The JI
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     
 

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Carmo, A. M.
Right arrow Articles by Arosa, F. A.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Carmo, A. M.
Right arrow Articles by Arosa, F. A.
The Journal of Immunology, 1999, 163: 4238-4245.
Copyright © 1999 by The American Association of Immunologists

CD2 and CD3 Associate Independently with CD5 and Differentially Regulate Signaling Through CD5 in Jurkat T Cells1

Alexandre M. Carmo2,*,{dagger}, Mónica A. A. Castro* and Fernando A. Arosa*

* Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; and {dagger} Medical Research Council Cellular Immunology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
In T lymphocytes, the CD2 and CD5 glycoproteins are believed to be involved in the regulation of signals elicited by the TCR/CD3 complex. Here we show that CD2 and CD3 independently associate with CD5 in human PBMC and Jurkat cells. CD5 coprecipitates with CD2 in CD3-deficient cells and, conversely, coprecipitates with CD3 in cells devoid of CD2. In unstimulated CD2+ CD3+ Jurkat cells, CD5 associates equivalently with CD2 and CD3 and is as efficiently phosphorylated in CD2 as in CD3 immune complexes. However, upon activation the involvement of CD5 is the opposite in the CD2 and CD3 pathways. CD5 becomes rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated after CD3 stimulation, but is dephosphorylated upon CD2 cross-linking. These opposing effects correlate with the decrease in the activity of the SH2 domain-containing protein phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) following CD3 activation vs an enhanced activity of the phosphatase after CD2 triggering. The failure of CD5 to become phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in the CD2 pathway has no parallel with the lack of use of {zeta}-chains in CD2 signaling; contrasting with comparable levels of association of CD2 or CD3 with CD5, {zeta} associates with CD2 only residually and is nevertheless slightly phosphorylated after CD2 stimulation. The modulation of CD5 phosphorylation may thus represent a level of regulation controlled by CD2 in signal transduction mechanisms in human T lymphocytes.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Major histocompatibility complex/peptide recognition by the appropriate TCR is central to the process of T lymphocyte activation. The simultaneous binding of TCR/CD3 and the coreceptors CD4 and CD8 to the same MHC/peptide complexes present on APC induces the approximation of the CD4/CD8-associated tyrosine kinase Lck to the CD3 chains. This results in the phosphorylation of the two conserved tyrosine residues within immune receptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM)3 contained in CD3 chains and TCR-{zeta}, and recruits through SH2 domains the {zeta}-associated protein ZAP-70, a kinase of the Syk family (1, 2, 3, 4). Concomitantly with the binding, ZAP-70 becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, and newly formed phosphotyrosine residues in ZAP-70 then become docking sites for other SH2-containing enzymes (2).

CD2 is a 45- to 58-kDa type I integral protein expressed in human T and NK cells (5). Binding of CD2 on T cells to its counter-receptor CD58 contributes not only to the stabilization of interactions between lymphocytes and APC, but also to the transduction of activation signals, as CD58 in combination with CD2 mAbs can induce T cell activation and proliferation (6, 7). Signaling through CD2 depends on the integrity of its 116-aa-long cytoplasmic tail (8, 9), which is responsible for the association with the tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn through proline sequence-SH3 domain interactions (10, 11, 12). Indeed, activation of CD2 with mAb, like that of TCR/CD3, has been shown to induce the activation of Lck (13). However, it was reported that signal transduction via CD2 fails to phosphorylate {zeta}-chains and consequently does not use ZAP-70 (14) despite the fact that many features of the CD2 pathway are similar to those of the pathway originated by the TCR (15, 16, 17).

In T lymphocytes, CD2 is embodied in a loosely associated membrane complex that additionally comprises the TCR/CD3 chains, CD4 or CD8, Lck and Fyn, and CD5, a membrane Ag expressed mainly on T cells (18). CD5 is a 67-kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein whose cytoplasmic domain contains multiple potential sites for the phosphorylation of threonine, serine, and tyrosine residues (5). CD5 is rapidly phosphorylated after stimulation of the TCR/CD3 complex (19, 20), and this may allow Lck to bind through its SH2 domain and, as a result, to increase its catalytic activity (21). This can have some consequences for the phosphorylation of Lck substrates such as the CD3 chains, because CD5 is closely associated with the TCR/CD3 complex (22), and, in fact, tyrosine phosphorylation of CD5 precedes that of {zeta}-chains (19). Given the failure of the CD2 pathway to progress through the ITAMs present on CD3 chains, and as CD2 constitutively associates with Lck, which is an effector of CD5, we investigated the role of CD5 in signal transduction via CD2.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Cells

Human PBMC were obtained from buffy coats of normal healthy donors after centrifugation over Lymphoprep (Nycomed, Oslo, Norway). The Jurkat E6.1 and JRT3-T3.5 cell lines (23) were obtained from A. Weiss (University of California, San Francisco, CA). The Jurkat CD2+ CD3+ JKHM cell line was donated by D. A. Cantrell (Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, U.K.). Cell lines were maintained in RPMI with 10% FCS, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine, penicillin G (50 U/ml), and streptomycin (50 µg/ml).

Antibodies

mAbs against cell surface Ags were: CD2-RFT11 (24), given by G. Jánossy (Royal Free Hospital, London, U.K.), OKT11 (25), obtained from European Cell Culture Collection (ECACC, Porton Down, U.K.), GT2 (26), donated by D. A. Cantrell, and CD2–300 (27) (a polyclonal Ab recognizing the C-terminal-conserved end of CD2); CD3-OKT3 (28), and anti-CD3 polyclonal (29), gifts from M. H. Brown (Medical Research Council Cellular Immunology Unit); CD4-OKT4 (28), obtained from ECACC; CD5-Y2/178 (11), and a polyclonal anti-CD5 raised against a peptide sequence of 451–471 aa of human CD5 (18), gifts from D. Y. Mason (John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K); CD45-BMAC-1 (30), donated by J. Fabre (Institute of Child Health, University of London, London, U.K.); C3bi-OX21 (31); polyclonal anti-Lck, raised against a peptide consisting of 39–64 aa of murine Lck (18), a gift from J. Borst (The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands); anti-Fyn rabbit polyclonal Ab, donated by P. Burn (Hoffmann-LaRoche, Basel, Switzerland); polyclonal anti-CD3 {zeta} (32), a gift from D. A. Cantrell; anti-protein tyrosine phosphatase 1C, a polyclonal Ab recognizing 576–595 aa at the C terminus, from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA); anti-phosphotyrosine PY-20, purchased from Transduction Laboratories (Lexington, KY); goat anti-mouse peroxidase conjugate, from Transduction Laboratories; rabbit anti-mouse Ig (RAM), from Serotec (Kidlington, U.K.); and RAM conjugated with fluorescein (RAM-FITC), donated by S. Simmonds (Medical Research Council Cellular Immunology Unit).

Flow cytometry

Between 1–5 x 106 cells were resuspended in 50 µl of PBS containing 0.25% (w/v) BSA (PBS/BSA) and incubated with mAb (50 µl of hybridoma tissue culture supernatant) for 30 min on ice. Cells were washed twice at 4°C with 1 ml of PBS/BSA and 10 mM NaN3 (PBS/BSA/NaN3) and incubated with 50 µl of RAM-FITC (10 µg/ml) for 30 min on ice. Cells were then resuspended in 1 ml of PBS/BSA/NaN3 and analyzed on a FACScan (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, CA).

Cell surface biotinylation

Cell surface biotinylation was performed as previously described (33). Briefly, cells were washed three times with ice-cold PBS and incubated for 10 min at room temperature with PBS containing 0.5 mg/ml of EZ-Link sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin (Pierce, Rockford, IL). Cells were then washed for an additional three rounds with PBS, divided into aliquots of 3.5 x 107 cells, and lysed for 30 min in ice-cold 1% Brij 96 lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF, and 1% (v/v) Brij 96 or Nonidet P-40).

Immunoprecipitations

Aliquots of 3.5 x 107 cells were lysed for 30 min on ice in lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mg/ml BSA (not used in cell surface biotinylation), 1 mM PMSF, and 1% (v/v) Brij 96 or Nonidet P-40), the nuclear pellet was removed by centrifugation at 12,000 x g for 10 min at 4°C, and the supernatants were precleared by end-over-end rotation with protein A-Sepharose CL-4B (Pharmacia, Aylesbury, U.K.) for 30 min at 4°C. Abs (10 µg) or antisera (1–3 µl) and 100 µl of 10% protein A-Sepharose beads were added to the samples and rotated for 90 min at 4°C. The beads containing the immune complexes were washed three times in 1 ml of lysis buffer, and in in vitro kinase assays, an additional two washes were performed with 1 ml of Brij 96 assay buffer (25 mM HEPES (pH 7.5) and 0.1% (v/v) Brij 96). All washes were performed at 4°C.

For reprecipitation experiments, the beads containing the immune complexes were boiled for 5 min in 3% SDS and diluted 8-fold with lysis buffer. The beads were spun, and the supernatants were recovered and precleared for 30 min with 100 µl of 10% protein A-Sepharose beads. Proteins were precipitated with antisera plus 100 µl of 10% protein A-Sepharose beads for 90 min. Immunoprecipitates were washed three times with 1 ml of lysis buffer. Samples were boiled for 5 min in SDS buffer and run on 11% SDS-PAGE.

Detection of biotinylated cell surface Ags in precipitated immune complexes

Samples containing immunoprecipitates from surface-biotinylated cells were run on 11% SDS-PAGE and transferred to Hybond-C-super membranes (Amersham). Membranes were blocked overnight in Tris-buffered saline and 0.1% (v/v) Tween 20 (TBS-T) containing 5% (w/v) nonfat dried milk, washed once for 15 min and twice for 5 min each time with TBS-T, and incubated for 1 h at room temperature with ExtrAvidin peroxidase-conjugated (Sigma, Madrid, Spain; dilution, 1/7500 in TBS-T). Membranes were washed again for 15 min and an additional four times for 5 min each time with TBS-T, and biotinylated proteins were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham) and exposure to Biomax MR-1 films (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY).

Immune complex kinase assays

Brij 96 assay buffer (30 µl) containing 10 mM MnCl2, 1 mM Na3V04, 1 mM NaF, and 50 µCi (185 KBq) of [{gamma}-32P]ATP was added to the beads containing the immune complexes, and in vitro kinase reactions were allowed to occur for 15 min at 25°C. Reactions were stopped by the addition of 30 µl of 2x SDS buffer, after which the samples were boiled for 5 min. Products were separated on 11% SDS-PAGE gels, and autoradiography of the dried gels was performed with Kodak X-OMAT S films (Eastman Kodak).

Cell stimulation

Approximately 3 x 107 Jurkat cells were used per sample. mAbs at 5 µg/ml and rabbit anti-mouse Ig at 30 µg/ml, or PHA at 10 µg/ml, were added to cells maintained at 37°C in RPMI (no FCS) and mixed by vortexing. After the times indicated, cells were briefly pelleted and lysed in lysis buffer, and the nuclear pellet was removed by centrifugation at 12,000 x g for 10 min at 4°C.

Immunoblotting

Cell lysates were denatured in 2x SDS buffer and run on SDS-PAGE. Samples were transferred to Hybond-C-super membranes by electroblotting. Membranes were blocked overnight in TBS-T containing 5% (w/v) nonfat dried milk, washed once for 15 min and twice for 5 min each time with TBS-T, and incubated for 1 h at room temperature with the primary Ab (1/5000 dilution). Membranes were washed again for 15 min and twice for 5 min with TBS-T, and incubated with goat anti-mouse or goat anti-rabbit Ig conjugated with peroxidase (1/20,000 dilution) for 1 h at room temperature. Membranes were washed again for 15 min and an additional four times for 5 min each time with TBS-T, and detection was accomplished using enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham) and exposure to Biomax MR-1 films.

Measurement of [Ca2+]i

[Ca2+]i was determined as previously described (34). Briefly, cells were washed twice in RPMI containing 0.25% BSA and were resuspended at 2 x 107 cells/ml. Cells were incubated at 37°C for 10 min in the dark with 2 µM fura-2/AM and washed twice at room temperature in HBSS containing 1 mM CaCl2, 0.25% BSA, and 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4). Before fluorometry, cells were diluted to 2 x 106 cells/ml, allowed to equilibrate to 37°C, and stimulated with mAbs at 2 µg/ml and with RAM at 25 µg/ml or PHA at 10 µg/ml.

Phosphatase assays

Phosphatase assays were performed as described previously (35). Immune complexes precipitated by biotinylated anti-SHP-1 Abs and ImmunoPure avidin beads (Pierce) were washed three times in Nonidet P-40 lysis buffer and incubated for 3–4 h at 37°C in 25 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 100 mM KCl, 3 mg/ml DTT, and 1 mg/ml p-nitrophenylphosphate (Sigma). Absorbance was measured at 413 nm.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Independent associations of CD2 and CD3 with CD5 in human T cells

Human PBMC were separated from whole blood, and surface labeled with biotin. Following cell lysis using the nonionic detergents Brij 96 and Nonidet P-40, immunoprecipitations of CD2, CD3, CD5, and CD45 were conducted. Immune complexes were separated by SDS-PAGE, and biotinylated proteins were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence. When cells were lysed with Brij 96, CD5 was coprecipitated with CD3, as previously reported (22), as well as with CD2, as shown in Fig. 1GoA. A protein of 67 kDa is clearly visible in CD2 and CD3 immune complexes from primary precipitates, and this protein was confirmed to be CD5 by reprecipitation using an anti-CD5 polyclonal serum (Fig. 1GoB). However, when cells were lysed in lysis buffer containing 1% Nonidet P-40, CD5 was detected in CD2, but not in CD3, immunoprecipitates, indicating that the interaction between CD2 and CD5 in normal human T lymphocytes, although of an apparently lower stoichiometry, is stronger than the interaction between CD3 and CD5. These results also indicate that the interaction between CD2 and CD5 in normal human T cells can be independent of any contribution from CD3.



View larger version (86K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 1. CD2 coprecipitates with CD5 from Brij 96 and Nonidet P-40 lysates of human PBMC. A, Human PBMC were surface biotinylated and lysed with either 1% Brij 96 lysis buffer (indicated as B on top of the gel) or with 1% Nonidet P-40 lysis buffer (indicated as N). Immunoprecipitations were conducted using Abs against the molecules indicated. Samples were separated in 11% SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions and transferred onto Hybond-C-super membranes. Membranes were incubated with peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin, and biotinylated proteins in immune complexes were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence and exposure to Biomax MR-1 films. Molecular masses are shown in kilodaltons. B, CD5 was reprecipitated from the immune complexes shown in A, run in SDS-PAGE, and transferred to Hybond-C-super membranes. Biotinylated CD5 was detected by incubation of the membranes with streptavidin, enhanced chemiluminescence, and exposure to Biomax MR-1 films.

 
CD5 associates independently with CD2 and CD3, and is efficiently phosphorylated by kinases present in immune complexes of CD3 and of CD2 in Jurkat cells

In the Jurkat cell line JRT3-T3.5, which is negative for the expression of CD3 (Fig. 2Go), immunoprecipitation of CD2 again coprecipitated the CD5 Ag (Fig. 3GoA). Conversely, the association between CD5 and CD3 did not require the presence of CD2 at the cell surface. In Jurkat cells devoid of CD2 (selected clone from E6.1), CD3 could precipitate CD5 (Fig. 3GoB).



View larger version (22K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 2. Flow cytometric analysis of Jurkat cell variants. JRT3-T3.5 and a selected clone from E6.1 Jurkat cells were analyzed for cell surface expression of CD2, CD3, and CD5 using RFT11, OKT3, and Y-2/178 Abs, respectively. OX21 Abs were used as the negative control. The FACS profiles confirm that JRT3-T3.5 are negative for CD3 expression while expressing CD2 at the cell surface. The E6.1/CD2- cells express CD3, but not CD2.

 


View larger version (54K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 3. CD2 and CD3 associate with CD5 in Jurkat cells independently of each other. Immunoprecipitation of CD2, CD3, CD5, CD45, and the control Ab OX21 was performed from 1% Brij 96 lysates of Jurkat cells JRT3-T3.5 (A) and E6.1/CD2- (B), cells that do not express CD3 and CD2, respectively. Detection of biotinylated proteins in immune complexes was done by enhanced chemiluminescence after 11% SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions and transfer to nitrocellulose membranes. Lower panels, CD5 in immune complexes from JRT3-T3.5 and E6.1/CD2- cells was reprecipitated with a polyclonal Ab.

 
Not only could CD5 be coprecipitated with CD2 and CD3 independently, but it also could be phosphorylated by tyrosine kinases within the different immune complexes. We performed kinase assays on CD2, CD3, CD4, and CD5 immunoprecipitates from Jurkat cells not expressing CD3 complexes at the surface (Fig. 4GoA) and on immunoprecipitates from CD2- Jurkat cells (Fig. 4GoB). CD5 was present on CD2 immune complexes from the CD3-negative cell line and coprecipitated with CD3 in CD2- Jurkat cells, as the results from primary immunoprecipitations suggested and reprecipitations confirmed (Fig. 4Go). Despite the fact that CD3 Abs were able to precipitate some kinase activity and phosphoproteins from CD3- cells, possibly from endogenously produced CD3, the amount of CD5 coprecipitated was negligible compared with that of CD5 in CD2 immunoprecipitates, suggesting that CD3 has no role in CD2-mediated CD5 phosphorylation. Therefore, it seemed that both CD2 and CD3 have the potential to specifically associate with both CD5 and kinases that phosphorylate it.



View larger version (33K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 4. CD5 is efficiently phosphorylated in CD3 immune complexes from Jurkat cells devoid of CD2 and in CD2 immune complexes from CD3- Jurkat cells. In vitro kinase assays were performed in immune complexes prepared from Brij 96 lysates of JRT3-T3.5 cells (A) and E6.1/CD2- cells (B). Following separation on 10% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, phosphorylated products were visualized after exposure of the dried gels to X-OMAT Kodak films. Molecular mass markers are indicated in kilodaltons. Following kinase reactions, complexes were disrupted, and CD5 from immunoprecipitates of JRT3-T3.5 and E6.1/CD2- cells was reprecipitated with a polyclonal Ab (indicated by arrows).

 
Divergent patterns of CD5 phosphorylation following CD2 and CD3 cross-linking

We next wanted to study the possible role of CD5 in signal transduction via the CD3 and the CD2 pathways. For that purpose, we used a Jurkat cell variant, JKHM, that expresses both CD2 and CD3 at high levels. Through surface biotinylation and immunoprecipitation we determined that in these cells equivalent amounts of CD5 are precipitated with CD2 and CD3 (Fig. 5Go, A and B), and by in vitro kinase assays that CD5 is effectively phosphorylated by CD2 and CD3-associated kinases. Moreover, CD2 and CD3 associations with CD5 are independent of each other, as depletion of CD3 from cell lysates does not abrogate association between CD2 and CD5; conversely, preclearing of CD2 from cell lysates does not influence the level of CD5 coprecipitated with CD3 (Fig. 6Go).



View larger version (77K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 5. CD5 associates at similar levels with CD2 and CD3 and is efficiently phosphorylated by kinases present in immune complexes of CD2 and CD3. CD2+ CD3+ JKHM Jurkat cells were surface biotinylated, lysed in Brij 96, and subjected to immunoprecipitations with Abs against the molecules indicated. Abs used were RFT11 (CD2), OKT3 (CD3), Y-2/178 (CD5), and BMAC1 (CD45). OX21 was used as a negative control. A, Molecules in immune complexes were run on SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions and visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence. B, Immune complexes were disrupted with SDS and boiling, following which CD5 was reprecipitated with a polyclonal Ab. C, In parallel experiment, kinase assays were performed on immunoprecipitations, complexes were disrupted, and phosphorylated CD5 was reprecipitated.

 


View larger version (57K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 6. CD2 and CD3 associations with CD5 are independent events in JKHM cells. Cells were surface biotinylated and lysed in Brij 96 lysis buffer. Upper panel, CD2 was depleted from the lysates with five 30-min rounds of depletion using the RFT11 mAb and protein A-Sepharose beads, plus two 30-min rounds of incubation with protein A-Sepharose beads (PAS). CD3 was then immunoprecipitated with OKT3. In the CD3 lane, CD5 is clearly detected as well as the TCR {alpha}ß heterodimer. Lower panel, Depletion of CD3 using five 30-min rounds of OKT3 immunoprecipitation and two extra rounds using protein A-Sepharose alone, following which CD2 was immunoprecipitated. CD5 is clearly detected in association with CD2.

 
The cells were functional in signaling, as calcium fluxes were generated following different stimulations with PHA and anti-CD3 and anti-CD2 Abs. Cross-linking CD2 using the RFT11 Ab gave the best signal, comparable to that of CD3, and significantly higher than the mitogenic combination of anti-CD2 monoclonals OKT11 and GT2 (Fig. 7Go). Using OKT11 cross-linking alone resulted in low calcium fluxes. Also, stimulation of CD2 was comparable to that emerging from the TCR/CD3 complex in inducing the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in a number of substrates (data not shown). However, when we investigated the phosphorylation status of CD5 following different stimulations, we were unable to detect phosphorylation following cross-linking of CD2 (Fig. 8Go). Time-course experiments showed a rapid increase in the phosphorylation of CD5 following CD3 cross-linking, followed by a decline in the signal. However, none of the combinations of anti-CD2 Abs could produce a similar pattern. On the contrary, there seemed to be a rapid dephosphorylation of CD5 following CD2 stimulation, which was faster when using the Ab combinations that induced the highest calcium signals.



View larger version (24K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 7. Ca2+ signaling upon activation of JKHM cells. Cells were subjected to stimulation with different Abs or PHA. mAbs were used at 2 µg/ml, and cross-linking was achieved with rabbit anti-mouse Ig at 25 µg/ml. PHA was used at 10 µg/ml. Addition of reagents to cells is indicated by arrows in the calcium profiles.

 


View larger version (43K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 8. Failure of CD2 stimulation to induce CD5 tyrosine phosphorylation. Following stimulation using different combinations of Abs, CD5 was precipitated from Jurkat cells at different times poststimulation and run on SDS-PAGE. Phosphorylated CD5 was detected by immunoblotting with PY-20. Equivalent amounts of CD5 were loaded on each lane, as confirmed by immunoblotting using a CD5 polyclonal Ab.

 
Differential usage of CD5 phosphorylation cannot be explained by differences in stoichiometry of CD5-CD3 association vs CD5-CD2 association

A number of features that are different between the CD2 and CD3 signaling pathways have been reported (14, 36, 37), one of the most significant being the report that stimulation of T cells via CD2 fails to induce the phosphorylation of CD3 {zeta}-chains and consequent docking of ZAP-70 to the CD3 complex (14). This may simply be due to the low level of association between CD2 and {zeta}. We performed kinase assays on immunoprecipitates of CD2 and CD3, following which {zeta}, CD5, and Lck were reprecipitated from the primary complexes. As displayed in Fig. 9Go, the amount of {zeta} associating with CD2 was just a tiny fraction of that associating with CD3. Following CD2 stimulation, the phosphorylation of {zeta} was perceptible (Fig. 10Go), but was so low that it may not have a physiological meaning compared with TCR stimulation. As expected, Lck was increasingly phosphorylated. By contrast, the amount of CD5 coprecipitating with CD2 was comparable to that coprecipitated by CD3 (Fig. 9Go), so it is striking that following CD2 triggering, CD5, contrary to {zeta}, became dephosphorylated (Fig. 10Go). The changes observed in the phosphorylation pattern of CD2 complexes following CD2 cross-linking reflect mainly changes in the phosphorylation level and not in the stoichiometry of associations, as CD2, Lck, and CD5 were present at similar amounts in both activated and nonactivated states (Fig. 10Go, lower panel). However, it seems that more {zeta} is associated with CD2 in activated cells, so it is possible that {zeta} is recruited to the CD2 complex following activation. Nevertheless, the amount of protein associated with CD2 was so low and difficult to detect by immunoblotting that the result could not be considered conclusive.



View larger version (67K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 9. CD2 associates with TCR-{zeta} at a residual level. Jurkat cells were lysed in Brij 96, CD2 and CD3 were immunoprecipitated, and immune complexes were subjected to kinase reactions using [{gamma}-32P]ATP. Reaction products were denatured, and Lck, CD5, and {zeta} present in the immune complexes were reprecipitated with the use of specific Abs, run on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, and exposed to autoradiography. Contrasting to the comparable levels of CD5 and Lck in CD2 and CD3 immunoprecipitates, {zeta} is significantly associated with CD3, but only residually with CD2.

 


View larger version (87K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 10. Unlike Lck or {zeta}, CD2-associated CD5 shows decreased phosphorylation following CD2 stimulation. Jurkat cells were stimulated for 1 min with RFT11 + RAM Ab (A) or were left unstimulated (R), following which CD2 was immunoprecipitated and subjected to kinase reactions in the presence of radiolabeled ATP and the absence of phosphatase inhibitors. Left panel, Kinase reaction products were separated by SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions and were visualized by exposure to X-OMAT S films. Presumed CD5 (a), Lck (b), and {zeta} (c) are indicated by arrows. Right panel, Lck, CD5, and {zeta} were reprecipitated from the original kinase reactions in nonactivated (R) or activated (A) cells, run on SDS-PAGE, and exposed to X-OMAT films. Lower panel, CD2, Lck, CD5, and {zeta} from the original immunoprecipitations were detected by immunoblotting using specific Abs.

 
Changes in the activity of SHP-1 following activation via CD2 and CD3

It has been argued that CD5 can mediate negative or modulatory signals, possibly through its association with the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1C/SHP-1 (38, 39). Therefore, we measured the activity of that phosphatase following activation of Jurkat cells via CD3 or CD2. Cells were stimulated with OKT3 or RFT11 Abs, SHP-1 was specifically precipitated with biotinylated Abs and streptavidin beads, and the phosphatase activity of the immunoprecipitates was determined using a synthetic substrate, p-nitrophenylphosphate. Time-course experiments showed that there were consistently increments in the activity of SHP-1 following CD2 stimulation and a decline in the activity of the enzyme following TCR/CD3 triggering (Fig. 11Go). We therefore investigated whether SHP-1 could be found in association with CD2, which could explain why cross-linking of CD2 resulted in the enhancement of SHP-1 activity. Through in vitro kinase assays we were able to detect SHP-1 in immunoprecipitates of CD5 and CD3. However, we failed to detect any SHP-1 in CD2 immunoprecipitations (Fig. 12Go).



View larger version (17K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 11. The activity of SHP-1 is differentially regulated following CD2 and CD3 stimulation. Jurkat cells were stimulated by OKT3 or RFT11 + RAM Ab and lysed after the indicated times, and SHP-1 was precipitated with the use of anti-SHP-1-biotinylated Abs and avidin beads. Immunoprecipitated SHP-1-coupled beads were washed three times with lysis buffer and incubated in phosphatase buffer as described in Materials and Methods. Phosphatase activity was measured at 413 nm by the release of yellow nitrophenol cleaved from the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate present in the phosphatase buffer.

 


View larger version (29K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 12. SHP-1 is coprecipitated with CD5 and CD3, but not with CD2. CD2, CD3, CD5, and CD45 were immunoprecipitated from Jurkat Brij 96 lysates. Immune complexes were washed and subjected to in vitro kinase assays. Reaction products were disrupted by boiling in SDS, and SHP-1 from the immune complexes was recovered through precipitation with a specific Ab. Reprecipitates were run on SDS-PAGE and visualized by autoradiography.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
Some biochemical events following CD2-mediated activation appear to be very similar to those initiated by CD3, including calcium mobilization, activation of the tyrosine kinase Lck, appearance of a similar pattern of phosphopeptides after cross-linking either TCR/CD3 or CD2, and activation of the kinase of the Tec family, Itk (13, 15, 16, 17). It was therefore commonly accepted that CD2 would transduce signals of the same nature as those initiated by stimulation of the TCR/CD3 complex. However, recently it has been shown that features as central to CD3-mediated signaling as utilization of CD3 {zeta}-chains and ZAP-70 do not seem to be effectively used in signal transduction via CD2 (14), thus suggesting that CD2 and CD3 pathways may diverge at that level.

Although we have detected some phosphorylation of {zeta} upon CD2 stimulation, the fact remains that the level of association between CD2 and CD3-{zeta} in unstimulated cells is minimal, and increases in the phosphorylation of {zeta}-chains after CD2 cross-linking are so minute that this phosphorylation may be physiologically irrelevant compared with {zeta} phosphorylation after TCR/CD3 triggering. Therefore, we initially considered the hypothesis that activation via CD2, alternatively to using the ITAMs on CD3 chains, could proceed through the phosphorylation of CD5. Supporting our initial assumption was the finding that CD2 associates with CD5 in human T cells and cell lines independently of the TCR/CD3 complex, which was previously reported to closely interact with CD5 (22). Moreover, the CD5 fraction associating with CD2 had the potential to be phosphorylated by kinases contained in the CD2 immune complexes, again independently of the contribution of any kinase associated with the TCR/CD3 complex.

Interestingly, however, upon stimulation of T cells via CD2 we observed not an increase but, rather, a decline in the phosphorylation status of CD5, which was faster as the signal emerging from CD2 became stronger. This result was striking, as in contrast with the difference in the level of association between CD2 and {zeta} vs CD3 and {zeta}, discussed above, CD5 seemed to associate with both CD2 and CD3 at comparable levels.

Previous studies have also reported the absence of phosphorylation of CD5 or any other protein of similar molecular mass following CD2 stimulation (14, 40, 41, 42). The lack of phosphorylation of CD5 following CD2 triggering has a parallel in the cross-linking of CD5 alone, which, in contrast to TCR stimulation, does not induce phosphorylation of CD5 on tyrosine residues, although it is functional in other signaling pathways (43, 44). Therefore, it seems that CD5 may have a different role in signal transduction when coupled to the CD3 pathway or in its absence.

We show that CD2 is constitutively associated with CD5, and this association can be detected even under strong lysis conditions. Therefore, the lack of CD5 phosphorylation after CD2 triggering may have an unforeseen functional significance, possibly not reflecting only the lack of involvement in the CD2 pathway, but, instead, a key regulatory event. In this context, it is important to note that CD2 may functionally associate with CD5 in restraining the physiological activation through the TCR. In a mouse model where T cells express specific MHC class I-restricted TCRs, the absence of CD2 results in enhanced positive selection (45). A similar phenotype is observed in CD5 null MHC I-restricted TCR transgenic mice, which suggests that both CD2 and CD5 contribute to the modulation of signals during thymic selection. Furthermore, in mice deficient in both CD2 and CD5, the effect seems to be synergistic (45).

The negative role of CD5 is possibly due to its functional association with the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, as the absence of CD5 as well as of SHP-1 results in hyper-responsiveness upon TCR stimulation, and also in increased positive selection of thymocytes (38, 39). We had previously detected tyrosine phosphatase activity associated with CD5 in rat T cells (35), and in the present report a correlation between the phosphatase activity of SHP-1 following CD2 and CD3 activation and the status of phosphorylation of CD5 after the different stimuli was found. Although it was not proven that SHP-1 was the sole phosphatase responsible for the dephosphorylation of CD5, these results strongly suggest a differential role for this phosphatase following CD2 and CD3 stimulation. Moreover, the activity of the phosphatase seems to be specific for phosphorylated CD5, as when cells were stimulated via CD2 we could detect massive phosphorylation of Lck and, despite the low level of association, some degree of phosphorylation of {zeta}-chains, contrary to previously reported. By contrast, CD5 became dephosphorylated in the same complex.

It has been recently reported that SHP-1 constitutively associates with CD5, and the level of association increases following TCR engagement. The CD5 cytoplasmic membrane-proximal tyrosine residue, when phosphorylated, is a docking site for the SH2 domain of SHP-1 (46). We have not investigated whether SHP-1 dissociates from CD5 following CD2 cross-linking, but the overall activity of the phosphatase seems to increase. As CD2 does not associate with SHP-1, it is possible that CD2-associated Lck or other enzymes may regulate the activity of SHP-1, either by activating the phosphatase directly upon CD2 activation, thus explaining the observed dephosphorylation of CD5 upon CD2 triggering, or by maintaining a residual, but sustained, level of phosphorylation of CD5 and thus contributing to the constitutive binding of the SHP-1 to CD5.

Two levels of modulation of the TCR/CD3 signal are therefore considered. Firstly, TCR engagement induces the phosphorylation of CD5 in the SHP-1 binding tyrosine residue, thus recruiting SHP-1 to the membrane, where it controls the level of phosphorylation of the complex. Secondly, coactivation of CD5-associated CD2 may enhance the activity of SHP-1, thus modulating the overall phosphorylation status of the activation complex. This model could explain why the lack of CD2 and/or CD5 results in the increased reactivity of TCRs in the animal models discussed above (45).

Alternatively, it is possible that cross-linking of CD2 results in only the partial phosphorylation of the ITAMs present on CD3 chains. It has been suggested that the full positive signal involving the coupling of ZAP-70 to ITAMs requires both tyrosine residues to be phosphorylated. If only one of the residues becomes phosphorylated, the resulting signal may be inhibitory (P. Allen, unpublished observation). As SHP-1 can be coprecipitated with CD3, it may be that incomplete ITAM phosphorylation induced by CD2 could result in the recruitment of SHP-1, and not ZAP-70, to the TCR/CD3 complex. Following TCR-positive stimulation with complete ITAM phosphorylation, full occupancy of CD3 ITAMs by ZAP-70 could displace SHP-1 from the activation motifs, thus explaining the decrease in the activity of the phosphatase.

The present results together with the recent findings of the regulatory role of CD2 and CD5 in signal transduction and the parallelism in CD2 and CD5 expression observed during T cell ontogeny and after polyclonal activation (45, 47) support a functional role for the CD2/CD5 association described here in the regulation of signal transduction in T lymphocytes.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank Dr. S. P. Watson, Oxford University, for help with the measurement of [Ca2+]i, and Dr. M. H. Brown, Dr. D. Mason (Medical Research Council Cellular Immunology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.), and Prof. M. de Sousa (Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal) for useful discussions and continuous support.


   Footnotes
 
1 This work was supported by fellowships from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (to A.M.C. and M.A.A.C.) and a fellowship from the American Portuguese Biomedical Research Fund (to F.A.A.). Back

2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Alexandre M. Carmo, Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150 Porto, Portugal. E-mail address: Back

3 Abbreviations used in this paper: ITAM, immune receptor tyrosine-based activation motif; RAM, rabbit anti-mouse; [Ca2+]i, intracellular calcium concentration; SHP-1, SH2 domain-containing protein phosphatase 1. Back

Received for publication April 13, 1999. Accepted for publication August 6, 1999.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Irving, B. A., A. C. Chan, A. Weiss. 1993. Functional characterization of a signal transducing motif present in the T cell antigen receptor {zeta} chain. J. Exp. Med. 177:1093.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Iwashima, M., B. A. Irving, N. S. C. van Oers, A. C. Chan, A. Weiss. 1994. Sequential interactions of the TCR with two distinct cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Science 263:1136.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Sancho, J., R. Franco, T. Chatila, C. Hall, C. Terhorst. 1993. The T cell receptor associated CD3-{epsilon} protein is phosphorylated upon T cell activation in the two tyrosine residues of a conserved signal transduction motif. Eur. J. Immunol. 23:1636.[Medline]
  4. Wange, R. L., S. N. Malek, S. Desiderio, L. E. Samelson. 1993. Tandem SH2 domains of ZAP-70 bind to T cell antigen receptor {zeta} and CD3{epsilon} from activated Jurkat T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268:19797.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Barclay, A. N., M. L. Birkeland, M. H. Brown, A. D. Beyers, S. J. Davis, C. Somoza, and A. F. Williams. 1993. The Leukocyte Antigen Factsbook. Academic Press, London.
  6. Bierer, B. E., J. Barbosa, S. Herrmann, S. J. Burakoff. 1988. Interaction of CD2 with its ligand, LFA-3, in human T cell proliferation. J. Immunol. 140:3358.[Abstract]
  7. Tiefenthaler, G., T. Hünig, M. L. Dustin, T. A. Springer, S. C. Meuer. 1987. Purified lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 and T11 target structure are active in CD2-mediated T cell stimulation. Eur. J. Immunol. 17:1847.[Medline]
  8. Bierer, B. E., R. E. Bogart, S. J. Burakoff. 1990. Partial deletions of the cytoplasmic domain of CD2 result in partial defect in signal transduction. J. Immunol. 144:785.[Abstract]
  9. He, Q., A. D. Beyers, A. N. Barclay, A. F. Williams. 1988. A role in transmembrane signaling for the cytoplasmic domain of the CD2 T lymphocyte surface antigen. Cell 54:979.[Medline]
  10. Bell, G. M., J. Fargnoli, J. B. Bolen, L. Kish, J. B. Imboden. 1996. The SH3 domain of p56lck binds to proline-rich sequences in the cytoplasmic domain of CD2. J. Exp. Med. 183:169.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Carmo, A. M., D. W. Mason, A. D. Beyers. 1993. Physical association of the cytoplasmic domain of CD2 with the tyrosine kinases p56lck and p59fyn. Eur. J. Immunol. 23:2196.[Medline]
  12. Kivens, W. J., III S. W. Hunt, J. L. Mobley, T. Zell, C. L. Dell, B. E. Bierer, Y. Shimizu. 1998. Identification of a proline-rich sequence in the CD2 cytoplasmic domain critical for regulation of integrin-mediated adhesion and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:5291.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Danielian, S., A. Alcover, L. Polissard, M. Stefanescu, O. Acuto, S. Fischer, R. Fagard. 1992. Both T cell receptor (TcR)-CD3 complex and CD2 increase the tyrosine kinase activity of p56lck: CD2 can mediate TcR-CD3-independent and CD45-dependent activation of p56lck. Eur. J. Immunol. 22:2915.[Medline]
  14. Hubert, P., V. Lang, P. Debré, G. Bismuth. 1996. Tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment of ZAP-70 to the CD3-TCR complex are defective after CD2 stimulation. J. Immunol. 157:4322.[Abstract]
  15. King, P. D., A. Sadra, A. Han, X.-R. Liu, R. Sunder-Plassmann, E. L. Reinherz, B. Dupont. 1996. CD2 signaling in T cells involves tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the Tec family kinase, EMT/ITK/TSK. Int. Immunol. 8:1707.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Ley, S. C., A. A. Davies, B. Druker, M. J. Crumpton. 1991. The T cell receptor/CD3 complex and CD2 stimulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of indistinguishable patterns of polypeptides in the human T leukemic cell line Jurkat. Eur. J. Immunol. 21:2203.[Medline]
  17. Moingeon, P., H. C. Chang, P. H. Sayre, L. K. Clayton, A. Alcover, P. Gardner, E. L. Reinherz. 1989. The structural biology of CD2. Immunol. Rev. 111:111.[Medline]
  18. Beyers, A. D., L. L. Spruyt, A. F. Williams. 1992. Molecular associations between the T-lymphocyte antigen receptor complex and the surface antigens CD2, CD4, or CD8 and CD5. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2945.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Burgess, K. E., M. Yamamoto, K. V. S. Prasad, C. E. Rudd. 1992. CD5 acts as a tyrosine kinase subtract within a receptor complex comprising T-cell receptor {zeta} chain/CD3 and protein-tyrosine kinases p56lck and p56fyn. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9311.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Davies, A. A., S. C. Ley, M. J. Crumpton. 1992. CD5 is phosphorylated on tyrosine after stimulation of the T-cell antigen receptor complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6368.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Raab, M., M. Yamamoto, C. E. Rudd. 1994. The T-cell antigen CD5 acts as a receptor and substrate for the protein-tyrosine kinase p56lck. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:2862.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Osman, N., S. C. Ley, M. J. Crumpton. 1992. Evidence for an association between the T cell receptor/CD3 antigen complex and the CD5 antigen in human T lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 22:2995.[Medline]
  23. Weiss, A., R. L. Wiskocil, J. D. Stobo. 1984. The role of T3 surface molecules in the activation of human T cells: a two-stimulus requirement for IL 2 production reflects events occurring at a pre-translational level. J. Immunol. 133:123.[Abstract]
  24. Bátory, G., M. Bofill, G. G. Petrányi, G. Jánossy, S. R. Hollán. 1984. ed. Leukocyte Typing 469.-475. Springer Verlag, New York.
  25. Verbi, W., M. F. Greaves, C. Schneider, K. Koubek, G. Janossy, H. Stein, P. Kung, and G. Goldstein. 1982. Monoclonal antibodies OKT-11 and OKT-11A have a pan-T reactivity and block sheep erythrocyte "receptors." Eur. J. Immunol. 12:81.
  26. Huet, S., H. Wakasugi, G. Sterkers, J. Gilmour, T. Tursz, L. Boumsell, A. Bernard. 1986. T cell activation via CD2 (T, gp50): the role of accessory cells in activating resting T cells via CD2. J. Immunol. 132:1420.
  27. Brown, M. H., W. A. Sewell, D. Y. Mason, J. B. Rothbard, M. J. Crumpton. 1988. Species conservation of the T cell lymphocyte CD2 cell surface antigen. Eur. J. Immunol. 18:1223.[Medline]
  28. Hoffman, R. A., P. C. Kung, W. P. Hansen, G. Goldstein. 1980. Simple and rapid measurement of human T lymphocytes and their subclasses in peripheral blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4914.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Mason, D. Y., J. Cordell, M. Brown, G. Pallesen, E. Ralfkiaer, J. Rothbard, M. Crumpton, K. C. Gatter. 1989. Detection of T cells in paraffin wax embedded tissue using antibodies against a peptide sequence from the CD3 antigen. J. Clin. Pathol. 42:1194.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Dalchau, R., B. F. Flanagan, J. W. Fabre. 1986. Structural implications of the location and stability to proteolytic enzymes of immunodominant determinants of the human leukocyte common molecule. Eur. J. Immunol. 16:993.[Medline]
  31. Hsiung, H.-M., A. N. Barclay, M. R. Brandon, E. Sim, R. R. Porter. 1982. Purification of human C3b inactivator by monoclonal-antibody affinity chromatography. Biochem. J. 203:293.[Medline]
  32. Monostori, E., D. Desai, M. H. Brown, D. A. Canrell, M. J. Crumpton. 1990. Activation of human T lymphocytes via the CD2 antigen results in tyrosine phosphorylation of T cell antigen receptor {zeta}-chains. J. Immunol. 144:1010.[Abstract]
  33. Arosa, F. A., O. de Jesus, G. Porto, A. M. Carmo, M. de Sousa. 1999. Calreticulin is expressed on the cell surface of activated human peripheral blood T lymphocytes in association with MHC-class I molecules. J. Biol. Chem. 274:16917.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  34. Beyers, A. D., S. J. Davis, D. A. Cantrell, M. Izquierdo, A. F. Williams. 1991. Autonomous roles for the cytoplasmic domains of the CD2 and CD4 T cell surface antigens. EMBO J. 10:377.[Medline]
  35. Carmo, A. M., M. D. Wright. 1995. Association of the transmembrane 4 superfamily molecule CD53 with a tyrosine phosphatase activity. Eur. J. Immunol. 25:2090.[Medline]
  36. Hutchcroft, J. E., J. M. Slavik, H. Lin, T. Watanabe, B. E. Bierer. 1998. Uncoupling activation-dependent HS1 phosphorylation from nuclear factor of activated T cells transcriptional activation in Jurkat T cells: differential signaling through CD3 and the costimulatory receptors CD2 and CD28. J. Immunol. 161:4506.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Jin, Y.-J., D. R. Kaplan, M. White, G. C. Spagnoli, T. M. Roberts, E. L. Reinherz. 1990. Stimulation via CD3-Ti but not CD2 induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a 68-kDa protein in the human Jurkat T cell line. J. Immunol. 144:647.[Abstract]
  38. Pani, G., K.-D. Fischer, I. Mlinaric-Rascan, K. A. Siminovitch. 1996. Signaling capacity of the T cell antigen receptor is negatively regulated by the PTP1C tyrosine phosphatase. J. Exp. Med. 184:839.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  39. Tarakhovsky, A., S. B. Kanner, J. Hombach, J. A. Ledbetter, W. Müller, N. Killen, K. Rajewsky. 1995. A role for CD5 in TCR-mediated signal transduction and thymocyte selection. Science 269:535.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  40. Wee, S. F., G. L. Schieven, J. M. Kirihara, T. T. Tsu, J. A. Ledbetter, A. Aruffo. 1993. Tyrosine phosphorylation of CD6 by stimulation of CD3: augmentation by the CD4 and CD2 coreceptors. J. Exp. Med. 177:219.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  41. Jin, Y.-J., D. R. Kaplan, M. White, G. C. Spagnoli, T. M. Roberts, E. L. Reinherz. 1990. Stimulation via CD3-Ti but not CD2 induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a 68-kDa protein in the human Jurkat T cell line. J. Immunol. 144:647.
  42. Hubert, P., P. Debré, L. Boumsell, G. Bismuth. 1993. Tyrosine phosphorylation and association with phospholipase C{gamma}-1 of the GAP-associated 62-kD protein after CD2 stimulation of Jurkat T cell. J. Exp. Med. 178:1587.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  43. Alberola-Ila, J., L. Places, F. Lozano, J. Vives. 1993. Association of an activation inducible serine kinase activity with CD5. J. Immunol. 151:4423.[Abstract]
  44. Raman, C., R. P. Kimberly. 1998. Differential CD5-dependent regulation of CD5-associated CK2 activity in mature and immature T cells: implication on TCR/CD3 mediated activation. J. Immunol. 161:5817.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  45. Teh, S. J., N. Killeen, A. Tarakhovsky, D. R. Littman, H. S. Teh. 1997. CD2 regulates the positive selection and function of antigen specific CD4-CD8+ T cells. Blood 89:1308.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  46. Perez-Villar, J. J., G. S. Whitney, M. A. Bowen, D. H. Hewgill, A. A. Aruffo, S. B. Kanner. 1999. CD5 negatively regulates the T-cell antigen receptor signal transduction pathway: involvement of SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:2903.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  47. Carrera, A. C., L. Cardenas, A. Tugores, M. Alonso, F. Sanchez-Madris, M. O. Landazuri. 1989. Activators of protein kinase C up-regulate the cell surface expression of CD2 and CD5 T cell glycoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 264:15650.[Abstract/Free Full Text]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
R. J. Nunes, M. A. A. Castro, C. M. Goncalves, M. Bamberger, C. F. Pereira, G. Bismuth, and A. M. Carmo
Protein Interactions between CD2 and Lck Are Required for the Lipid Raft Distribution of CD2
J. Immunol., January 15, 2008; 180(2): 988 - 997.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
M. A. A. Castro, M. I. Oliveira, R. J. Nunes, S. Fabre, R. Barbosa, A. Peixoto, M. H. Brown, J. R. Parnes, G. Bismuth, A. Moreira, et al.
Extracellular Isoforms of CD6 Generated by Alternative Splicing Regulate Targeting of CD6 to the Immunological Synapse
J. Immunol., April 1, 2007; 178(7): 4351 - 4361.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C. Brossard, M. Semichon, A. Trautmann, and G. Bismuth
CD5 Inhibits Signaling at the Immunological Synapse Without Impairing Its Formation
J. Immunol., May 1, 2003; 170(9): 4623 - 4629.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
I. Gimferrer, M. Farnos, M. Calvo, M. Mittelbrunn, C. Enrich, F. Sanchez-Madrid, J. Vives, and F. Lozano
The Accessory Molecules CD5 and CD6 Associate on the Membrane of Lymphoid T Cells
J. Biol. Chem., February 28, 2003; 278(10): 8564 - 8571.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
M. A. A. Castro, R. J. Nunes, M. I. Oliveira, P. A. Tavares, C. Simoes, J. R. Parnes, A. Moreira, and A. M. Carmo
OX52 is the rat homologue of CD6: evidence for an effector function in the regulation of CD5 phosphorylation
J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2003; 73(1): 183 - 190.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BloodHome page
A. M. Fonseca, G. Porto, K. Uchida, and F. A. Arosa
Red blood cells inhibit activation-induced cell death and oxidative stress in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes
Blood, May 15, 2001; 97(10): 3152 - 3160.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int ImmunolHome page
H. Lin, M. P. Martelli, and B. E. Bierer
The involvement of the proto-oncogene p120 c-Cbl and ZAP-70 in CD2-mediated T cell activation
Int. Immunol., January 1, 2001; 13(1): 13 - 22.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Carmo, A. M.
Right arrow Articles by Arosa, F. A.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow