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The Journal of Immunology, 2000, 165: 2535-2543.
Copyright © 00 by The American Association of Immunologists

Signal Transduction of IL-6, Leukemia-Inhibitory Factor, and Oncostatin M: Structural Receptor Requirements for Signal Attenuation1

Dirk Anhuf2, Manuela Weissenbach2, Jochen Schmitz, Radoslaw Sobota3, Heike M. Hermanns, Simone Radtke, Sonja Linnemann, Iris Behrmann, Peter C. Heinrich4 and Fred Schaper

Department of Biochemistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Aachen, Germany


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Stimulation of the IL-6R complex leads to Src homology domain containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) recruitment to the receptor subunit gp130 and its subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation. SHP2 is a two-SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase that is activated by many cytokines and growth factors. SHP2 counteracts the activation of transcription factors of the STAT family and the induction of IL-6-responsive genes. Tyrosine 759 of gp130, the signal transducing subunit of the IL-6R complex, is essential for the phosphorylation of SHP2. Mutation of tyrosine 759 to phenylalanine leads to an enhanced inducibility of IL-6-dependent genes. Here we demonstrate that no further tyrosines in the cytoplasmic part of gp130 are required for the phosphorylation of SHP2. We also tested whether the tyrosine 759 motifs in both subunits of the gp130 dimer are required for SHP2 association and tyrosine phosphorylation. Interestingly, one SHP2-recruiting phosphotyrosine motif in a single chain of the gp130 dimer is sufficient to mediate SHP2 association to the gp130 receptor subunit and its tyrosine phosphorylation as well as to attenuate IL-6-dependent gene induction. Furthermore, we show that repression of gene induction via Y759 does not require the presence of the SHP2 and STAT recruitment sites within the same receptor subunit, but within the same receptor complex. The Y759 motif in gp130 also attenuates gene induction mediated by the oncostatin M and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor complexes, which both contain gp130 as the shared subunit.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
All members of the so-called IL-6 family (1) of cytokines comprising IL-6, IL-11, oncostatin M (OSM),5 leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), cardiotrophin 1, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and novel neurotrophin 1, signal via receptor complexes containing the glycoprotein gp130. Initially, IL-6 has been described as a B cell-stimulating factor, inducing the differentiation and proliferation of B and T cells (2). Later, IL-6 was identified as the major mediator of acute phase protein (APP) expression (3, 4, 5, 6). IL-6 exerts its action via surface receptors composed of an {alpha} receptor and the signaling receptor subunit gp130. After ligand binding, constitutively gp130-associated tyrosine kinases of the Janus family, Jak1, Jak2, and Tyk2, become activated by phosphorylation (7, 8). Gp130, subsequently tyrosine phosphorylated on its cytoplasmic tail, recruits the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 and transcription factors of the STAT family via specific phosphotyrosine/SH2 domain interactions (9, 10, 11). STAT3 associates with the four cytoplasmic membrane-distal tyrosine motifs of gp130, whereas SHP2 binds to Y759 (12, 13). Subsequently, SHP2 and the STAT factors also become tyrosine phosphorylated. Activated STAT homo- and/or heterodimers (14) translocate to the nucleus where they bind to enhancer elements of IL-6-inducible genes (15). SHP2 activation is involved in the attenuation of the signal transduction (16, 17, 18) and the induction of the MAPK pathway after IL-6 stimulation (19). Prevention of SHP2 phosphorylation by mutation of the SHP2 recruitment site in gp130 leads to enhanced and prolonged STAT activation, APP gene promoter induction (16, 17, 18), and impaired MAPK activation upon stimulation with IL-6 (19).

SHP2 is a ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved enzyme also known as syp, SH-PTP2, SH-PTP3, PTP-1D, PTP-2C, PTP-N11, and SAP2 (20). The protein contains two N-terminal SH2 domains and a C-terminal protein tyrosine phosphatase domain. Association of SHP2 with activated receptor complexes and its subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation have been described for many cytokines, growth factors, and cell adhesion proteins. The consensus sequence VXY(T/V/I)X(V/L/I) for SHP2 binding was deduced from the phosphotyrosine motifs in the receptor complexes analyzed (21). Activated SHP2 plays a bivalent role: on the one hand, SHP2 down-regulates signal transduction by dephosphorylating signaling components, and on the other hand, tyrosine-phosphorylated SHP2 acts as an adaptor protein to recruit further adaptor molecules (e.g., grb2, gab1, and gab2) to the respective receptor molecules, thereby activating different signal transduction pathways (22, 23). A regulatory function of the SHP2-SH2 domains for the phosphatase activity of SHP2 has been suggested by several in vitro studies (24, 25) and has recently been corroborated by the solution of the three-dimensional structure of SHP2 (26). The structure implicates an inhibitory function of the N-terminal SH2 domain on the phosphatase activity that can be overcome by the binding of phosphotyrosine peptides to the SH2 domain(s) of SHP2.

In this study we analyzed the requirements for the tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP2 at the gp130 signal transducing subunit of the IL-6R complex. We found that apart from Y759 of gp130, no further cytoplasmic tyrosine residues are involved in SHP2 phosphorylation. Since SHP2 contains two SH2 domains, we investigated whether both Y759 motifs in the gp130 homodimer are needed for SHP2 to exert its action on IL-6 signal transduction and acute phase protein promoter activation. We extended our studies to the heterodimeric gp130/LIF-R and gp130/OSM-R complexes. Finally, it has been studied whether the SHP2 and the STAT recruitment sites on gp130 are required to be present on the same chain of a receptor complex and whether there is cross-talk between different receptor complexes.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Materials

Restriction enzymes were purchased from Roche (Mannheim, Germany). Oligonucleotides were synthesized by MWG-Biotech (Ebersberg, Germany). Vent polymerase was obtained from New England BioLabs (Schwalbach/Ts, Germany), and rIL-5 was purchased from Cell Concepts (Umkirch, Germany). Abs to the extracellular domain of the IL-5R {alpha}-chain were gifts from Jan Tavernier (Gent, Belgium). Abs to the extracellular domains of the IL-5R ß-chain and to SHP2 were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Phosphotyrosine Abs (4G10) were purchased from Upstate Laboratories (Lake Placid, NY). Abs to gp130 were gifts from Dr. J. Wijdenes (Besançon, France). Recombinant IL-6 and sIL-6R were prepared as described previously (27, 28). The sp. act. of IL-6 was 2 x 106 B cell stimulatory factor-2 U/mg of protein.

Construction of expression vectors

Plasmid constructions were conducted by standard procedures (29). pGL3{alpha}2M-215Luc contains the promoter region -215 to +8 of the rat {alpha}2-macroglobulin ({alpha}2M) gene fused to the luciferase-encoding sequence and was described previously (15).

pSVL-gp130 (YYYYYY) is an expression vector for wild-type gp130 (gp130(YYYYYY)) and was described previously (17). This expression vector was modified by PCR mutagenesis to encode a gp130 mutant with all cytoplasmic tyrosine residues of gp130 replaced by phenylalanine (pSVL-gp130(FFFFFF)) (mutated residues are bold) (30). The vector coding for the add-back mutant gp130(FYFFFF) is identical with pSVL-gp130(FFFFFF), but contains a tyrosine codon at position 759. All these constructs contain a C-terminal Myc tag. These vectors were used for stable transfection of murine pre-B cells (Ba/F3 cells).

Vectors encoding IL-5R/gp130 fusion proteins of the extracellular IL-5R{alpha} or IL-5Rß region and the transmembrane and intracellular parts of gp130 (IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYYYYY) and IL5-Rß/gp130(YYYYYY)) were previously described (pSVL-{alpha}130; pSVL-ß130) (31). pSVL-based expression vectors for IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFYYYY) and IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY) were generated by exchange of the sequence encoding the intracellular and transmembrane parts of wild-type gp130 in pSVL-{alpha}130 and pSVL-ß130 (31) by the corresponding sequence of pSVL-gp130(YFYYYY). These vectors were used for transient transfection of COS-7 cells. IL-5R/gp130 chimeric receptor constructs were generated by fusing the extracellular domain of the IL-5R{alpha} or the IL-5Rß with the appropriate mutated cytoplasmic part of chimeric EpoR/gp130 receptors (30). To allow expression in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2, these constructs were inserted into the pRcCMV expression vector (Invitrogen, Groningen, The Netherlands) to give pRcCMV-IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYYYYY), pRcCMV-IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFYYYY), pRcCMV-IL5-R{alpha}/gp130(YFFFFF), pRcCMV-IL5-R{alpha}/gp130(YYFFFF),pRcCMV-IL-5Rß/gp130(YYYYYY),pRcCMV-IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY), pRcCMV-IL-5Rß/gp130(YFFFFFF), and pRcCMV-IL-5Rß/gp130(YYFFFFF). pRcCMV-EpoR/gp130(YYYYYY), pRcCMV-EpoR/gp130(YFYYYY), pRcCMV-EpoR/gp130(YFFFFF), and pRcCMV-EpoR/gp130(YYFFFF) are expression vectors for EpoR/gp130 chimeric receptor constructs and were described previously (30). Expression vectors for fusion proteins of the extracellular domain of the IL-5Rß and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic parts of the LIF-R or the OSM-R were used previously by Hermanns et al. (pRcCMV-IL-5Rß/OSM-R and pRcCMV-IL-5Rß/LIF-R) (32). The sequences of all constructs were verified by fluorescence sequencing.

Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis

For immunoprecipitation 2 x 107 cells were lysed in 500 µl of lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5; 150 mM NaCl; 1 mM EDTA; 1% Brij 96 (Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany; 0.5% Brij 96 in coimmunoprecipitation assays); and 10 µg/ml of each aprotinin, pepstatin, leupeptin). Equal amounts of cellular protein were incubated with the appropriate Abs at 4°C overnight and immunoprecipitated with 2.5 mg of protein A-Sepharose (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). Immune complexes were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Millipore, Eschborn, Germany). Ags were detected by incubation with the appropriate primary Ab (4G10, 1/1000 dilution; anti-SHP2 and anti-IL-5Rß, 1/1000 dilution) and HRP-coupled secondary Abs (1/2000; Dako, Hamburg, Germany). The membranes were developed with an enhanced chemiluminescence kit (Amersham-Pharmacia, Freiburg, Germany). To verify application of equal amounts of protein, blots were stripped in 10 mM 2-ME, 2% SDS, and 62.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.7, for 30 min at 70°C and reprobed.

Transfection and reporter gene analysis

Human hepatoma cells HepG2 were grown and transiently transfected using the calcium phosphate coprecipitation method as described previously (33). Transfections were adjusted with control vectors to equal amounts of DNA. Cell lysis and luciferase assays were conducted using the luciferase kit (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer. All transient expression experiments were performed at least in triplicate. Luciferase activity values were normalized to transfection efficiency monitored by the cotransfected ß-galactosidase expression vector (pCR3lacZ; Pharmacia; 1.5 µg). COS-7 cells were grown in DMEM with 10% FCS, 100 mg/l streptomycin, and 60 mg/l penicillin. Approximately 1.5 x 107 COS-7 cells were transiently transfected with 25 µg of DNA using the DEAE-dextran method. Briefly, cells were incubated in medium containing DNA, 80 µM chloroquine, and 0.4 mg/ml DEAE-dextran for 80 min, avoiding gas exchange. Afterward, cells were incubated for 1 min in PBS containing 10% DMSO. After 24 h cells were split 1/2, and after an additional 24 h in culture medium cells were stimulated. Chimeric receptor surface expression in COS-7 cells was verified by FACS analysis with Abs to the extracellular domains of the IL5-R {alpha}-chain or IL-5R ß-chain. Ba/F3 cells were grown and stably transfected as described previously (34). Surface expression of gp130 was verified by FACS analysis with B-P4 Ab specific for the extracellular domain of gp130.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Y759 in gp130 is the only tyrosine residue required for SHP2 activation

Tyrosine 759 in gp130 is essential for IL-6-induced SHP2 activation. Substitution of tyrosine 759 to phenylalanine leads to loss of SHP2 phosphorylation, enhanced and prolonged STAT activation, and acute phase protein gene induction (16, 17, 18). We examined whether any other tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain of gp130 apart from Y759 are required for SHP2 activation. Therefore, a gp130 receptor mutant with a Y->F exchange of all cytoplasmic tyrosine residues except Y759 was generated (gp130(FYFFFF)). This mutant as well as the wild-type gp130 receptor (gp130(YYYYYY)) and a mutant with all six tyrosines mutated to phenylalanine (gp130(FFFFFF)) were stably expressed in Ba/F3 pro-B cells that lack endogenous gp130. As determined by FACS analysis the surface expressions of these various receptor mutants were similar (Fig. 1GoB). Stimulation of cells expressing wild-type gp130 (gp130(YYYYYY); lanes 1 and 2) or the gp130(FYFFFF) mutant (lanes 3 and 4) with IL-6/sIL-6R complexes led to a similar extent of SHP2 tyrosine phosphorylation (Fig. 1GoA). In contrast, elimination of all cytoplasmic tyrosine residues of gp130 abolished SHP2 phosphorylation (lanes 5 and 6). Thus, the presence of Y759 is sufficient for SHP2 phosphorylation, and none of the other five cytoplasmic tyrosines in gp130 is required for SHP2 activation.



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  		FIGURE 1. Y759 in gp130 is sufficient for SHP2 activation. Murine Ba/F3 cells were stably transfected with constructs coding for gp130(YYYYYY) wild-type, gp130(FYFFFF) and gp130(FFFFFF) receptor mutants. Surface expression was monitored by FACS analyses with a mAb raised against the extracellular part of gp130 (B). A, The transfected Ba/F3 cells were stimulated with 200 U/ml IL-6 and 1 µg/ml sIL-6R for 15 min or were left untreated. Cells were harvested, and cellular extracts were prepared for immunoprecipitation with Abs raised against SHP2. The bound proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, and Western blots were developed with phosphotyrosine Abs (upper part). For loading controls the membrane was stripped and reprobed with SHP2 Abs (lower part). Arrowheads indicate the position of SHP2.

 
A single Y759 in one receptor chain of the gp130 dimer is sufficient for SHP2 phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of SHP2 after activation of the IL-6R/gp130 complex requires the recruitment of SHP2 to phosphotyrosine 759 of gp130 (12). To examine whether the tyrosine residues Y759 in both subunits of the activated gp130 dimer are required for SHP2 phosphorylation, we used a heterodimeric chimeric receptor system that enabled us to induce the dimerization of two different cytoplasmic tails (31). These chimeric receptors containing the IL-5R{alpha} or IL-5Rß extracellular domains fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of gp130 were transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. Thus, by stimulation with IL-5 we were able to induce receptor complex formation where only one receptor chain in the dimer contains a Y->F substitution at position Y759 (i.e., (IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY) or IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YYYYYY)). The expression levels of all these chimeric receptor constructs were monitored by FACS analysis and were found to be similar (data not shown). Mutation of Y759 to F in both chimeric receptor chains led to the total loss of SHP2 phosphorylation (Fig. 2Go, lanes 7 and 8). Restoration of one Y759 in the receptor complex was sufficient to sustain SHP2 phosphorylation regardless of whether the Y759 is present in the IL-5R{alpha} (lanes 3 and 4) or IL-5Rß chimeric protein (lanes 5 and 6). Thus, for SHP2 phosphorylation, Y759 is required in only one of the chimeric receptor chains in the activated receptor complex.



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  		FIGURE 2. A single Y759 in the gp130 dimer is sufficient for SHP2 phosphorylation. COS-7 cells were transiently transfected with expression vectors encoding different combinations of chimeric IL-5R/gp130 receptors as indicated. The transfected COS-7 cells were stimulated with 10 ng/ml IL-5 for 15 min or were left untreated. SHP2 phosphorylation was detected by Western blot analysis as described in Fig. 1Go.

 
SHP2 phosphorylation requires its association with the receptor. Therefore, we tried to detect complexes of SHP2 and the chimeric receptors. To date, we have not been able to coprecipitate the chimeric receptors with SHP2 after stimulation with IL-5. Recently, Pratt et al. (35) were able to demonstrate Shc/GM-CSF-ßc receptor association by expression of Jak2 to simulate receptor activation. Similarly, we simulated receptor activation by overexpression of Jak1 in COS cells (Fig. 3Go). Immunoprecipitation with Abs to IL-5Rß led to coprecipitation of SHP2 only when Y759 was present in the IL-5Rß chimera (IL-5Rß/gp130(YYYYYY); lanes 1 and 3), but not in the absence of Y759 in the IL-5Rß/gp130 chimeric receptor (IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY); lanes 2 and 4). Thus, Y759 in the IL-5R{alpha}/gp130 chimera is not required for binding of SHP2 to the IL-5Rß/gp130 chimeric receptor chain.



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  		FIGURE 3. A single tyrosine residue 759 is sufficient for SHP2 receptor association. COS-7 cells were cotransfected with expression vectors for the indicated chimeric receptors (12.5 µg of DNA from each) and for Jak1 (7.5 µg). Forty-eight hours post-transfection cells were harvested, and cellular extracts were prepared for immunoprecipitation with Abs raised against IL-5Rß. The bound proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE. Western blots were developed with SHP2 Abs (upper part). For loading controls the membrane was stripped and reprobed with IL-5Rß Abs (lower part). Arrowheads indicate the positions of SHP2, IL5-Rß (YYYYYY), and IL-5Rß (YFYYYY). The lower mobility of IL-5Rß(YFYYYY) is due to the C-terminally fused Myc tag of the chimeric receptor mutant.

 
A single Y759 in the gp130 dimer is sufficient for inhibition of acute phase protein induction

A further downstream effect of SHP2 activation is the attenuation of IL-6-induced acute phase protein expression in liver cells (17, 18). To examine whether a single Y759 in the gp130 dimer is sufficient for the repression of acute phase protein induction we analyzed whether a single Y759->F substitution in the cytoplasmic part of the gp130 dimeric receptor complex is sufficient to abolish the negative effect of SHP2 on acute phase protein promoter induction in human hepatoma cells. The IL-5R/gp130 chimeric receptors were expressed in HepG2 cells transfected with an {alpha}2M-promoter luciferase construct (Fig. 4Go). Stimulation of cells expressing the IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYYYYY) and IL-5Rß/gp130(YYYYYY) chimeric receptors led to a 20-fold induction of the luciferase reporter gene (lanes 1 and 2). Elimination of Y759 in both chimeric receptor chains (IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY); lanes 7 and 8) further enhanced the reporter activity (>2-fold), whereas only moderate increases in reporter activity were measured in cells expressing the IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YYYYYY) (lanes 3 and 4) or IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY) (lanes 5 and 6) heterodimeric receptor chimeras, demonstrating that in these cells a single tyrosine 759 is able to down-regulate acute phase gene induction.



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  		FIGURE 4. The inhibition of acute phase protein induction by SHP2 depends on the presence of only a single Y759 in the gp130 dimer. Human hepatoma cells (HepG2) were transfected with vector constructs coding for the IL-5R/gp130 chimeric receptors and an {alpha}2M-promoter-luciferase reporter gene construct (pGL3{alpha}2M-215Luc). The cells were stimulated for 16 h with 10 ng/ml IL-5 where indicated, and cellular extracts were prepared for the determination of luciferase activity. Luciferase activity is presented in relation to the activity in cell extracts from stimulated HepG2 cells expressing the {alpha} and ß wild-type chimeric receptors. Error bars are the SD.

 
Tyrosine 759 in gp130 also represses gp130/LIF-R- and gp130/OSM-R-mediated gene induction

LIF and OSM signal through gp130/LIF-R or gp130/OSM-R heteromeric receptor complexes. In human cells, OSM also uses gp130/LIF-R complexes (36). We analyzed whether tyrosine 759 in the gp130 receptor chain of these receptor complexes also affects gene induction. The transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of wild-type LIF-R and OSM-R were fused to the extracellular part of IL-5Rß. These IL-5Rß/OSM-R and IL-5Rß/LIF-R chimeric proteins were coexpressed with the chimeric IL-5R{alpha}/gp130 constructs IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYYYYY) (Fig. 5Go, lanes 5 and 6 and lanes 9 and 10) or IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFYYYY) (lanes 7 and 8 and lanes 11 and 12) in HepG2 cells and analyzed for {alpha}2M-promoter-luciferase construct gene activation after IL-5 stimulation. Activation of the IL-5R{alpha}/IL-5Rß chimeric receptor pairs containing the cytoplasmic wild-type receptor domains (IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YYYYYY) (lanes 1 and 2), IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYYYYY)·IL-5Rß/LIF-R (lanes 5 and 6), or IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYYYYY)·IL-5Rß/OSM-R (lanes 9 and 10)) led to the induction of the luciferase reporter gene. Elimination of Y759 in the cytoplasmic part of gp130 (IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY) (lanes 3 and 4), IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFYYYY)·IL-5Rß/LIF-R (lanes 7 and 8), or IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFYYYY)·IL-5Rß/OSM-R (lanes 11 and 12)) resulted in a further increase in reporter gene activity. These observations demonstrate that LIF and OSM signaling can also be down-regulated by the presence of tyrosine 759 of gp130 within the receptor complex.



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  		FIGURE 5. Tyrosine 759 in gp130 inhibits gp130/LIF-R- and gp130/OSM-R-mediated gene induction. HepG2 cells were transfected with expression vectors for the receptors as indicated. Experiments were performed as described in Fig. 4Go.

 
The SHP2 recruitment site (Y759) does not have to be located at the same receptor chain as the STAT activation sites to affect receptor-mediated gene induction

One central function of gp130 is the recruitment and activation of STAT factors at the four distal tyrosine motifs. We investigated whether repression of gene induction via the tyrosine 759 motif of gp130 also occurs in receptor complexes in which the SHP2 and STAT recruitment sites are located not on the same but on different receptor chains (Fig. 6GoA). Therefore, we measured the reporter gene induction mediated by an IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYFFFF)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY) receptor complex (lanes 9 and 10) in which SHP2 can only be recruited to the IL-5R{alpha}/gp130 chimera and STATs can only be activated at the IL-5Rß/gp130 receptor chain. Interestingly, this receptor combination was as potent as the IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFFFFF)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YYYYYY) complex (lanes 5 and 6), where SHP2 and STAT are activated at the same chain. For comparison, the IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFFFFF)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY) complex (lanes 7 and 8), in which both Y759 motifs are lacking, was again much more potent to mediate reporter gene activation after stimulation of the cells with IL-5. The receptor combinations with mutated STAT binding sites in the IL-5R{alpha}/gp130 chain show less efficient gene induction than the corresponding unmutated receptor chain, most likely because of the lower number of STAT activation sites in the receptor complex (compare IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YYYYYY) (lanes 1 and 2) with IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFFFFF)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YYYYYY) (lanes 5 and 6) and IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY) (lanes 3 and 4) with IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFFFFF)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY) (lanes 7 and 8)). Thus, to attenuate gp130-mediated gene induction, the SHP2 recruitment site does not have to be located on the same receptor chain as the STAT activation sites.



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  		FIGURE 6. Separation of SHP2 and STAT recruitment sites to different receptor chains does not abolish the effect of Y759 on gene induction. A and B, HepG2 cells were transfected with expression vectors for the receptors as indicated. Experiments were conducted as described in Fig. 4Go.

 
These results led us to the question whether Y759 in the gp130 receptor chain influences gene induction when the STATs can only be recruited at the OSM-R or LIF-R chain. Therefore, we modified the experiment described in Fig. 5Go by additionally mutating the four STAT binding sites in the cytoplasmic part of gp130 (Fig. 6GoB). Activation of the receptor complexes IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFFFFF)·IL-5Rß/LIF-R (lanes 3 and 4) and IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFFFFF)·IL-5Rß/OSM-R (lanes 7 and 8) led to an enhanced reporter gene induction compared with the complexes containing Y759 (IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYFFFF)·IL-5Rß/LIF-R (lanes 1 and 2) and IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYFFFF)·IL-5Rß/OSM-R (lanes 5 and 6)). Thus, tyrosine 759 in gp130 is able to affect signal transduction even when STAT activation occurs exclusively at the LIF-R or OSM-R.

The tyrosine motif 759 of one receptor complex does not repress signaling of another receptor complex

SHP2 is bound to and activated at many cytokine and growth factor receptors. To examine the possibility of a receptor cross-talk we asked whether the presence of an SHP2 recruitment site in one receptor complex affects the signaling of another receptor complex. We therefore coexpressed chimeric Epo-R/gp130 constructs together with IL-5R/gp130 receptors and again analyzed the effect of the presence of Y759 on receptor-dependent reporter gene induction (Fig. 7GoA). Activation of Epo-R/gp130(YYFFFF) (lanes 9 and 10, upper part) with Epo was performed to allow specific SHP2 activation at one receptor complex, whereas the IL-5R/gp130(YFYYYY) chimera was stimulated with IL-5 to activate the STATs at another receptor complex (lanes 9 and 10, lower part) (17, 30).



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  		FIGURE 7. Tyrosine 759 of one receptor complex does not affect signal transduction of another receptor complex. A and B, HepG2 cells were transfected as described in Fig. 4Go, but with expression vectors for the receptors indicated in this figure. The cells were stimulated for 16 h with 10 ng/ml IL-5 plus 7 U/ml Epo where indicated, and cellular extracts were prepared for the determination of luciferase activity. Luciferase activity is presented in relation to the activity in cell extracts from stimulated HepG2 cells expressing the wild-type chimeric receptors. Error bars are the SD.

 
Stimulation of the Epo-R/gp130(YYYYYY) together with IL-5R{alpha},ß/gp130(YYYYYY) led to a significant reporter gene induction (lanes 1 and 2). As expected, mutation of Y759 in both receptor complexes resulted in an enhanced inducibility (lanes 3 and 4). Stimulation of cells expressing Epo-R/gp130(YFFFFF) and IL-5-R{alpha},ß/gp130(YYYYYY) (lanes 5 and 6) was less effective, most likely due to the activation of STATs only at the IL-5R/gp130 complex. However, as expected, mutation of Y759 in the IL-5R{alpha},ß/gp130 (IL-5R/gp130(YFYYYY); lanes 7 and 8) led to enhanced reporter gene induction. Interestingly, this enhanced gene induction was not affected by the absence (lanes 7 and 8) or the presence (lanes 9 and 10) of SHP2 recruitment sites in the coactivated Epo-R/gp130 chimeric receptor complexes (compare Epo-R/gp130(YFFFFF) and IL-5R/gp130(YFYYYY) (lanes 7 and 8) with Epo-R/gp130(YYFFFF) and IL-5R/gp130(YFYYYY) (lanes 9 and 10)). We had to exclude that the lack of signal attenuation in lanes 9 and 10 is not simply due to the choice for the extracellular domain and thus due to different activities of the chimeric receptor complexes. Therefore, the experiment was also performed after replacing the extracellular domains of the chimeric receptors by each other (Fig. 7GoB). As described for Fig. 7GoA, no signal attenuation could be observed when the Y759 and the STAT recruitment sites were located at different receptor complexes (lanes 9 and 10), but signal attenuation was observed when these sites were located in the same receptor complex (lanes 5 and 6).

We conclude from the results presented in Figs. 6Go and 7Go that the SHP2 and STAT recruitment sites in gp130 do not have to be located on the same receptor chain for the Y759-dependent attenuation of gene induction (Fig. 6Go), but it is necessary that they be located in the same receptor complex (Fig. 7Go).


   Discussion
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 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
IL-6, IL-11, OSM, LIF, cardiotrophin 1, CNTF, and the recently discovered novel neurotrophin 1 (37) are members of the family of IL-6-type cytokines. These cytokines signal through receptor complexes that contain gp130 as homodimer (IL-6 and IL-11) or as part of a heterodimer together with LIF-R or OSM-R (1). The involvement of SHP2 in gp130-mediated signal transduction was first described by Boulton et al. (38). Binding of SHP2 to gp130 was found for cells stimulated with IL-11 (39). Using chimeric receptors, Stahl et al. (12) identified Y759 of gp130 to be crucial for SHP2 phosphorylation. This observation was also confirmed for native gp130 receptor subunits (17).

In the platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 two neighboring phosphotyrosine motifs (Y663 and Y686) are required for SHP2/platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 interaction (40, 41). Similarly, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs comprise two tyrosine modules of a conserved sequence separated by six to eight residues (42). Thus, the presence of two SH2 domains in SHP2 could be a hint that SHP2 binds to two cytoplasmic phosphotyrosine residues in the signal transducer gp130. This idea is supported by in vitro studies revealing a regulatory potential of the SH2 domains for the catalytic activity of SHP2; SHP2 mutants lacking the SH2 domains are constitutively active (24, 25). Recently, the three-dimensional structure of SHP2 has been solved by Hof et al. (26). The structure demonstrates that the N-terminal SH2 domain interacts with the catalytic domain of SHP2. Binding of a phosphopeptide to this SH2 domain opens the catalytic cleft for substrate binding. Therefore, SHP2 phosphatase activity can be induced in vitro by phosphotyrosine peptides corresponding to the SHP2 binding site of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (21, 43). Furthermore, simultaneous occupancy of both SH2 domains in SHP2 by a tethered peptide with two insulin receptor substrate 1-derived phosphorylation sites led to strong stimulation of its phosphatase activity. In contrast, binding of monophosphorylated peptides led to weaker activation of SHP2 (25).

In the present study we report that no other tyrosine residue apart from Y759 in the cytoplasmic domain of gp130 is required for SHP2 phosphorylation after receptor activation. Mutation of all cytoplasmic tyrosine residues except Y759 to phenylalanine in gp130 did not abolish SHP2 phosphorylation, indicating that Y759 in gp130 is sufficient for the recruitment of SHP2 (Fig. 1Go).

As an alternative to association with two phosphotyrosine modules in one gp130 receptor chain, one could envisage that one SHP2 molecule binds to two Y759 motifs in the gp130 homodimer, thereby embracing the two gp130 molecules within a receptor complex. Using IL-5R/gp130 chimeric receptor mutants, we have shown that chimeric receptor complexes containing only a single Y759 motif are able to recruit SHP2 and mediate its phosphorylation upon receptor activation (Figs. 2Go and 3Go). From these data we suggest that receptor dimerization is mainly required for Jak activation leading to STAT and SHP2 phosphorylation.

The role of the second SH2 domain of SHP2 in IL-6 signaling remains to be elucidated. To date, none of the IL-6 signal transduction components has been identified as a direct substrate for SHP2. An attenuation of STAT activation and a reduction of acute phase protein induction by SHP2 have been reported by several investigators (16, 17, 18). We tested whether a unique SHP2 binding site in gp130 is sufficient for repressing acute phase protein gene induction. As expected from our previous work (17), stimulation of the {alpha}2M promoter through the chimeric wild-type receptor combination (IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YYYYYY) led to a weaker promoter activation than that obtained with the IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY) receptor complex (Fig. 4Go), which lacks the SHP2 recruitment sites, and leads to impaired SHP2 tyrosine phosphorylation (Figs. 2Go and 3Go). Activation of SHP2 through only a single Y759 module in the heterodimeric receptor chimeras (IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YFYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YYYYYY) or IL-5R{alpha}/gp130(YYYYYY)·IL-5Rß/gp130(YFYYYY)) correlates with reduced reporter gene activation. Thus, our results indicate that only one tyrosine 759 motif of a gp130 dimer is required for SHP2 phosphorylation and its inhibitory function on acute phase protein gene induction. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that for the attenuation of receptor-mediated gene induction the SHP2 recruitment site does not have to be located within the same chain of the receptor complex as the STAT binding sites (Fig. 6GoA).

The two IL-6-type cytokines LIF and OSM signal through gp130/LIF-R or gp130/OSM-R heteromeric receptor complexes. These receptor complexes contain only a single gp130-SHP2 recruitment site. Schiemann et al. (44) have proposed an additional SHP2 binding site at the LIF-R. Analysis of the SHP2 binding site of gp130 within the gp130/LIF-R and gp130/OSM-R complexes shows that the Y759 motif in gp130 is also functional in attenuating LIF and OSM signaling (Fig. 5Go). Within these heterodimeric receptor complexes the Y759 of gp130 could act specifically on the gp130 receptor chain or might also affect LIF-R- or OSM-R-originated gene activation. Interestingly, APP promoter activation was also impaired when gp130-mediated STAT activation was prevented by mutation of the STAT recruitment sites in the IL-5R/gp130 receptor chain (Fig. 6GoB). Thus, similar to the gp130 homodimer, the inhibitory activity of Y759 of gp130 in the gp130/OSM-R and gp130/LIF-R heterodimeric complexes is evident even when the STATs are activated only at the OSM-R or LIF-R chain. The putative SHP2 binding site in the LIF-R might also affect gp130/LIF-R-mediated gene induction. However, to date this site was only examined in homodimeric receptor chimeras, containing the LIF-R cytoplasmic tail, with regard to MAPK activation (44).

After stimulation of cells with a variety of cytokines and growth factors, SHP2 is recruited at the tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors and becomes activated. Thus, it is possible that SHP2 activated at one receptor complex could inhibit the signaling through another receptor. If such receptor cross-talk could occur, the SHP2 activation at one receptor complex should influence signal transduction events elicited by another receptor. From our experiments (Fig. 7Go) no evidence for "trans-inhibition" between two different receptor complexes was obtained. This indicates that the downstream activities that mediate Y759-dependent attenuation of APP gene induction act only on signals derived from the receptor complex from which they originate and therefore are unlikely to be mobile (trans-acting) proteins.

SHP2 becomes activated by binding to the tyrosine 759 motif of gp130 and tyrosine phosphorylated by the Jaks with transient and rapid kinetics similar to those of receptor phosphorylation (17, 18, 39). In turn, the activated receptor-bound phosphatase may dephosphorylate the tyrosine-phosphorylated Janus kinases, the receptor, and/or the STATs, leading to an attenuation of signaling. The release of SHP2 from the receptor chain would result in the inhibition of SHP2 activity due to binding of the SHP2-SH2 domains to the catalytic domain of SHP2 (26). Regarding SHP2 as the mediator of Y759-dependent attenuation of {alpha}2M gene induction, this mechanism would explain why no trans-inhibition of other receptor complexes can be observed.

Another mechanism of feedback inhibition for cytokine signaling has become obvious by the discovery of the cytokine-induced SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) proteins (45, 46, 47). The SOCSs bind to the Janus kinases to inhibit signal transduction. Recently, we found that the IL-6-induced SOCS3 also requires tyrosine 759 of gp130 to exert its negative action on IL-6 signaling. Furthermore, we have shown that SOCS3 interacts with a peptide corresponding to the phosphorylated tyrosine 759 motif of gp130. This interaction did not depend on the presence of SHP2 (48). Thus, SOCS3 has to be recruited to phosphotyrosine 759 of gp130 to inhibit the receptor-associated Jaks and cannot act in trans on other receptor complexes. This requirement of SOCS3 to bind gp130 is in agreement with the observed lack of trans-inhibition (Fig. 7Go).

In previous work from our group it was demonstrated that IL-6 signaling was inhibited by TNF-{alpha} pretreatment of macrophages. This effect is very likely due to TNF-{alpha}-induced SOCS3 gene induction (49). Thus, SOCS3 has been suggested to be a mediator of receptor cross-talk. Nevertheless, the inhibitory function of SOCS3 on IL-6 signal transduction depends on the presence of tyrosine 759 of the activated signal transducer gp130 (48). Therefore, cross-talk with TNF-{alpha} signaling has to occur at the level of SOCS3 gene induction (upstream of binding to the Y759 motif) and not at the level of SOCS3 function (downstream of binding to the Y759 motif). In conclusion, the two differently activated receptor complexes do not influence each other directly but, rather, through the induction of proteins that, in turn, affect receptor activities.

The activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK cascade has been described to inhibit IL-6 signal transduction (50, 51). Tyrosine 759 in gp130 is essential for IL-6-dependent activation of the MAPK cascade (19). Since the activated MAPK is a trans-acting protein, it has been concluded that activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK cascade is unlikely to be directly responsible for the Y759-dependent reduction of APP gene induction. Nevertheless, MAPK could contribute indirectly to the mechanism of attenuation investigated in this work. For example we found that MAPK activation by PMA increases the level of SOCS3 mRNA, which, in turn, results in the tyrosine 759-dependent repression of IL-6 signal transduction (52).

Further efforts are required to elaborate whether SOCS3 and/or SHP2 are the mediators of Y759-dependent attenuation of IL-6-, OSM-, and LIF-induced gene induction. Work on the role and the mode of action of SOCS3 and SHP2 in IL-6-type cytokine-induced inhibition of gene expression is in progress.


   Footnotes
 
1 This work was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Bonn, Germany) and the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie (Frankfurt/Main, Germany). Back

2 D.A. and M.W. contributed equally to this work. Back

3 Current address: Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, 3 Mickiewicza Avenue, Krakow, 31-120, Poland. Back

4 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Peter C. Heinrich, Medical School, Aachen, Department of Biochemistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. Back

5 Abbreviations used in this paper: OSM, oncostatin M; APP, acute phase protein; {alpha}2M, {alpha}2-macroglobulin; CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor; Epo, erythropoietin; gp130, glycoprotein 130; Jak, Janus kinase; LIF, leukemia-inhibitory factor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; sIL, soluble IL; SH2, Scr homology domain 2; SHP2, Scr homology domain 2-containing phosphatase 2; SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling; -R, receptor; Tyk2, tyrosine kinase 2. Back

Received for publication April 11, 2000. Accepted for publication June 15, 2000.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

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