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CUTTING EDGE |
-Galactosylceramide Directs Conventional T Cells to the Acquisition of a Th2 Phenotype
*
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232;
Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Kirin Brewery Co, Ltd., Takasaki-shi, Gunma, Japan; and
Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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-galactosylceramide (-GalCer) presented by the MHC class I-like
molecule CD1d. In this paper we have studied the in vivo effects of
-GalCer on the generation of adaptive immune responses. Treatment of
mice with -GalCer resulted in rapid activation of NK T cells and
production of the cytokines IL-4 and IFN-
. However, after this
initial stimulation, NK T cells became polarized for the production of
IL-4. Further, as soon as 6 days after -GalCer injection, a marked
increase in serum IgE levels was observed. Administration of -GalCer
at the time of priming of mice with protein Ag resulted in the
generation of Ag-specific Th2 cells and a profound increase in the
production of IgE. Collectively, these findings indicate that
-GalCer may be useful for modulating immune responses toward a Th2
phenotype during prophylaxis and therapy. |
Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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14-J281 paired with Vß8.2, 7, or 2 in mouse), together
with NK cell receptors (NKR-P1 and Ly-49 in mouse). These cells are
found in the thymus, spleen, liver, and bone marrow, but are rare in
lymph nodes and the gut. Unlike conventional T cells that recognize
peptide Ags presented by the classical MHC class I or class II
molecules, NK T cells are specific for glycolipid Ags bound with the
MHC class I-like molecule CD1d (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Expression of CD1d
is required for the development of NK T cells (7, 8, 9, 10).
When stimulated through their TCR, NK T cells quickly produce a variety
of cytokines, including large amounts of IL-4 and significant amounts
of IFN- (1, 2). It was therefore postulated that NK T
cells may influence the differentiation of naive
CD4+ T lymphocytes into functional Th cells
(11). However, deletion of
ß2-microglobulin or CD1d molecules in mice did
not affect the differentiation of conventional
CD4+ T cells into Th cells with distinct
functions (8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14), indicating that NK T cells are
not absolutely required for the generation of polarized Th
responses.
The glycolipid -galactosylceramide
(-GalCer)3 was
originally isolated as a natural product from marine sponges (15, 16). Several studies demonstrated that NK T cells specifically
recognize this natural product and its synthetic homologue (KRN7000)
and that this recognition requires expression of CD1d (2, 4). Further studies indicated that reactivity to -GalCer is
highly specific for NK T cells that express the invariant
V14-J281 TCR in mice (17). In vitro stimulation of
mouse spleen cells by synthetic -GalCer results in proliferation of
NK T cells and production of both IFN- and IL-4 (2, 4, 17).
In this report we have studied the in vivo effects of -GalCer on the
production of cytokines and the generation of an adaptive immune
response. Our results demonstrate that -GalCer directs the
differentiation of naive T cell precursors toward the development of a
Th2 phenotype. These findings indicate that NK T cells can influence
the Th1/Th2 balance and that in vivo treatment with -GalCer may be
useful for manipulating this balance during prophylaxis and
therapy.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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C57BL/6 mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). CD1d-deficient (9) mice and controls on a mixed C57BL/6 x 129 background or from the sixth backcross to C57BL/6 were bred in the animal facility at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine (Nashville, TN).
Antigens
-GalCer (KRN7000) was chemically synthesized
(18) and chicken OVA was purchased from Sigma (St.
Louis, MO).
Flow cytometry
The following Abs were used for flow cytometry:
anti-NK1.1-PE, anti-TCRß-cychrome, anti-CD69-FITC,
anti-CD80-FITC, anti-CD86-FITC, and anti-B220-FITC (all
from PharMingen, San Diego, CA). Stainings were performed by incubating
cells with the Ab on ice in PBS plus 2% FCS, 0.1% azide, and
anti-FcRIII Abs (clone 2.4.G2 from the American Type Culture
Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA) for 45 min. Cells were then washed and
analyzed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San
Jose, CA).
In vitro stimulation of splenocytes with -GalCer
Splenocytes (4 x 105) were incubated
with titrated amounts of -GalCer in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented
with 10% FCS, 50 µM 2-ME, 2 mM glutamine, antibiotics, and 10 mM
HEPES (complete medium) for 72 h. For proliferation assays, 0.5
µCi of [3H]thymidine (NEN, Boston, MA) was
then added to the wells, and after an additional 16 h of culture,
cells were harvested with a cell harvester (Tomtec, Orange, CT), and
uptake of radioactivity was measured with a betaplate reader (Wallac,
Gaithersburg, MD). For measurement of cytokine levels, culture
supernatants were collected and measured for IFN- and IL-4 contents
by ELISA.
Immunization of mice
-GalCer (4 µg/mouse in 400 µl of vehicle) or vehicle
(0.025% polysorbate-20 in PBS) were injected i.p. (2 µg) and i.v. (2
µg) into mice. Similar results were obtained when DMSO was used as
the vehicle in which to dissolve -GalCer. For immunization with OVA,
mice were injected s.c. with OVA (100 µg/mouse) and -GalCer (4
µg/mouse) or with OVA and vehicle emulsified in CFA (Becton
Dickinson).
Measurement of Ag-specific T cell responses
Lymph node cells from immunized mice were depleted of
CD8+, MHC class II+, and
NK1.1+ cells by panning with anti-CD8 (clone
2.43; obtained from Dr. B. Graham, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine), anti-MHC class II (clone Y-3P from the ATCC), and
anti-NK1.1 (clone PK136 from the ATCC) Abs, respectively, on plates
coated with goat-anti mouse IgG (H+L) (Jackson ImmunoResearch
Laboratories, West Grove, PA). These purified
CD4+ T cells (3 x
105/well) were then cultured with 4 x
105 irradiated syngeneic spleen cells in the
presence of graded doses of OVA Ag. After 60 h of culture,
supernatants were collected for measurement of IFN- and IL-4 by
ELISA. After 72 h of culture, cells were pulsed with 0.5 µCi of
[3H]thymidine, cultured for another 12 h,
and uptake of radioactivity was measured as above.
RNase protection assay
Spleens were harvested from mice and total RNA was isolated (SV Total RNA Isolation System, Promega, Madison, WI). Cytokine levels were analyzed by RNase protection (RiboQuant multiprobe kit, mCK-1 probe set, PharMingen) using 5 µg of total RNA for each reaction. Protected fragments were visualized by autoradiography.
ELISA
A standard sandwich ELISA was used to measure mouse IFN-,
IL-4, and Ab isotype levels. IFN-, IL-4, and total IgE were measured
using purified and biotinylated Ab pairs and standards from PharMingen.
For detection, streptavidin-HRP (HRP) conjugate (Zymed Laboratories,
South San Francisco, CA) was used in conjunction with the substrate
3,3',5,'5'-tetramethylbenzidine (Dako, Carpinteria, CA).
Ag-specific IgE levels were measured similarly, but plates were coated
with 10 µg/ml of OVA instead of capture anti-IgE Ab. For
measurement of Ag-specific IgM, IgG1 and IgG2a Abs immunoplates
(Maxisorp, Nunc, Rochester, NY) were coated with 10 µg/ml of OVA in
0.1 M Na2HPO4. After
blocking with 1% BSA in PBS, serial dilutions of antiserum were added.
Detection was performed with anti-IgM-HRP, anti-IgG1-HRP, and
anti-IgG2a-HRP Abs (all from Southern Biotechnology Associates,
Birmingham, AL), in conjunction with the substrate
o-phenylene-diamine (Sigma). Concentrations were calculated
on the basis of standard curves of Ab isotypes (all from Southern
Biotechnology Associates) run in parallel ELISA assays.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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-GalCer results in the production of
Th1 and Th2 cytokines and biases NK T cells for the production of Th2
cytokines
Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated that -GalCer
stimulates NK T cells to produce both IFN- and IL-4 (2, 4, 17). We wanted to test whether -GalCer has similar effects on
NK T cells when administered to mice in vivo. Wild-type and
CD1d-deficient mice on a C57BL/6 or mixed C57BL/6 x 129 background
were therefore injected with 4 µg of -GalCer; 18 h later mice
were sacrificed and splenocytes were cultured in vitro for 72 h to
measure proliferation, or alternatively, cultured for 60 h, after
which IFN- and IL-4 levels in these cultures were measured. Fig. 1
A shows that -GalCer but
not vehicle induced strong proliferation of splenocytes and the
production of significant amounts of both IFN- and IL-4. These
effects of -GalCer were absent in CD1d-deficient mice that lack NK T
cells (Fig. 1A). Administration of -GalCer to mice also
resulted in significant amounts of IFN- in the serum of wild-type
but not CD1d-deficient animals (Fig. 1B). Although serum
IL-4 levels at this time point (18 h) were below the detection limit of
the ELISA assay used (data not shown), significant IL-4 levels could be
detected in the serum 2 h after -GalCer injection (data not
shown). RNase protection experiments further demonstrated that
-GalCer induced a variety of cytokines in the spleen of wild-type
animals, including the typical Th1 cytokine IFN- and the typical Th2
cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 (Fig. 1D).
Cytokine production by NK T cells in response to -GalCer was
accompanied by an increase in the expression of the early activation
marker CD69 by these cells (Fig. 1C).
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-producing Th1 cells
or IL-4-producing Th2 cells (19, 20). To test if NK T
cells can be polarized to produce Th1 or Th2, cytokine patterns mice
were immunized with -GalCer and in vitro recall responses to this Ag
were measured 18 h or 9 days later. Fig. 1
E shows that
9 days after a single injection of -GalCer NK T cells became
polarized for the production of IL-4. These effects were specific to
-GalCer-injected mice (Fig. 1E), and dependent on CD1d,
because CD1d-deficient mice never showed an in vitro response to
-GalCer, even when primed with this chemical before the assay (data
not shown). These findings therefore indicated that immunization of
mice with -GalCer results in the generation of NK T cells that
produce Th2 cytokines.
Administration of -GalCer to mice results in the activation of
conventional T cells, B cells, and NK cells
We sought out to test whether stimulation of NK T cells with
-GalCer can influence adaptive immune responses. First, we measured
the activation status of conventional T cells, B cells and NK cells.
Fig. 2A shows that as early as
18 h after administration of -GalCer, the expression of the
early activation marker CD69 was induced on mainstream T cells, B
cells, and NK cells. This effect was not seen in CD1d knockout mice,
indicating that these effects of -GalCer are dependent on the
activation of NK T cells. -GalCer also induced expression of the
costimulatory molecule CD86 on B cells, but did not induce expression
of CD80 on these cells (Fig. 2B).
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-GalCer treatment promotes Th2 immune responses
A key factor in the differentiation of naive
CD4+ T lymphocytes into functional effector T
cells appears to be the cytokines that are present in the environment
in which these cells develop (19, 20). IL-12 is a potent
inducer of Th1 immune responses, whereas IL-4 promotes the development
of Th2 immune responses. Our finding that -GalCer polarizes NK T
cells for the production of IL-4 suggested to us that this agent may
promote Th2 responses. This possibility was also suggested by our
observation that -GalCer induces expression of the costimulatory
molecule CD86 on B cells, because previous studies have shown that Ag
presentation in the context of CD86 promotes Th2 development, whereas
CD80 provides a more neutral differentiative signal (21, 22). To test this hypothesis, we measured IgE levels in the
serum of -GalCer-treated animals. Fig. 3A shows that as early as 6
days after administration of a single dose of -GalCer, a dramatic
increase in total serum IgE levels was observed. No significant
differences were found in the serum levels of IgM, IgG1, and IgG2a
(data not shown). Administration of -GalCer to CD1d-deficient mice
did not influence serum Ab isotype levels (data not shown).
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-GalCer on adaptive immune responses more
directly, mice were immunized with the protein Ag OVA together with
-GalCer in an emulsion of CFA. Eight days later, Ag-specific
CD4+ T cell responses and Ag-specific serum Ab
levels were measured. Fig. 3B shows that OVA-specific T
cells from -GalCer-injected mice produced more IL-4 and less IFN-
than OVA-specific T cells from vehicle-injected mice, indicating that
-GalCer biased the response toward a Th2 phenotype. This conclusion
was confirmed by the levels of OVA-specific Ig isotypes in the serum,
which indicated a strong increase in OVA-specific IgE and a dramatic
decrease in OVA-specific IgG2a Abs in the serum of -GalCer-treated
animals (Fig. 3C). Similar experiments with CD1d-deficient
mice showed that absence of CD1d, by itself, had no effect on
OVA-specific T and B cell responses, and that the effects of -GalCer
on T and B cell responses in wild-type mice were CD1d-dependent (data
not shown). Collectively, these findings indicate that -GalCer can
direct the differentiation of naive T cell precursors toward the
development of a Th2 phenotype. |
Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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-GalCer results in the
activation of NK T cells and production by these cells of both IFN-
and IL-4, but that after this initial activation NK T cells become
polarized cells that produce only IL-4. These changes in NK T cells
were paralleled by profound effects on the adaptive immune response: 1)
induction of the activation marker CD69 on mainstream T cells, B cells,
and NK cells; 2) induction of the costimulatory molecule CD86 on B
cells; and 3) an increase in serum IgE levels. Coadministration of
-GalCer and protein Ag in adjuvant promoted differentiation of naive
Ag-specific CD4+ T cells into Th2 cells, which
resulted in a profound increase in Ag-specific IgE Abs. Collectively,
these findings demonstrate that -GalCer can direct adaptive immune
responses toward the Th2 pathway.
While our studies clearly demonstrated that -GalCer polarized NK T
cells for the production of IL-4, the mechanism by which this occurs
remains unclear. One possibility would be that distinct populations of
naive NK T cells produce Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and that -GalCer
selectively induces cell death in Th1 cytokine-producing NK T cells. An
alternative possibility would be that naive NK T cells have the
capacity to produce both Th1 and Th2 cytokines and that -GalCer
polarizes these cells for production of Th2 cytokines only. The latter
scenario would closely resemble the differentiation program of
conventional CD4+ T cells into Th2 cells. We are
currently investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms that are
responsible for the polarized NK T cell responses induced by
-GalCer.
Polarized immune responses play an important role in the outcome of a
variety of diseases, including infectious, allergic, and autoimmune
diseases (19, 20). For example, resistance to most
intracellular microorganisms, including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi,
is linked to the induction of Th1 responses, whereas resistance to most
extracellular microorganisms such as parasitic helminths is linked to
the induction of Th2 responses. Our findings indicate that -GalCer,
when used as a vaccine adjuvant with sensitizing doses of Ag, can shift
subsequent immune responses to a Th2 pattern. Such a strategy should
prove useful for inclusion in vaccines directed against microorganisms
where Th2 responses provide protection from disease.
Many inflammatory diseases, including organ-specific autoimmune
diseases such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis,
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and inflammatory bowel diseases,
are characterized by pathogenic Th1 cells. Protection from these
diseases can be achieved by switching the immune response from a Th1
pattern to a Th2 pattern, through immunomodulation with cytokines
(19, 20). Immunomodulation with -GalCer provides
another, perhaps more attractive, way to inhibit the development of
pathogenic Th1 cells in inflammatory immune responses. Indeed, we have
recently demonstrated that repeated injection of -GalCer into
nonobese diabetic mice inhibits development of diabetes, and that
this was associated with the production of Th2 cytokines by NK T cells
(I. Serizawa, S. Hong, L. Wu, N. Singh, D. C. Scherer, T.
Miura, T. Haba, A. C. Powers, Y. Koezuka, and L. Van Kaer,
manuscript in preparation).
Another striking property of -GalCer is its ability to stimulate
both murine and human NK T cells (23, 24, 25). The remarkable
conservation of this recognition system was further underscored by the
observation that both mouse and human CD1d molecules were able to
present -GalCer to NK T cells from either species (23).
Thus, our in vivo studies with -GalCer in mice are directly relevant
to human disease conditions. Therefore, this chemical may be useful for
modulation of immune responses during prophylaxis and for prevention or
therapeutic intervention of a variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Luc Van Kaer, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 811 Rudolph Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232. E-mail address:
3 Abbreviation used in this paper: -GalCer, -galactosylceramide.
Received for publication June 8, 1999. Accepted for publication July 6, 1999.
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-galactosylceramide by natural killer T cells is highly conserved through mammalian evolution. J. Exp. Med. 188:1521.14+ NK T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 188:1529.This article has been cited by other articles:
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K. Minami, Y. Yanagawa, K. Iwabuchi, N. Shinohara, T. Harabayashi, K. Nonomura, and K. Onoe Negative feedback regulation of T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 cytokine balance via dendritic cell and natural killer T cell interactions Blood, September 1, 2005; 106(5): 1685 - 1693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Ronet, S. Darche, M. L. de Moraes, S. Miyake, T. Yamamura, J. A. Louis, L. H. Kasper, and D. Buzoni-Gatel NKT Cells Are Critical for the Initiation of an Inflammatory Bowel Response against Toxoplasma gondii J. Immunol., July 15, 2005; 175(2): 899 - 908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Geng, P. Laslo, K. Barton, and C.-R. Wang Transcriptional Regulation of CD1D1 by Ets Family Transcription Factors J. Immunol., July 15, 2005; 175(2): 1022 - 1029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Haraguchi, T. Takahashi, A. Matsumoto, T. Asai, Y. Kanda, M. Kurokawa, S. Ogawa, H. Oda, M. Taniguchi, H. Hirai, et al. Host-Residual Invariant NK T Cells Attenuate Graft-versus-Host Immunity J. Immunol., July 15, 2005; 175(2): 1320 - 1328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Ma, Q. Chen, and A. C. Ross Retinoic Acid and Polyriboinosinic:Polyribocytidylic Acid Stimulate Robust Anti-Tetanus Antibody Production while Differentially Regulating Type 1/Type 2 Cytokines and Lymphocyte Populations J. Immunol., June 15, 2005; 174(12): 7961 - 7969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Bezbradica, A. K. Stanic, N. Matsuki, H. Bour-Jordan, J. A. Bluestone, J. W. Thomas, D. Unutmaz, L. Van Kaer, and S. Joyce Distinct Roles of Dendritic Cells and B Cells in Va14Ja18 Natural T Cell Activation In Vivo J. Immunol., April 15, 2005; 174(8): 4696 - 4705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Chung, A. Aoukaty, J. Dutz, C. Terhorst, and R. Tan Cutting Edge: Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule-Associated Protein Controls NKT Cell Functions J. Immunol., March 15, 2005; 174(6): 3153 - 3157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. M. Aslanian, H. A. Chapman, and I. F. Charo Transient Role for CD1d-Restricted Natural Killer T Cells in the Formation of Atherosclerotic Lesions Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2005; 25(3): 628 - 632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Wu, G.-W. Xing, M. A. Poles, A. Horowitz, Y. Kinjo, B. Sullivan, V. Bodmer-Narkevitch, O. Plettenburg, M. Kronenberg, M. Tsuji, et al. Bacterial glycolipids and analogs as antigens for CD1d-restricted NKT cells PNAS, February 1, 2005; 102(5): 1351 - 1356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Suzuki, D. Wakita, K. Chamoto, Y. Narita, T. Tsuji, T. Takeshima, H. Gyobu, Y. Kawarada, S. Kondo, S. Akira, et al. Liposome-Encapsulated CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as a Potent Adjuvant for Inducing Type 1 Innate Immunity Cancer Res., December 1, 2004; 64(23): 8754 - 8760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Crough, M. Nieda, and A. J. Nicol Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Modulates {alpha}-Galactosylceramide-Responsive Human V{alpha}24+V{beta}11+ NKT Cells J. Immunol., October 15, 2004; 173(8): 4960 - 4966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Nakai, K. Iwabuchi, S. Fujii, N. Ishimori, N. Dashtsoodol, K. Watano, T. Mishima, C. Iwabuchi, S. Tanaka, J. S. Bezbradica, et al. Natural killer T cells accelerate atherogenesis in mice Blood, October 1, 2004; 104(7): 2051 - 2059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. V. Parekh, A. K. Singh, M. T. Wilson, D. Olivares-Villagomez, J. S. Bezbradica, H. Inazawa, H. Ehara, T. Sakai, I. Serizawa, L. Wu, et al. Quantitative and Qualitative Differences in the In Vivo Response of NKT Cells to Distinct {alpha}- and {beta}-Anomeric Glycolipids J. Immunol., September 15, 2004; 173(6): 3693 - 3706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Li, B. A. Sullivan, C. J. Aldrich, M. J. Soloski, J. Forman, A. G. Grandea III, P. E. Jensen, and L. Van Kaer Differential Requirement for Tapasin in the Presentation of Leader- and Insulin-Derived Peptide Antigens to Qa-1b-Restricted CTLs J. Immunol., September 15, 2004; 173(6): 3707 - 3715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Nagayama, K. Watanabe, M. Niwa, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport Schistosoma mansoni and {alpha}-Galactosylceramide: Prophylactic Effect of Th1 Immune Suppression in a Mouse Model of Graves' Hyperthyroidism J. Immunol., August 1, 2004; 173(3): 2167 - 2173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kimura, Y. Ishii, Y. Morishima, A. Shibuya, K. Shibuya, M. Taniguchi, M. Mochizuki, A. E. Hegab, T. Sakamoto, A. Nomura, et al. Treatment with {alpha}-Galactosylceramide Attenuates the Development of Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis J. Immunol., May 1, 2004; 172(9): 5782 - 5789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Tawill, L. Le Goff, F. Ali, M. Blaxter, and J. E. Allen Both Free-Living and Parasitic Nematodes Induce a Characteristic Th2 Response That Is Dependent on the Presence of Intact Glycans Infect. Immun., January 1, 2004; 72(1): 398 - 407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Zhang, M. Dong, L. Li, Y. Fan, P. Pathre, J. Dong, D. Lou, J. M. Wells, D. Olivares-Villagomez, L. Van Kaer, et al. Endonuclease G is required for early embryogenesis and normal apoptosis in mice PNAS, December 23, 2003; 100(26): 15782 - 15787. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Yang, A. Ueno, M. Bao, Z. Wang, J. S. Im, S. Porcelli, and J.-W. Yoon Control of NKT Cell Differentiation by Tissue-Specific Microenvironments J. Immunol., December 1, 2003; 171(11): 5913 - 5920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. F. Hermans, J. D. Silk, U. Gileadi, M. Salio, B. Mathew, G. Ritter, R. Schmidt, A. L. Harris, L. Old, and V. Cerundolo NKT Cells Enhance CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses to Soluble Antigen In Vivo through Direct Interaction with Dendritic Cells J. Immunol., November 15, 2003; 171(10): 5140 - 5147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Xu, T. Chun, A. Colmone, H. Nguyen, and C.-R. Wang Expression of CD1d Under the Control of a MHC Class Ia Promoter Skews the Development of NKT Cells, But Not CD8+ T Cells J. Immunol., October 15, 2003; 171(8): 4105 - 4112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Skold and S. M. Behar Role of CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells in Microbial Immunity Infect. Immun., October 1, 2003; 71(10): 5447 - 5455. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. T. Wilson, C. Johansson, D. Olivares-Villagomez, A. K. Singh, A. K. Stanic, C.-R. Wang, S. Joyce, M. J. Wick, and L. Van Kaer The response of natural killer T cells to glycolipid antigens is characterized by surface receptor down-modulation and expansion PNAS, September 16, 2003; 100(19): 10913 - 10918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Johnston, C. H. Kim, D. Soler, M. Emoto, and E. C. Butcher Differential Chemokine Responses and Homing Patterns of Murine TCR{alpha}{beta} NKT Cell Subsets J. Immunol., September 15, 2003; 171(6): 2960 - 2969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Lisbonne, S. Diem, A. de Castro Keller, J. Lefort, L. M. Araujo, P. Hachem, J.-M. Fourneau, S. Sidobre, M. Kronenberg, M. Taniguchi, et al. Cutting Edge: Invariant V{alpha}14 NKT Cells Are Required for Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation and Hyperreactivity in an Experimental Asthma Model J. Immunol., August 15, 2003; 171(4): 1637 - 1641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-Q. Yang, A. K. Singh, M. T. Wilson, M. Satoh, A. K. Stanic, J.-J. Park, S. Hong, S. D. Gadola, A. Mizutani, S. R. Kakumanu, et al. Immunoregulatory Role of CD1d in the Hydrocarbon Oil-Induced Model of Lupus Nephritis J. Immunol., August 15, 2003; 171(4): 2142 - 2153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Gillessen, Y. N. Naumov, E. E. S. Nieuwenhuis, M. A. Exley, F. S. Lee, N. Mach, A. D. Luster, R. S. Blumberg, M. Taniguchi, S. P. Balk, et al. CD1d-restricted T cells regulate dendritic cell function and antitumor immunity in a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent fashion PNAS, July 22, 2003; 100(15): 8874 - 8879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S.-i. Fujii, K. Shimizu, C. Smith, L. Bonifaz, and R. M. Steinman Activation of Natural Killer T Cells by {alpha}-Galactosylceramide Rapidly Induces the Full Maturation of Dendritic Cells In Vivo and Thereby Acts as an Adjuvant for Combined CD4 and CD8 T Cell Immunity to a Coadministered Protein J. Exp. Med., July 21, 2003; 198(2): 267 - 279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Motsinger, A. Azimzadeh, A. K. Stanic, R. P. Johnson, L. Van Kaer, S. Joyce, and D. Unutmaz Identification and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of CD1d-Restricted Macaque Natural Killer T Cells J. Virol., July 15, 2003; 77(14): 8153 - 8158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Matsuda, L. Gapin, J. L. Baron, S. Sidobre, D. B. Stetson, M. Mohrs, R. M. Locksley, and M. Kronenberg Mouse V{alpha}14i natural killer T cells are resistant to cytokine polarization in vivo PNAS, July 8, 2003; 100(14): 8395 - 8400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Matsuki, A. K. Stanic, M. E. Embers, L. Van Kaer, L. Morel, and S. Joyce Genetic Dissection of V{alpha}14J{alpha}18 Natural T Cell Number and Function in Autoimmune-Prone Mice J. Immunol., June 1, 2003; 170(11): 5429 - 5437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Zhang, R. D. Nichols, M. Taniguchi, T. Nakayama, and M. J. Parmely Gamma Interferon Production by Hepatic NK T Cells during Escherichia coli Infection Is Resistant to the Inhibitory Effects of Oxidative Stress Infect. Immun., May 1, 2003; 71(5): 2468 - 2477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. R. Singh, V. Saxena, S. Zang, L. Li, F. D. Finkelman, D. P. Witte, and C. O. Jacob Differential Contribution of IL-4 and STAT6 vs STAT4 to the Development of Lupus Nephritis J. Immunol., May 1, 2003; 170(9): 4818 - 4825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Yoshimoto, B. Min, T. Sugimoto, N. Hayashi, Y. Ishikawa, Y. Sasaki, H. Hata, K. Takeda, K. Okumura, L. Van Kaer, et al. Nonredundant Roles for CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T Cells and Conventional CD4+ T Cells in the Induction of Immunoglobulin E Antibodies in Response to Interleukin 18 Treatment of Mice J. Exp. Med., April 21, 2003; 197(8): 997 - 1005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Galli, S. Nuti, S. Tavarini, L. Galli-Stampino, C. De Lalla, G. Casorati, P. Dellabona, and S. Abrignani CD1d-restricted Help To B Cells By Human Invariant Natural Killer T Lymphocytes J. Exp. Med., April 21, 2003; 197(8): 1051 - 1057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Huber, D. Sartini, and M. Exley Role of CD1d in Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis J. Immunol., March 15, 2003; 170(6): 3147 - 3153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kuwata, H. Watanabe, S.-Y. Jiang, T. Yamamoto, C. Tomiyama-Miyaji, T. Abo, T. Miyazaki, and M. Naito AIM Inhibits Apoptosis of T Cells and NKT Cells in Corynebacterium-Induced Granuloma Formation in Mice Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2003; 162(3): 837 - 847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Stober, I. Jomantaite, R. Schirmbeck, and J. Reimann NKT Cells Provide Help for Dendritic Cell-Dependent Priming of MHC Class I-Restricted CD8+ T Cells In Vivo J. Immunol., March 1, 2003; 170(5): 2540 - 2548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. K. Stanic, A. D. De Silva, J.-J. Park, V. Sriram, S. Ichikawa, Y. Hirabyashi, K. Hayakawa, L. Van Kaer, R. R. Brutkiewicz, and S. Joyce Defective presentation of the CD1d1-restricted natural Va14Ja18 NKT lymphocyte antigen caused by beta -D-glucosylceramide synthase deficiency PNAS, February 18, 2003; 100(4): 1849 - 1854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. L. H. van Dommelen, H. A. Tabarias, M. J. Smyth, and M. A. Degli-Esposti Activation of Natural Killer (NK) T Cells during Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection Enhances the Antiviral Response Mediated by NK Cells J. Virol., February 1, 2003; 77(3): 1877 - 1884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. E. S. Nieuwenhuis, M. F. Neurath, N. Corazza, H. Iijima, J. Trgovcich, S. Wirtz, J. Glickman, D. Bailey, M. Yoshida, P. R. Galle, et al. Disruption of T helper 2-immune responses in Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3-deficient mice PNAS, December 24, 2002; 99(26): 16951 - 16956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Chackerian, J. Alt, V. Perera, and S. M. Behar Activation of NKT Cells Protects Mice from Tuberculosis Infect. Immun., November 1, 2002; 70(11): 6302 - 6309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Metwali, A. Blum, D. E. Elliott, and J. V. Weinstock Interleukin-4 Receptor {alpha} Chain and STAT6 Signaling Inhibit Gamma Interferon but Not Th2 Cytokine Expression within Schistosome Granulomas Infect. Immun., October 1, 2002; 70(10): 5651 - 5658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Faveeuw, V. Angeli, J. Fontaine, C. Maliszewski, A. Capron, L. Van Kaer, M. Moser, M. Capron, and F. Trottein Antigen Presentation by CD1d Contributes to the Amplification of Th2 Responses to Schistosoma mansoni Glycoconjugates in Mice J. Immunol., July 15, 2002; 169(2): 906 - 912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. T. Mars, V. Laloux, K. Goude, S. Desbois, A. Saoudi, L. Van Kaer, H. Lassmann, A. Herbelin, A. Lehuen, and R. S. Liblau Cutting Edge: V{alpha}14-J{alpha}281 NKT Cells Naturally Regulate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Nonobese Diabetic Mice J. Immunol., June 15, 2002; 168(12): 6007 - 6011. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. Roberts, V. Sriram, P. M. Spence, M. Gui, K. Hayakawa, I. Bacik, J. R. Bennink, J. W. Yewdell, and R. R. Brutkiewicz Recycling CD1d1 Molecules Present Endogenous Antigens Processed in an Endocytic Compartment to NKT Cells J. Immunol., June 1, 2002; 168(11): 5409 - 5414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Duthie and S. J. Kahn Treatment with {alpha}-Galactosylceramide Before Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Provides Protection or Induces Failure to Thrive J. Immunol., June 1, 2002; 168(11): 5778 - 5785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. L. Marzo, V. Vezys, K. Williams, D. F. Tough, and L. Lefrancois Tissue-Level Regulation of Th1 and Th2 Primary and Memory CD4 T Cells in Response to Listeria Infection J. Immunol., May 1, 2002; 168(9): 4504 - 4510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Balmer and E. Devaney NK T Cells Are a Source of Early Interleukin-4 following Infection with Third-Stage Larvae of the Filarial Nematode Brugia pahangi Infect. Immun., April 1, 2002; 70(4): 2215 - 2219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. R. Johnson, S. Hong, L. Van Kaer, Y. Koezuka, and B. S. Graham NK T Cells Contribute to Expansion of CD8+ T Cells and Amplification of Antiviral Immune Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus J. Virol., March 27, 2002; 76(9): 4294 - 4303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza, L. Van Kaer, C. C. Bergmann, J. M. Wilson, J. Schmieg, M. Kronenberg, T. Nakayama, M. Taniguchi, Y. Koezuka, and M. Tsuji Natural Killer T Cell Ligand {alpha}-Galactosylceramide Enhances Protective Immunity Induced by Malaria Vaccines J. Exp. Med., March 4, 2002; 195(5): 617 - 624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E. Gumperz, S. Miyake, T. Yamamura, and M. B. Brenner Functionally Distinct Subsets of CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T Cells Revealed by CD1d Tetramer Staining J. Exp. Med., March 4, 2002; 195(5): 625 - 636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Bendelac and R. Medzhitov Adjuvants of Immunity: Harnessing Innate Immunity to Promote Adaptive Immunity J. Exp. Med., March 4, 2002; 195(5): F19 - F23. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Smyth, N. Y. Crowe, D. G. Pellicci, K. Kyparissoudis, J. M. Kelly, K. Takeda, H. Yagita, and D. I. Godfrey Sequential production of interferon-gamma by NK1.1+ T cells and natural killer cells is essential for the antimetastatic effect of alpha -galactosylceramide Blood, February 15, 2002; 99(4): 1259 - 1266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. W. Jahng, I. Maricic, B. Pedersen, N. Burdin, O. Naidenko, M. Kronenberg, Y. Koezuka, and V. Kumar Activation of Natural Killer T Cells Potentiates or Prevents Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Exp. Med., December 17, 2001; 194(12): 1789 - 1799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. K. Singh, M. T. Wilson, S. Hong, D. Olivares-Villagomez, C. Du, A. K. Stanic, S. Joyce, S. Sriram, Y. Koezuka, and L. Van Kaer Natural Killer T Cell Activation Protects Mice Against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Exp. Med., December 17, 2001; 194(12): 1801 - 1811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Yang, M. Bao, and J.-W. Yoon Intrinsic Defects in the T-Cell Lineage Results in Natural Killer T-Cell Deficiency and the Development of Diabetes in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse Diabetes, December 1, 2001; 50(12): 2691 - 2699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kawakami, Y. Kinjo, K. Uezu, S. Yara, K. Miyagi, Y. Koguchi, T. Nakayama, M. Taniguchi, and A. Saito Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1-Dependent Increase of V{alpha}14 NKT Cells in Lungs and Their Roles in Th1 Response and Host Defense in Cryptococcal Infection J. Immunol., December 1, 2001; 167(11): 6525 - 6532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kawakami, Y. Kinjo, S. Yara, K. Uezu, Y. Koguchi, M. Tohyama, M. Azuma, K. Takeda, S. Akira, and A. Saito Enhanced Gamma Interferon Production through Activation of Valpha 14+ Natural Killer T Cells by alpha -Galactosylceramide in Interleukin-18-Deficient Mice with Systemic Cryptococcosis Infect. Immun., November 1, 2001; 69(11): 6643 - 6650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Muhammad Ali Tahir, O. Cheng, A. Shaulov, Y. Koezuka, G. J. Bubley, S. B. Wilson, S. P. Balk, and M. A. Exley Loss of IFN-{gamma} Production by Invariant NK T Cells in Advanced Cancer J. Immunol., October 1, 2001; 167(7): 4046 - 4050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Wang, Y.-B. Geng, and C.-R. Wang Cd1-Restricted Nk T Cells Protect Nonobese Diabetic Mice from Developing Diabetes J. Exp. Med., August 6, 2001; 194(3): 313 - 320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Trobonjaca, F. Leithauser, P. Moller, R. Schirmbeck, and J. Reimann Activating Immunity in the Liver. I. Liver Dendritic Cells (but Not Hepatocytes) Are Potent Activators of IFN-{gamma} Release by Liver NKT Cells J. Immunol., August 1, 2001; 167(3): 1413 - 1422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Hayakawa, K. Takeda, H. Yagita, L. Van Kaer, I. Saiki, and K. Okumura Differential Regulation of Th1 and Th2 Functions of NKT Cells by CD28 and CD40 Costimulatory Pathways J. Immunol., May 15, 2001; 166(10): 6012 - 6018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Exley, N. J. Bigley, O. Cheng, S. M. A. Tahir, S. T. Smiley, Q. L. Carter, H. F. Stills, M. J. Grusby, Y. Koezuka, M. Taniguchi, et al. CD1d-reactive T-cell activation leads to amelioration of disease caused by diabetogenic encephalomyocarditis virus J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2001; 69(5): 713 - 718. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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V. Laloux, L. Beaudoin, D. Jeske, C. Carnaud, and A. Lehuen NK T Cell-Induced Protection Against Diabetes in V{{alpha}}14-J{{alpha}}281 Transgenic Nonobese Diabetic Mice Is Associated with a Th2 Shift Circumscribed Regionally to the Islets and Functionally to Islet Autoantigen J. Immunol., March 15, 2001; 166(6): 3749 - 3756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Trobonjaca, F. Leithauser, P. Moller, H. Bluethmann, Y. Koezuka, H. R. MacDonald, and J. Reimann MHC-II-Independent CD4+ T Cells Induce Colitis in Immunodeficient RAG-/- Hosts J. Immunol., March 15, 2001; 166(6): 3804 - 3812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Wang, T. Chun, I. C. Rulifson, M. Exley, S. P. Balk, and C.-R. Wang Human CD1d Functions as a Transplantation Antigen and a Restriction Element in Mice J. Immunol., March 15, 2001; 166(6): 3829 - 3836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Karadimitris, S. Gadola, M. Altamirano, D. Brown, A. Woolfson, P. Klenerman, J.-L. Chen, Y. Koezuka, I. A. G. Roberts, D. A. Price, et al. From the Cover: Human CD1d-glycolipid tetramers generated by in vitro oxidative refolding chromatography PNAS, March 13, 2001; 98(6): 3294 - 3298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. C. Leite-de-Moraes, A. Hameg, M. Pacilio, Y. Koezuka, M. Taniguchi, L. Van Kaer, E. Schneider, M. Dy, and A. Herbelin IL-18 Enhances IL-4 Production by Ligand-Activated NKT Lymphocytes: A Pro-Th2 Effect of IL-18 Exerted Through NKT Cells J. Immunol., January 15, 2001; 166(2): 945 - 951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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