results (23), ß7 mRNA was induced and CD49d
mRNA was down-regulated during U937 cell differentiation. To evaluate
the difference between the CD49d mRNA levels in immature and mature
MDDC, relative RT-PCR was performed. Amplification of CD49d mRNA, using
oligonucleotides encoded by distinct exons, and control amplification
(GAPDH) were accomplished simultaneously on the same sample and
analyzed after 24, 27, and 30 cycles. After normalizing according to
the GAPDH amplification, mature cells exhibited CD49d mRNA levels,
which were at least 10 times higher than those detected in immature
MDDC (Fig. 7B). The dramatic up-regulation of the CD49d mRNA
was further analyzed by determining its steady-state levels along
TNF--initiated MDDC maturation. As shown in Fig. 7C,
kinetic analysis indicated that CD49d mRNA increase becomes evident
12 h after TNF- treatment, reaches a maximum after 24 h,
and remains at high levels up to 48 h after cytokine addition.
Altogether, these results demonstrate that CD49d integrin membrane
expression is strongly up-regulated as a consequence of a dramatic
increase in the steady-state levels of CD49d and ß7 mRNA during MDDC
maturation.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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B
activation or the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. The relevance of
the phenotypic changes that we have noted during MDDC maturation is
supported by previous results indicating that CD49d integrins are
up-regulated on murine Langerhans cells upon in vivo activation
(37). The expression of the CD49d integrin subunit is subjected to a tight control in leukocytes and other cell types. In muscle cells, CD49d/CD29 integrin is induced during myotube formation, and it is exclusively expressed at sites of secondary myogenesis in vivo (22). CD49d is down-regulated upon T cell alloantigen or super-antigen recognition, after CD43-induced T lymphocyte homotypic aggregation (38), during monocyte activation (26), myeloid cell differentiation (23), and upon cytokine treatment of bone marrow cells (39). In the last two cases, a specific down-regulation of CD49d mRNA was reported, indicating that the loss of CD49d/CD29 cell surface expression reflected the steady-state level of the CD49d mRNA. By contrast, our findings demonstrate that CD49d mRNA is greatly up-regulated during MDDC maturation, with CD49d mRNA levels being at least 10 times higher in mature MDDC than in their immature counterparts. Although leukocyte CD49d expression appears to be mainly regulated at the transcriptional level (40), the possibility that CD49d mRNA levels are also posttranscriptionally regulated during MDDC maturation cannot be ruled out because 1) the 3' untranslated region of the CD49d mRNA contains several AU-rich elements (23, 41) that might be targets of signal-induced mRNA stabilization; and 2) p38 MAPK, whose activity is involved in MDDC maturation and CD49d up-regulation, is known to contribute to mRNA stabilization through an AU-rich element-targeted mechanism (42).
In agreement with its induction in terminally differentiated myeloid
cell lines (23), ß7 integrin mRNA is also induced upon
MDDC maturation. Based on the capacity of CD49d/ß7 to mediate mature
MDDC binding to fibronectin FN-H89 (Fig. 6), CD49d/ß7 expression
might also potentiate MDDC migratory function by conferring an improved
ability to roll on and attach to endothelial cells (15, 16). In addition, ß7 integrin expression has recently been
found to be up-regulated on apoptotic lymphocytes (43).
Because DC undergo apoptosis at the final stages of their maturation,
it is therefore possible that ß7 expression on mature MDDC might mark
DC initiating their apoptotic program.
The phenotypic and functional differentiation/maturation of DC is
dependent on the activity of the NF-B family of transcription
factors, and especially RelB (2, 44). In this regard, two
well-established NF-B activators such as TNF- and LPS
(45) trigger MDDC maturation and, subsequently, promote
induction/up-regulation of CD49d integrins. The influence of NF-B
activation on CD49d integrin expression on DC can also be inferred from
the ability of NAC, which abrogates MDDC maturation, to inhibit CD49d
integrin induction. However, CD49d mRNA up-regulation/induction is only
observed 12 h after TNF- treatment, making unlikely a direct
effect of NF-B factors on the regulatory regions of the CD49d gene.
Therefore, the inhibitory effect of NAC on the CD49d integrin
up-regulation does not imply a direct effect of NF-B factors on
CD49d gene transcription, and most probably reflects the overall
NF-B dependency of the MDDC maturation.
TNF- stimulation of MDDC activates several MAPK, including ERK2,
c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK (30). Inhibition of
different signaling routes during TNF--induced maturation has
revealed that both NF-B and p38 MAPK are involved in the induction
of the CD83 maturation marker, and in the up-regulation of CD49d
integrins and CD54 (Figs. 4 and 5). Like NF-B, the p38 MAPK
signaling pathway appears to be required for MDDC to acquire their
complete array of cell surface maturation markers in response to
TNF-, including adhesion (CD49d, CD54) and costimulatory (CD80,
CD40) molecules. In this sense, recent reports have also implicated p38
MAPK in the functional maturation of DC because 1) DC from
Mkk3-/- mice are defective in IL-12
production (46); 2) p38 MAPK appears to be constitutively
activated in mature murine DC (47); and 3) CpG-DNA- and
CD40-specific activation of DC is strongly blocked by SB203580
(48, 49). Therefore, CD49d integrin up-regulation is a
maturation-specific parameter specifically affected by p38 MAPK in DC.
Whether p38 MAPK affects CD49d expression by transcriptional or
posttranscriptional mechanisms is currently under investigation, as is
the search of additional MDDC markers and functional activities that
might be regulated by p38 MAPK activation.
In summary, based on the induction of CD49d by TNF- and LPS, and the
inhibitory effect of maturation-interfering agents (NAC, SB203580) on
CD49d up-regulated expression, our results support the existence of a
link between the phenotypic maturation of MDDC and the acquisition of
CD49d integrin expression, thus establishing CD49d integrin expression
as a maturation marker for MDDC.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Angel L. Corbí, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Velázquez 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: DC, dendritic cell; BCECF, 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(and -6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester; ERK, extracellular signal-related kinase; FN, fibronectin; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDDC, monocyte-derived DC; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; SDF, stromal cell-derived factor.
Received for publication March 16, 2000. Accepted for publication July 26, 2000.
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) and mature MDDC (
) to the FN-H89
fibronectin peptide. Adhesion was performed in the presence or absence
of an anti-CD29-activating Ab (TS2/16) and included blocking Abs
against CD49d (HP1/2), CD29 (Lia1/2), CD11c (HC1/1), or an irrelevant
Ab (X63). B, Adhesion of mature MDDC to FN-H89 in the
presence of Abs against CD49d (HP1/2), CD29 (Lia1/2), CD49d/ß7
(Act-1), or X63. C, Adhesion of immature (