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The Journal of Immunology, 1999, 163: 1721-1724.
Copyright © 1999 by The American Association of Immunologists

CUTTING EDGE

Cutting Edge: Homologous Recombination of the MHC Class I K Region Defines New MHC-Linked Diabetogenic Susceptibility Gene(s) in Nonobese Diabetic Mice1

Masakazu Hattori2,*, Eiji Yamato*, Naoto Itoh*, Hidenobu Senpuku*, Tomomi Fujisawa*, Masayasu Yoshino{dagger}, Masahiro Fukuda*, Eisaku Matsumoto*, Tetsushi Toyonaga*, Ichiro Nakagawa*, Maria Petruzzelli*, Armand McMurray{ddagger}, Howard Weiner§, Tomoko Sagai{dagger}, Kazuo Moriwaki{dagger}, Toshihiko Shiroishi{dagger}, Ruth Maron§ and Torben Lund

* Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; {dagger} National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan; {ddagger} Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge MA 02139; § Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and University College London, London, United Kingdom


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 
To localize the MHC-linked diabetogenic genes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a recombinational hotspot from the B10.A(R209) mouse was introduced to the region between the MHC class I K and class II A of the NOD mouse with the recombinational site centromeric to the Lmp2/Tap1 complex by breeding the two strains. Replacement of the NOD region centromeric to the recombinational site with the same region in R209 mice prevented the development of diabetes (from 71 to 3%) and insulitis (from 61 to 15%) in the N7 intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice. Similarly, the replacement of the NOD class II A, E and class I D region with the same region in R209 mice prevented the diseases (diabetes, from 71 to 0%; insulitis, from 61 to 3%). In addition to the MHC class II genes, there are at least two MHC-linked diabetogenic genes in the region centromeric to Lmp2.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 
The nonobese diabetic (NOD)3 mouse develops type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus secondary to ß cell destruction by infiltrating immune cells (insulitis) (1). The development of type 1 diabetes is controlled by multiple loci (Idd1–17), including the MHC-linked gene(s) on chromosome 17 (2, 3, 4, 5) and non-MHC-linked diabetogenic genes on other chromosomes (6). The genes in the MHC region are the most important in determining susceptibility or resistance to type 1 diabetes. The number and location of the MHC-linked diabetogenic gene(s) are still unclear. Transgenic studies indicate that the unique MHC class II Aß (7, 8, 9) and deleted E molecules (7, 10) are important for the development of diabetes in NOD mice. In addition, there is increasing evidence suggesting a second MHC-linked diabetogenic gene outside the MHC class II region in the NOD mouse (11, 12, 13). To identify the MHC-linked diabetogenic genes, it is essential to dissect the MHC region and restrict the responsible region for the development of diabetes. Recombination frequency within the MHC region is too low to fine map a gene by standard linkage analysis in breeding studies between two inbred strains because of strong linkage disequilibria. We report here that a recombinational hotspot was introduced from the B10.A(R209) mouse into the region between the MHC class I K and class II A of the NOD mouse to dissect the MHC region. Identification of all the MHC-linked diabetogenic genes in the NOD mouse should accelerate the studies of homologous genes in human type 1 diabetes.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 References
 
Animals

The NOD/Shi/Jos and B10.A(R209)/Msf/Jos mice were housed at Joslin Diabetes Center Animal Facility (Boston, MA). The animals were screened for the development of diabetes once a week. When glycosuria was found, blood glucose levels were measured (diabetic, >17 mmol/L). To localize the MHC region responsible for diabetes in the NOD mouse (H2g7; MHC haplotype, Kd, Ag7, E-, Db), intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice were established by introducing a recombinational hotspot from B10.A(R209) mice into NOD mice. The B10.A(R209) mouse (H2r209; MHC haplotype, at Kwm7, Ak, Ed, Dd) has a hotspot that causes intra-MHC recombinations between the MHC class I K and class II A regions (14, 15). The MHC wm7 haplotype derived from wild mice, Mus musculus molossinus (MOL), enhances meiotic recombination at a 1.3-kb DNA segment adjacent to the gene for low-molecular-mass polypeptide-2 (Lmp2 hotspot) (16, 17).

NOD mice were mated with B10.A(R209) mice (hereafter R209) to produce F1(NOD x R209) mice. Heterozygous F1 mice were mated with NOD mice to produce first backcross (BC1) [(NOD x R209)F1 x NOD] mice. Female BC1 F107 and F144 were intra-MHC recombinants (recombination frequency 2.6% in females). The MHC haplotype of BC1 F107 was g7/g7 at K and g7/r209 at A through D. The MHC haplotype of BC1 F144 was g7/r209 at K and g7/g7 at A through D. The two intra-MHC recombinant BC1 females were backcrossed to NOD mice to produce BC2 and BC3 intra-MHC recombinant mice. The BC3 heterozygous mice were intercrossed to produce the N4 intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice. The N4 intercross animals were typed for the MHC haplotypes and divided into five groups (G1-G5 in Table IGo).


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  		Table I. The incidence of diabetes and insulitis in N4 and N7 intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice at 10 mo of age1

 
Serological typing of lymphocytes

Cervical lymph node cells were prepared from NOD and R209 mice and incubated with mAbs reacting with the MHC class I and II molecules: mAb SF1-1.1 (Kd), mAb HD25 (Kwm7) (15), mAb 28-8-6S (Db), mAb 34-5-8S (Dd), mAb 10-2-16 (I-Ak,f,r,s) reacting with both NOD and R209, mAb Y3P (I-Ab,f,p,q,r) reacting with R209, and mAb 14-4-4S (I-E). Nonspecific mouse myeloma Ig (RPC5.4) was used as negative control. FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Fc specific) was used as a second Ab. The reactivity was examined by flow cytometric analysis.

Genotyping analysis

DNA was extracted from tails or livers according to the standard protocols using proteinase K and phenol/chloroform. Southern blot analysis was performed according to the previous method (16). The DNA samples were subjected to genotyping with the microsatellite markers (MapPairs; Research Genetics, Huntsville, AL). PCR reactions were performed according to the methods described elsewhere (18). The marker distances from the centromere were based on the data of the MIT F2 intercrosses.


   Results and Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
References
 
Incidence of diabetes and insulitis in the N4 and N7 intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice

The incidence of diabetes and insulitis in the G1-G5 group of the N4 and N7 intercross mice at 10 mo of age is shown in Table IGo. Replacement (homologous recombination) of the NOD class I K region with the R209 class I K region prevented the development of diabetes and insulitis in the N4 intercross mice (diabetes, 55% in G1 and 0% in G3; insulitis, 72% in G1 and 15% in G3) and in the N7 intercross mice (diabetes, 71% in G1 and 3% in G3; insulitis, 61% in G1 and 15% in G3). Similarly, the replacement of the NOD A, E, and D region with that of the R209 mouse prevented the development of diabetes and insulitis in N4 G5 mice (diabetes, 0%; insulitis, 9%) and in N7 G5 (diabetes, 0%; insulitis, 3%). The heterozygotes in G2 and G4 of the N4 and N7 generations showed a reduced incidence of diabetes and insulitis in comparison with the homozygotes in G1. The incidence of diabetes in the N10 intercross mice at 6 mo of age was 67% (22/33) in G1, 17% (4/24) in G2, 0% (0/12) in G3, 5% (1/19) in G4, and 0% (0/18) in G5. Thus, replacement of the NOD MHC class I K region with the R209 K region was associated with marked suppression of diabetes in the N4, N7, and N10 intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice in a dose-dependent manner.

The MHC class II molecules on the spleen cells from the N10 G3 intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice at 4 mo of age were measured and compared with those from the N10 G1 mice using the Quantum Fluorescence Kits for molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochromes (MESF) units of FITC (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and mAb 10-2-16 and 40A reacting with NOD MHC I-Ag7. The level of the MHC class II surface molecules on the spleen cells was not significantly different between the G1 and G3 group in the quantitation assay. This result indicates that the G3 intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice express the MHC class II molecules well, and that the suppression of diabetes in the G3 mice is unrelated to the MHC class II surface expression, but may be caused by novel diabetogenic genes in the region centromeric to the Lmp2 gene.

Telomeric recombinational site adjacent to the Lmp2 gene

RFLP analysis showed that the parental BC1 F107 and F144 mice and G3 mice in the N4 intra-MHC recombinant mice had a recombinational site at 2 kb centromeric to Lmp2/Tap1 complex (Fig. 1Go). Taken the incidence of diabetes and insulitis in the N4 intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice into considerartion (Table IGo), the results from the RFLP analysis suggests that the region centromeric to Lmp2, including the MHC class I K, is important for the development of diabetes and insulitis as well as the MHC class II genes.



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  		FIGURE 1. Southern blot analysis for the recombination site between class I K and class II A in the N4 intra-MHC recombinant G1, G2, and G3 animals. Locations of the probes are indicated above the restriction map (16 ). The DNA samples were digested by TaqI or SphI and hybridized with Probe A. (Southern blot analysis with Probe B, data not shown)

 
Genetic background of the BC6 intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice

To assess the contribution of the R209 MHC-linked segments to the disease protection, tail or liver DNA samples from NOD, R209, and the BC6 intra-MHC recombinant (heterozygous) mice were examined for homozygosity at Idd3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -11, -12, -13, -14, and -15 loci. All the non-MHC Idd segments carried only the NOD types. This suggests that the contribution to changes in the incidence of diabetes and insulitis was caused by the MHC-linked segments.

Centromeric boundaries in the congenic lines of the intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice

Our breeding studies have reached the BC11–13 and N12 generations. The G3 intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice from the intercrosses (N12) of the BC11 mice were examined for the centromeric boundaries of the r209 segment. Two different types of the recombinational sites were found at 4.4 and >6.6 cM centromeric to the MHC K locus. In comparison with the G1 mice, these G3 mice with a different length of homozygous r209/r209 segment should provide information to determine the region containing the second MHC-linked diabetogenic gene. Two N12 congenic lines, whose centromeric boundaries are at different distances, were established and screened for the development of diabetes for 250 days. Of the G3 lines, G3-A line, whose centromeric boundary was at >6.6 cM to Lmp2, did not develop diabetes (incidence: 0/16 females and 0/28 males, p < 4 x 10-10 and p < 1 x 10-10, respectively, vs G1; Fisher’s exact test), while G1 mice developed diabetes at the incidence of 87% (40/46) in females and 78% (32/41) in males by the age of 250 days (Fig. 2Go). G3-B line, whose centromeric boundary was at 4.4 cM, was protected against diabetes by the age of 250 days (incidence: 4/10 females and 0/8 males, p < 0.005 and p < 1 x 10-4, respectively, vs G1). Comparison of the disease incidence between female lines G3-A and G3-B (p = 0.014) suggests a third MHC-linked diabetogenic gene outside of the MHC region. This is further supported by the analysis of the G3 cogenic mice whose chromosomal segments were homozygous r209/r209 in the region of 4.4 cM centromeric to Lmp2 and heterozygous r209/nod in the different segment of the region of >4.4 cM developed diabetes at 20% incidence (2/10 mice) at the age of 250 days, suggesting a third MHC-linked diabetogenic gene outside of the MHC region.



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  		FIGURE 2. Development of diabetes in two congenic lines of the G3 intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice. Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival plot at 250 days of age. Two congenic lines with a different length of the r209/r209 segment centromeric to the MHC K gene were established from the G3 mice from the N12 intra-MHC recombinant NOD mice by intercrossing the BC11 mice. Line G3-A showed a centromeric boundary at >6.6 cM to the MHC K gene. Line G3-B showed a centromeric boundary at 4.4 cM to the MHC K gene. Left figure indicates female animals of G3-A (16 females), G3-B (10 females), and G1 (46 females, the whole genetic background: nod/nod) from the N12 mice. Right figure indicates male animals of G3-A (28 males), G3-B (8 males), and G1 (41 males).

 
The data suggest that, in addition to the MHC class II genes, there is a second major MHC-linked diabetogenic gene(s) in the region of 4.4 cM centromeric to Lmp2, which includes the MHC class I K gene. This second gene delays the onset of diabetes but does not abrogate the disease in the animals. Thus, it may not be the MHC K gene, since NOD mice containing the MHC class I Ld transgene was protective against diabetes (11). A third MHC-linked diabetogenic gene may be located outside of the MHC region. Our results clearly demonstrate that the regions immediately flanking the MHC contains susceptibility genes to the development of diabetes. Given the importance of the MHC region, and notably the MHC class II alleles in many other autoimmune diseases, it is possible that the new gene(s) may influence the other diseases as well as diabetes.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank Chie Owa for her technical support and Eric Lander for his encouragement.


   Footnotes
 
1 This work was supported by grants from Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International (JDFI), Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation, British Diabetes Association, and National Institutes of Health (RO1 DK43613, DK48825, and P30 DK36836). E.Y., M.F., and T.T. were recipients of the JDFI postdoctoral fellowship. T.F. is a recipient of Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research Abroad of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Back

2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Masakazu Hattori, Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail address: Back

3 Abbreviation used in this paper: NOD, nonobese diabetic. Back

Received for publication January 14, 1999. Accepted for publication June 1, 1999.


   References
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Linkage Analysis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Induced in Diabetes-Prone Nonobese Diabetic Mice by Mycobacterium bovis
J. Immunol., August 1, 2000; 165(3): 1673 - 1684.
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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
L. Morel, K. R. Blenman, B. P. Croker, and E. K. Wakeland
The major murine systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility locus, Sle1, is a cluster of functionally related genes
PNAS, February 13, 2001; 98(4): 1787 - 1792.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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