HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Nagata, K. Articles by Takano, S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Nagata, K. Articles by Takano, S.

Selective Expression of a Novel Surface Molecule by Human Th2 Cells In Vivo

Kinya Nagata^1,*, Kazuya Tanaka^*, Kazuyuki Ogawa^*, Kazumi Kemmotsu^*, Toshio Imai, Osamu Yoshie^2,, Hiroyuki Abe, Kohtaro Tada, Masataka Nakamura^§, Kazuo Sugamura and Shoichi Takano^*

^* R & D Center, BioMedical Laboratories, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan; Shionogi Institute for Medical Science, Settsu, Osaka, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and ^§ Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
The search for reliable marker molecules discriminating between human Th1 and Th2 cells identified a gene encoding a novel member of the G protein-coupled leukocyte chemoattractant receptor family, which is selectively expressed in Th2 but not Th1 lineage cells, thereby named CRTH2 (chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells). Studies with anti-CRTH2 mAbs demonstrated that CRTH2 was expressed in a small population (0.4–6.5%) of CD4⁺ T cells in fresh PBMCs of healthy adults, but no remarkable expression was seen in B cells and NK cells. In some cases, CD8⁺ T cells (3.5%) expressed CRTH2. Phenotypes of CD4⁺ T cells expressing CRTH2 were CD45RA^-, CD45RO⁺, and CD25⁺, similar to those of Ag-activated effector/memory T cells. Freshly isolated CRTH2⁺ CD4⁺ T cells produced Th2- but little or no Th1-type cytokines upon stimulation with PMA and ionomycin. In addition, an allergen-induced proliferative response in fresh PBMCs was significantly and selectively reduced by subtracting CRTH2⁺ cells. Together, these results indicate that CRTH2 is selectively expressed in vivo in an activated state of Th2 cells including allergen-responsive Th2 cells, suggesting its pivotal roles in ongoing Th2-type immune reactions.

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
CD4⁺ effector Th cells can be divided into at least three distinct subsets termed Th1, Th2, and Th0 in both mice and humans, based on the profile of their cytokine production (1, 2, 3, 4). In humans, Th1 cells typically secrete IFN- and predominantly promote cell-mediated immune responses such as delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and macrophage activation. Th2 cells are characterized by their production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which promote strong humoral immunity including IgE production, and growth and differentiation of mast cells and eosinophils. Th0 cells secrete cytokines typical of both Th1 and Th2 cells, but Th0 function is not fully elucidated. Various pathological conditions, such as infection, autoimmune diseases, and allergy, exhibit the polarized Th1 and Th2 responses that are believed to be closely implicated in the onset and outcome of these diseases (4, 5).

Since the discovery of Th1 and Th2 subsets there has been intense interest in finding their cell-surface markers that would be useful not only in monitoring but also in manipulating the subsets in vivo. Several surface molecules have been reported to be differentially expressed between Th1 and Th2 cells. LAG-3 (6), active ligands for P- and E-selectin (7), IL-12R ß2 subunit (8, 9), and CC chemokine receptor (CCR)³ 5 (10) were shown to be dominantly expressed on Th1 cells, whereas expression of CD30 (11), IFN-R ß-chain (12), CCR3 (13), CCR4 (14), and ST2L (15) was reported to be preferential to Th2 cells. All of these molecules were originally identified with in vitro cell culture system. However, expression specificity of these molecules in human Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo has not yet been fully established. Identification of reliable markers in humans that are stably expressed in either Th1 or Th2 subsets in vivo would facilitate our understanding of functional involvement of the subsets in normal and disorderly condition.

In this study, we took advantage of the gene expression screen method (16, 17) to clone genes for molecules that are differentially expressed between human Th1 and Th2 cells. One clone was finally selected that encodes a novel G protein-coupled receptor, named CRTH2, selectively expressed in Th2 but not Th1 cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggested that CRTH2⁺ cells play central roles in allergen-induced immune responses. Collectively, CRTH2 could be a useful tool for the study of human Th2 in vivo as well as in vitro.

	Materials and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Cell lines

Human cell lines used in this study were: T cell lines Jurkat, Hut102, Hut78, MT-2, TL-Mor, CCRF-CEM, and Molt-4; B cell lines Daudi, BJAB, and an EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line LCL-Nag; an erythroid line HEL; a monocyte/macrophage line THP-1; a cervix carcinoma line HeLa; a hepatoma line Hep-G2; and an adenovirus-transformed embryonic kidney line 293 obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). A mouse T cell line BW5147, mouse myeloma line SP2/O-Ag8, rat T cell line TART-1, monkey kidney line COS7, and transfectants of COS7 coexpressing human CD4 and the CCR5 or CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4 were also used. The expression of the transgenes in the COS7 transfectants were confirmed by HIV-1 infection. Cells stably expressing CCR1, CCR2B, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, or fractalkine receptor CX₃CR1 were described previously (18). Cell lines were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (except for HeLa, 293, and COS7 cells, which were cultured in DMEM with the same addition) and supplemented with 10% FCS and antibiotics at 37°C under 5% CO₂ in air.

Generation of Th1 and Th2 lines and clones from PBMC

PBMCs were isolated from heparinized blood by density gradient centrifugation using Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FCS and antibiotics with appropriate additives at 37°C under 5% CO₂ in air. Th1 cells were induced from PBMCs of healthy volunteers by stimulation with 1 µg/ml of PHA (PHA-P; Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan) or 5 µg/ml of a purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PPD) (Japan BCG Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan) in the presence of 5 ng/ml of human rIL-12 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and 100 ng/ml of human rIFN- (Genzyme, Cambridge, MA) (Th1 line). Th2 cells were induced from PBMCs from normal adults by stimulation with PHA or an extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der; 1% (v/v)) (Torii Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan) in the presence of 50 ng/ml of human rIL-4 (Genzyme) and 10 µg/ml of neutralizing anti-IFN- mAb (K1) (Genzyme) (Th2 line). PBMC cultures were supplemented with 50 U/ml of human rIL-2 (Shionogi, Osaka, Japan) on day 4–6 and further cultured for several days to expand cells. Th1 and Th2 clones were established by limiting dilution. Briefly, CD4⁺ cells were purified from the Th1 or Th2 line with anti-CD4 Ab-coupled magnetic beads (Dynal, Lake Success, NY) and plated in a 96-well round-bottom plate at 0.5–10 cells per well in the presence of PHA (1 µg/ml) and IL-2 (100 U/ml) with 1–5 x 10⁴ LCL-Nag cells/well, which had been previously treated with 50 µg/ml of mitomycin C (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, Tokyo, Japan) at 37°C for 30 min. One half of the medium was replaced with fresh medium containing IL-2 (100 U/ml) twice a week. Clones were examined for their production of cytokines to specify their property.

Southern and Northern blot analyses

Total RNAs were extracted from cells with Trizol reagent (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD). Southern and Northern blot analyses were conducted with Hybond N⁺ nylon membranes (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, U.K.) under stringent hybridization condition according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Version 2). ³²P-labeling of probes was performed with a random primer DNA-labeling kit (Takara Shuzo, Shiga, Japan). A 246-bp RT-PCR product of ß-actin mRNA was used as a control probe (see below). The radioactivity on the membranes was visualized by BAS 1000 Image Analyzing System (Fuji Photo Film, Tokyo, Japan).

Preparation of a subtracted Th2 cDNA library and isolation of Th2-specific cDNA fragments

A subtracted Th2 cDNA library was prepared by the gene expression screen method (16, 17) using total RNAs from a typical Th1 clone 2P15 and a typical Th2 clone 2P26, both of which were obtained from the same donor (K.T.). Three rounds of subtractive hybridization were performed between 2P15 and 2P26 cDNA fragments as described (17). The final products were used as subtracted Th1 and Th2 probes. A portion of the subtracted Th2 probe was digested with XbaI and cloned into the XbaI site of pBluescript SK- (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA), generating a subtracted Th2 cDNA library. The subtracted Th2 cDNA library was screened by differential hybridization with the ³²P-labeled subtracted Th1 and Th2 probes. Clones that were selectively hybridized with the subtracted Th2 probe were selected. DNA sequences were determined by the dye-terminator cycle sequencing method on ABI 377 automated sequencer (Perkin-Elmer Japan, Chiba, Japan).

Cloning of full-length cDNA

cDNA was synthesized from the 2P26 poly(A)⁺ RNA with a SuperScript Choice System (Life Technologies) and cloned into the EcoRI site of Lambda ZAP II phage vector (Stratagene). The resultant phage library was screened by plaque hybridization with the selected Th2-specific cDNA fragment B (see text).

Expression of CRTH2 in mammalian cell lines

The full-length CRTH2 cDNA (clone B19) was subcloned into three mammalian expression vectors: pCXN2 (19), pRc/CMV (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA), and pcDL-SR296 (20). In brief, the cDNA insert was excised separately at the EcoRI site in the cloning adapter, HindIII/XbaI sites in the multicloning site of the phagemid vector, or EcoRI site in 5'-side adapter and EcoRV site within the cDNA (nucleotide 1365), then subcloned into the EcoRI site of pCXN2, HindIII/XbaI sites of pRc/CMV, or EcoRI/KpnI (blunted) sites of pcDL-SR296, respectively, generating pCXN2/B19, pRc/B19, and pcDL-SR/B19. These expression plasmids were introduced in various cell lines by electroporation, and stable transfectants were selected in the presence of geneticin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Transfectants used in this study were pCXN2/B19-transfected TART-1 (TART/B19-12.10) and BW5147 (BW/B19-3.4), pRc/B19-introduced 293 (293/B19-1), and pcDL-SR/B19-transfected Jurkat (Jurkat/B19-1).

Generation of mAbs and anti-peptide Abs

mAbs were generated by i.p. immunization of Wistar rats with 10⁷ TART/B19-12.10 cells once a week. Three days after the fifth immunization, sensitized spleen cells were fused with SP2/O-Ag8 cells. Culture supernatants of the hybridomas were screened by indirect membrane immunofluorescence method using TART-1, TART/B19-12.10, and phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated goat anti-rat IgG (Biosource International, Camarillo, CA). Anti-peptide Abs to CRTH2 were generated by immunization of New Zealand White rabbits with peptide corresponding to the deduced sequence of the first (MSANATLKPLCPILEQMSRLQSHSNTSIRYIDH), the third (RDTISRLDGRIMCYYNVLLLNPGPDRDATCNSRQ), or the fourth (PYHVFSLLEARAHANPGLRP) extracellular domain of CRTH2, which had been conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin with m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Pierce, Rockford, IL) (21). The anti-peptide Ab was affinity-purified using corresponding peptide coupled to an Affi-Gel10 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, CA).

Immunoblotting and endoglycosidase F (endo F) treatment

Cells (5 x 10⁶) were labeled with an anti-CRTH2 mAb (10–20 µg/ml) at 4°C for 30 min, washed, and lysed in 1 ml of lysis buffer (1% sucrose monolaurate (Dojindo Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan), 25 mM Tris/HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, and protease inhibitors) at 4°C for 1 h. The cell lysate was clarified by centrifugation, and the immune complex was immunoprecipitated with 10⁷ anti-rat IgG-coupled magnetic beads (Dynal). The precipitates were washed five times with the lysis buffer, then were subjected to SDS-PAGE or endo F treatment followed by SDS-PAGE as previously described (22). The proteins in the polyacrylamide gel were electrically transferred onto a BA-S85 nitrocellulose membrane (Schleicher & Schüll, Dassel, Germany), and CRTH2 was visualized with a rabbit anti-CRTH2 Ab (5 µg/ml) and a horseradish peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG (Zymed Laboratories, San Francisco, CA) followed by chemiluminescent detection using Western blot chemiluminescence reagent (New England Nuclear, Boston, MA).

Flow cytometry

The following materials were obtained from Becton Dickinson (San Jose, CA): FITC-conjugated mAbs to CD3 (clone Leu-4), CD4 (Leu-3a), CD8 (Leu-2a), CD19 (Leu-12), HLA-DR (L243), and IFN- (25723.11); PE-conjugated mAbs to IL-4 (3010.211) and IFN-; peridinin chlorophyll protein (PerCP)-conjugated mAb to CD4; and appropriate isotype-matched controls. FITC-conjugated mAbs to CD16 (3G8), CD45RO (UCHL-1), and CD45RA (HI100); PE-conjugated mAbs to CD25 (M-A251), IL-5 (TRFK5), and IL-13 (JES10-5A2); and control conjugates were purchased from PharMingen (La Jolla, CA). PE- and RED670-labeled streptavidins, FITC-conjugated streptavidin, and FITC-labeled anti-CD62L mAb (Dreg 56) were obtained from Life Technologies, Biomedia (Foster City, CA), and Immunoteck (Marseille Cedex, France), respectively. Control rat IgG2a was purchased from Zymed. To biotinylate mAbs, a long-arm N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-biotin (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) was used. Staining of cell surface Ags was performed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Intracellular cytokines were stained according to the method of Picker et al. (23). The stained cells were analyzed on FACScan flow cytometer using CellQuest software (both from Becton Dickinson).

RT-PCR

Total RNA was treated with RNase-free DNaseI (Promega, Madison, WI) and was reverse transcribed in 20 µl of reaction mixture using Superscript II RT (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s recommended method. A portion of the reaction product was subjected to PCR using an AmpliTaq DNA polymerase (Perkin-Elmer). Sense and antisense primers used in this study were as follows: for CRTH2, 5'-CCTCTGTGCCCAGAGCCCCACGATGTCGGC and 5'-CACGGCCAAGAAGTAGGTGAAGAAG; for ß-actin, 5'-TGAAGTCTGACGTGGACATC and 5'-ACTCGTCATACTCCTGCTTG (24). For each PCR reaction (25 µl), the sample was first denatured at 95°C for 2 min and amplified by 30 cycles of PCR (94°C, 1 min; 67°C, 1 min; and 72°C, 2 min) for CRTH2 or by 23 cycles of PCR (94°C, 1 min; 65°C, 1 min; and 72°C, 2 min) for ß-actin.

Fractionation of fresh PBMC and cultured cells

For purification of CRTH2⁺ or CRTH2^- cells, fresh PBMCs or cultured cells were heavily labeled with BM16 at 50 µg/ml for 30 min at 4°C in the presence of 10% normal human serum. After extensive washing, Ab-labeled cells were either positively isolated by labeling with anti-rat IgG-coupled microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) followed by two rounds of purification on MS⁺ positive selection column (Miltenyi) attached with 26-gauge needle for flow regulation, or they were removed from unlabeled cells with excess amounts of anti-rat IgG-coupled magnetic beads (Dynal).

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Cloning of a novel G protein-coupled receptor from a Th2 cDNA library

After screening of 3 x 10³ cDNA fragments from the subtracted Th2 cDNA library, we obtained 45 independent cDNA fragments that were differentially hybridized with the subtracted Th2 (2P26-derived) but not Th1 (2P15-derived) probe. Northern blot analyses using total RNAs of 2P15 and 2P26 cells showed that 13 of the 45 cDNA fragments were actually expressed at detectable levels in a 2P26-specific manner. Search of the EMBL, GenBank, and DDBJ databases revealed that 6 of the 13 cDNA fragments were novel, whereas the others are known genes. After analyzing mRNA levels using a large panel of Th1 and Th2 cells, we selected a cDNA fragment called fragment B as a candidate for the Th2-specific gene.

The cDNA fragment B (272 bp) was hybridized with a 3.0-kbp mRNA species that was selectively expressed in all Th2 clones and lines but not in any Th1 clones and lines (Fig. 1). The significant expression of this gene was not observed in human cell lines derived from various tissues in Northern blot analysis.

View larger version (39K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 1. Expression of CRTH2 mRNA in human Th1 and Th2 cells. Total RNAs (10 µg) from Th1 clones 1P04 and 2P15 (lanes 1 and 2, respectively), Th2 clones 2P26 and KND4 (lanes 3 and 4), PPD-induced Th1 lines (lanes 5–9), and Der-induced Th2 lines (lanes 10–14) were analyzed for relative level of CRTH2 mRNA by Northern blot analysis using cDNA fragment B as a probe. The relative level of ß-actin mRNA was monitored to check the amount of total RNA applied to each lane.

The longest open reading frame of 1185 nucleotides of cDNA clone B19 starts from the first ATG (nucleotide 113), which roughly conforms to the Kozak rule (25), and encodes a protein of 395 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 43 kDa. Fig. 2 shows the deduced amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by B19. A hydropathy analysis indicated seven putative transmembrane domains, which is a characteristic feature of the G protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptor (STR) superfamily. Indeed, the highest amino acid sequence identity is found with members of the leukocyte receptor for the "classical" chemoattractants, such as FMLP receptor (32%) (Ref. 26 and Fig. 2), C3a receptor (30%) (27), and C5a receptor (29%) (28), which belong to the STR superfamily (29). On the other hand, the amino acid sequence identities of this protein with receptors for CC- or CXC-chemokines, such as CCR3 (25%) (30) and IL-8 receptor (22%) (31), are slightly lower. In addition, the B19-encoded protein lacks some common features characteristic to chemokine receptors, such as four conserved cysteine residues in each of the extracellular domains and an amino acid motif DRYLAIVHA within the second intracellular domain (30). For these circumstances, we named this protein CRTH2 (chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2). CRTH2 has two potential N-glycosylation sites at the first extracellular domain and has a unique long cytoplasmic tail in which four consensus sites for protein kinase C phosphorylation are found (Fig. 2).

View larger version (49K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 2. Primary structure of CRTH2. The deduced amino acid sequence of CRTH2 is aligned with that of human N-formyl peptide receptor (FMLPR) (26). The identical amino acids are indicated by dots. Putative transmembrane (TM) segments are overlined and numbered as TM1-TM7. The conserved proline and cysteine residues are indicated by inverted triangles. Potential sites for N-glycosylation and protein kinase C phosphorylation are presented by asterisks and stars, respectively.

To confirm the Th2-specificity of CRTH2 expression at the protein level, we generated five mAbs named BM6 (IgG2b), BM10 (IgG2b), BM16 (IgG2a), BM17 (IgG2a), and BM18 (IgG2a). CRTH2-specificity of these mAbs was confirmed using a large panel of CRTH2 mRNA-positive and -negative cell lines. All of these mAbs reacted with CRTH2-transfected cell lines (TART/B19-12.10, BW/B19-3.4, 293/B19-1, and Jurkat/B19-1), but they were not seen on their parent lines (TART-1, BW5147, 293, and Jurkat) and other CRTH2 mRNA-negative cell lines (Hut102, Hut78, TL-Mor, CCRF-CEM, MT-2, Molt-4, Daudi, BJAB, LCL-Nag, THP-1, HEL, HeLa, Hep-G2, and COS7) in flow cytometry. These mAbs were shown to compete with each other for binding to CRTH2 transfectants, suggesting that they recognize a common or neighboring epitope on the protein. Hence, a representative mAb, BM16, which showed the highest binding affinity to CRTH2 transfectants, was mainly used for further examination. The flow cytometric profiles of the transfectants stained with BM16 are presented in Fig. 3A. Similar results were obtained with other anti-CRTH2 mAbs. Because several chemokine receptors have been reported to be expressed on T cells (29, 32), we carefully examined the possible cross-reactivity of anti-CRTH2 mAb BM16 with known chemokine receptors. But no positive reaction was observed with transfectants stably expressing CCR1, CCR2B, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CX₃CR1, or CXCR4 in flow cytometric analysis (data not shown).

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 3. Selective expression of CRTH2 on the surface of Th2 cells. A, BM16 staining of CRTH2 transfectants. Cells indicated in each panel were stained with BM16 (solid line) or control rat IgG2a (dotted line) (10 µg/ml) at 4°C for 30 min followed by PE-labeled goat anti-rat IgG (1:200 dilution) at 4°C for 30 min. B, Detection of CRTH2 by Far-Western blotting. Jurkat (lane 1), Jurkat/B19-1 (lanes 2, 3, 6, and 7), and Th2 clone 6L21 (lanes 4, 5, 8, and 9) cells (5 x 106/lane) were subjected to Far-Western blotting using the indicated Abs and a rabbit anti-peptide Ab against the fourth extracellular domain of CRTH2 as described in Materials and Methods. Positions of CRTH2 are indicated by arrows. C, Selective expression of CRTH2 in cultured Th2 cells. Upper panels, Cytokine pattern in Th clones and lines. Cells were stimulated with PMA (20 ng/ml; Wako) and ionomycin (1 µg/ml; Sigma) in the presence of brefeldin A (10 µg/ml, Wako) at 37°C for 4 h, then intracellular cytokines were stained with FITC-labeled anti-IFN- (x-axis) and PE-labeled anti-IL-4 (y-axis). Quadrants were set according to the staining of control mAbs. Lower panels, CRTH2 expression. CRTH2 expression was examined as described in panel A. Percentages of positive cells are shown in each panel. The cells used in this experiment were MID3 (Th1 clone), 6L21 (Th2 clone), PPD-Tan (Th1 line), and Der-Tan (Th2 line).

The Far-Western blotting method was performed to analyze the CRTH2 protein. As shown in Fig. 3B, BM16 specifically precipitated a 55- to 70-kDa protein, which was recognized by a rabbit anti-CRTH2 peptide (the fourth extracellular domain) Ab from cell lysates of CRTH2-transfected Jurkat and a Th2 clone, 6L21. This protein band was further confirmed to be CRTH2 itself by using two other independent anti-peptide Abs against the first and third extracellular domains of CRTH2. Specificity of the binding of these anti-peptide Abs was corroborated by blocking tests with each peptide. As a result of the treatment with endo F, the CRTH2 decreased its molecular mass from 55–70 kDa to 35–40 kDa (Fig. 3B, lanes 7 and 9), indicating the presence of N-linked sugar on the CRTH2 as predicted from amino acid sequence.

Expression of CRTH2 on the cultured Th clones and lines

Using mAb BM16, CRTH2 expression in Th clones was examined at the single cell level. As shown in Fig. 3C, most cells of each Th2 clone expressed significant levels of CRTH2. All eight typical Th2 clones showed similar results. In contrast, all five typical Th1 clones expressed little or no visible CRTH2. Th2-selective expression of CRTH2 was also confirmed in polyclonal Th2 lines (Fig. 3C).

To further verify the Th2-specificity of CRTH2 expression, we examined the cytokine profile of CRTH2⁺ cells in polyclonal PBMC cultures in which both Th1 and Th2 cells were growing concurrently. As shown in Fig. 4, isolated CRTH2⁺ cells produced typical Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, but they produced little or no Th1 cytokine IFN-. These results clearly indicate that CRTH2 is selectively expressed in Th2 but not Th1 cells. The results also indicate that most Th0 cells do not express CRTH2. On the other hand, a significant number of Th2 cells remained in CRTH2-depleted cell fraction (Fig. 4), suggesting CRTH2 was expressed in not all but a large population of Th2 cells in such mixed Th cultures.

View larger version (44K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 4. Cytokine production in isolated CRTH2+ cells. A, Purity of CRTH2+ cells in unfractionated, CRTH2+, and CRTH2- cell fractions. A Th line (unfractionated (uf)), which had been generated with Der and IL-2 without Th1- and Th2-oriented cytokines, was incubated with BM16 (solid line) or control rat IgG2a (dotted line), washed, and fractionated into BM16-unbound (ub) and BM16-bound (b) cell fractions as described in Materials and Methods. The cell-bound rat IgG was visualized by incubating cells with PE-labeled goat anti-rat IgG (1:200 dilution) at 4°C for 30 min. CD4+ lymphocytes gated by staining of FITC-labeled anti-CD4 were analyzed. B, Cytokine production in each fraction. Cytokine production in uf (left panels), ub (central panels), and b (right panels) cell fractions described in panel A was examined with FITC-labeled anti-IFN- (x-axis), and PE-labeled mAb (y-axis) to IL-4 (upper panels), IL-5 (central panels), or IL-13 (lower panels) as described in Fig. 3C. Normal rat serum (10%) was supplemented to all staining buffers to block anti-rat IgG Ab on the cell-bound magnetic beads. CD4+ lymphocytes gated by staining with PerCP-labeled anti-CD4 were analyzed.

We next examined the CRTH2 expression in fresh PBMCs from several healthy adults. The representative results are presented in Fig. 5. For all donors, gradual but distinct expression of CRTH2 was observed in a small population (0.4–6.5%) of CD4⁺ T cells. In some cases, CRTH2 expression was also detected in a small portion (3.5%) of CD8⁺ T cells (data not shown) and in CD3^- undefined cell population (Fig. 5A), whereas it was not remarkable in B cells (CD19⁺) and NK cells (CD16⁺) in any donors examined. A three-color analysis showed that the majority of CRTH2⁺ cells in CD4⁺ lymphocytes have phenotypes of CD45RA^-, CD45RO⁺, and CD25⁺ for all individuals (Fig. 5B), indicating that CRTH2 is mainly expressed in an activated state of effector/memory CD4⁺ T cells. CRTH2-specificity of the staining with BM16 was confirmed by the dominant expression of CRTH2 mRNA in the sorted BM16-bound cells as compared with BM16-unbound cells (Fig. 5C).

View larger version (39K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 5. CRTH2 expression on various populations of PBMC of healthy adults. A, CRTH2 expression on various subsets of PBMC. PBMCs from a healthy adult were preincubated with normal rat IgG (positive staining, CRTH2 PE) or unlabeled BM16 (control staining, CRTH2 PE (block)) (500 µg/ml) at room temperature for 30 min, then biotinylated BM16 (10 µg/ml) was added to the cells. The cells were incubated at 4°C for 30 min, washed, and incubated with PE-labeled streptavidin (1:100 dilution) and FITC-labeled leukocyte subset markers at 4°C for 30 min. Lymphocytes gated by side and forward light scatters were analyzed. B, CRTH2 expression on subpopulations of CD4+ lymphocytes. PBMCs from a healthy donor were stained with biotinylated BM16 and PE- or FITC-labeled streptavidin, PerCP-labeled anti-CD4, and FITC- or PE-labeled mAb to surface markers as described in panel A. CD4+ lymphocytes gated by PerCP staining were analyzed. C, Preferential expression of CRTH2 mRNA in BM16-bound PBMCs. PBMCs (uf) from a healthy adult were separated into BM16-unbound (ub) and BM16-bound (b) cell fractions in which percentages of BM16-bound cells were 5.4%, 1.4%, and 91.6% respectively. DNaseI-treated total RNAs (0.2 µg) from the uf (lanes 1–3), ub (lanes 4–6), and b (lanes 7–8) cell populations were analyzed for relative levels of CRTH2 mRNA by RT-PCR as described in Materials and Methods. The amounts of RT reaction product subjected to PCR were 2 µl (lanes 1, 4, and 7), 0.2 µl (lanes 2, 5, and 8), and 0.02 µl (lanes 3, 6, and 9). DNA was stained with ethidium bromide.

It was of great interest to ask whether CRTH2 is also selectively expressed in Th2 cells in vivo. To ascertain this, we first compared the cytokine patterns of unfractionated, CRTH2-depleted, and CRTH2-enriched cell fractions derived from the same fresh PBMCs of several healthy adults. As shown in Fig. 6, Th2 cells having the ability to produce IL-4, IL-5, or IL-13, but not IFN-, were greatly purified by the positive selection with BM16. Contrarily, a significant reduction of Th2 cells was observed in CRTH2⁺ cell-depleted fraction as compared with unfractionated cell population. On the other hand, the proportion of Th1 cells was not significantly affected by the negative selection. However, the isolation procedure employed in this study seemed to somewhat affect the total ability of T cells to produce cytokines. Hence, we next stimulated cells in a whole blood to minimize cell damage according to instructions of the FastImmune cytokine system (Becton Dickinson), then directly observed for a correlation between the expression levels of CRTH2 and intracellular cytokines. The multiple staining revealed that most CRTH2⁺ CD4⁺ cells (>85%) produced at least one of three typical Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, but they produced little IFN- (Fig. 7). Together, these results indicate that CRTH2 is selectively expressed in Th2 but not Th1 cells, even in vivo. Similar results were obtained in all donors examined, although significant down-regulation of CRTH2 by T cell activation was observed in some cases.

View larger version (40K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 6. Cytokine production in freshly isolated CRTH2+ CD4+ lymphocytes. PBMCs from a healthy adult were fractionated with BM16, and cytokine production in each fraction was examined as described in Fig. 4. A, Purity of CRTH2+ CD4+ lymphocytes in unfractionated (uf), BM16-unbound (ub), and BM16-bound (b) cell populations. B, Cytokine production in each cell population described in A. Only CD4+ lymphocytes gated by PerCP staining were analyzed.

View larger version (48K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 7. Correlation between expression levels of CRTH2 and cytokines in CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes. Whole blood of a healthy adult was stimulated for 4 h as described in Fig. 3C. Leukocytes were purified with standard erythrocyte-lysing solution, stained with FITC-labeled anti-CD4 and with biotinylated BM16 followed by RED670-conjugated streptavidin as described in Fig. 5 (x-axis), fixed, permeabilized, and finally stained with PE-conjugated mAbs to IFN-, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 as indicated on the left of each panel. CD4+ lymphocytes gated by FITC staining were analyzed.

Most allergen-responsive Th cells were shown to exhibit Th2 phenotype (5, 11). Therefore, we next examined whether CRTH2 is also expressed in such cells. PBMCs from adults susceptible to pollen allergens were examined for their proliferative responses against the allergens with cell populations negatively selected with BM16 or control IgG2a. As shown in Table I, proliferative responses against the pollen allergens were markedly reduced by subtracting CRTH2⁺ cells, whereas those against a typical Th1-type Ag PPD (2) were not significantly affected by the negative selection. When purified CD4⁺ cells were used as responder cells, nearly complete depletion of the allergen-specific response was observed (Table I, Expt. 2), which consequently suggested that the majority of CD4⁺ cells responsive to the pollen allergens also expressed CRTH2.

The most potent environmental factors that influence Th1 and Th2 differentiation are known to be cytokines IL-12 and IL-4, respectively (3, 33, 34). Therefore, we next investigated the effect of these cytokines on the expression of CRTH2. In PHA-stimulated primary PBMC cultures, addition of IL-4 or IL-12 resulted in marked enhancement or complete repression of the development of CRTH2⁺ cells, respectively. However, in these cultures, it was difficult to verify the direct effect of IL-4 or IL-12 upon CRTH2 expression because proportions of Th2 cells in the cultures also considerably changed in response to these cytokines; so, we examined this with Th2 clones. Among five Th2 clones used, two clones (TKD21 and 6L21) showed slight enhancement in CRTH2 expression levels (26–28% increase in relative mean fluorescence intensity) in response to IL-4, while three clones (TKD23, TKD24, and 6L21) indicated reduced CRTH2 expression (22–50% reduction) after treatment with IL-12. Table II shows results with one of the responder clones, 6L21. These changes in CRTH2 expression were considered to be directly induced by the cytokines because the proportion of Th2 cells in the culture was not significantly affected by these treatments (Table II). When both cytokines were simultaneously added, the effect of IL-12 was dominant over that of IL-4. This inhibitory effect of IL-12 on CRTH2 expression was nearly completely cancelled by an anti-IL-12 p40 subunit mAb (clone C8.6; Genzyme).

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

In some Th2 clones, CRTH2 was demonstrated to be up-regulated by the major Th2 inducer, IL-4, while down-regulated by the powerful Th1 inducer, IL-12. These results suggest involvement of autocline and/or paracline regulation mechanisms by such cytokines in Th2-specific expression of CRTH2, at least in some cell conditions, although effects of these cytokines were not consistent among Th2 clones and were not so striking even in responder clones as compared with those on stimulated primary PBMC cultures. Here, absence or weakness of response to IL-12 in Th2 clones may be explained by the lack or poor expression of functional IL-12R ß2 subunit as previously reported (8, 9). On the other hand, IL-4 signaling might be no longer effective in such Th2 clones in which CRTH2 expression was maintained at high levels by unknown mechanisms. Thus, another kind of approach is required to clarify the possible implication of these cytokines.

The present study also showed that the expression of CRTH2 in PBMCs is highly restricted to an activated state (CD25⁺) of T cells (35). This is consistent with our observation that the majority of Th2 cells in PBMCs exhibited low to intermediate levels of CD25 Ag (data not shown). However, we also observed a small number of Th2 cells in the CD25^- cell population. Therefore, CRTH2 might not be expressed in some populations of Th2 cells in vivo, such as CD25^--resting Th2 cells. Alternatively, the stimulation with PMA and ionomycin, which is widely used to determine Th phenotypes at a single cell level, is so strong and artificial that we might overestimate the number of genuine Th2 cells (23). In any case, it is most likely that the majority of circulating Th2 cells express CRTH2. The results of depletion experiments (as shown in Fig. 6 and Table I) strongly support this notion.

CCR3 has also been shown to be preferentially expressed on the surface of human Th2 cells by in vitro and in vivo studies (13). Although Th2-specificity of CCR3 in fresh PBMCs was not directly evidenced owing to its rapid down-regulation by T cell activation, reported percentages of CCR3⁺ T cells in peripheral bloods (<0.2–8%) are nearly comparable to those of CRTH2⁺ cells in CD4⁺ lymphocytes (0.4–6.5%). This agreement might imply that these two proteins are simultaneously expressed in the same Th2 cell population among PBMCs.

The involvement of CRTH2 in the function of Th2 cells is now uncertain. It is clear that CRTH2 expression itself is not essential for Th2 cytokine production because production of Th2 cytokines was also seen in CRTH2^- CD4⁺ PBMCs that may consist of Th0 cells, naive T cells, and possibly some population of Th2 cells (Fig. 7). However, production levels of Th2 cytokines in each cell were apparently higher in CRTH2⁺ cells than in CRTH2^- cells on average, suggesting some implication of CRTH2 in the mechanisms for cytokine production. Originally, chemoattractants and their receptors on leukocytes have been shown to be involved in their tissue-specific migration (29, 32, 36, 37). Recent evidence indicates that Th1 and Th2 cells are also differentially recruited to the sites of different types of inflammatory reaction (7, 38). Actually, CCR3 and CCR4 have been demonstrated to be functionally expressed on Th2 cells as receptors for chemoattractant eotaxin and macrophage-derived chemokine, respectively, and are suggested to be implicated in their tissue-specific migration (13, 14). Similarly, CRTH2 might confer an additional property on Th2 migration. On the other hand, aside from chemotactic activity, chemoattractants are also shown to be involved in a number of biological responses such as angiogenesis, cellular adhesion, cytotoxicity, degranulation, and T cell activation (29, 39). CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1a and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 have been reported to differentially enhance the development of Th1 and Th2 cells respectively (40). Thus, it is also possible that CRTH2 and its ligand play important roles in some steps of Th2 development and function.

A phylogenetic analysis by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means shows the highest relation of CRTH2 to members of the N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) subfamily such as FMLP receptor and C5a receptor. Members of FPR subfamily have been reported to be on chromosome 19 in a cluster (29). However, a computer search revealed that a fragment (266 bp) of 3' untranslated region of CRTH2 cDNA is registered as cDNA clone IB1021 under accession number T15367 in expressed sequence tags database, and this gene is present on chromosome 11 (41). Therefore, CRTH2 may form another subfamily, suggesting that it utilizes an as yet unknown ligand. Indeed, in preliminary experiments using Fra-2 AM (Dojindo)-loaded 293/B19-1 cells, no calcium mobilization was induced by several known chemoattractants including FMLP, C5a, IL-8, RANTES, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, eotaxin, platelet-activating factor, and angiotensin II. To elucidate the functional implication of CRTH2, identification of corresponding ligand and detailed examination of its tissue distribution, including inflamed sites, are required.

In conclusion, we have cloned a novel surface molecule by which we can easily distinguish Th2 cells from naive T cells, Th1 cells, and most Th0 cells among CD4⁺ lymphocytes of peripheral blood. The protein enables us to highly purify or remove rare Th2 cells from PBMCs or cultured Th cells. Thus, this protein will be useful for Th2 study and may also be a possible target for therapeutic intervention.

	Acknowledgments

 
We thank Dr. Y. Yaoita (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan) for instruction of the gene expression screen method, Drs. T. Kimura and N. Yamamoto (Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan) for COS7 transfected cells, and Drs. J. Miyazaki (Osaka University, Osaka, Japan) and Y. Takebe (National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan) for expression vectors.

	Footnotes

 
¹ Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Kinya Nagata, R & D Center, BioMedical Laboratories, 1361-1 Matoba, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan. E-mail address:

² Current address: Department of Bacteriology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan.

³ Abbreviations used in this paper: CCR, CC chemokine receptor; PPD, purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Der, extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus; endo F, endoglycosidase F; PE, phycoerythrin; PerCP, peridinin chlorophyll protein.

Received for publication June 22, 1998. Accepted for publication October 9, 1998.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 

1. Mosmann, T. R., R. L. Coffman. 1989. Th1 and Th2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7:145.[Medline]
2. Del Prete, G. F., M. De Carli, C. Mastromauro, R. Biagiotti, D. Macchia, P. Falagiani, M. Ricci, S. Romagnani. 1991. Purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and excretory-secretory antigen(s) of Toxocara canis expand in vitro human T cells with stable and opposite (type 1 T helper or type 2 T helper) profile of cytokine production. J. Clin. Invest. 88:346.
3. Seder, R. A., W. E. Paul. 1994. Acquisition of lymphokine-producing phenotype by CD4⁺ T cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:635.[Medline]
4. Mosmann, T. R., S. Sad. 1996. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol. Today 17:138.[Medline]
5. Romagnani, S.. 1994. Lymphokine production by human T cells in disease states. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:227.[Medline]
6. Annunziato, F., R. Manetti, L. Tomasevic, M-G. Giudizi, R. Biagiotti, V. Gianno, P. Germano, C. Mavilia, E. Maggi, S. Romagnani. 1996. Expression and release of LAG-3-encoded protein by human CD4⁺ T cells are associated with IFN- production. FASEB J. 10:769.[Abstract]
7. Austrup, F., D. Vestweber, E. Borges, M. Löhning, R. Bräuer, U. Herz, H. Renz, R. Hallmann, A. Scheffold, A. Radbruch, A. Hamann. 1997. P- and E-selectin mediate recruitment of T-helper-1 but not T-helper-2 cells into inflamed tissues. Nature 385:81.[Medline]
8. Szabo, S. J., A. S. Dighe, U. Gubler, K. M. Murphy. 1997. Regulation of the interleukin (IL)-12R ß2 subunit expression in developing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 Cells. J. Exp. Med. 185:817.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Rogge, L., L. Barberis-Maino, M. Biffi, N. Passini, D. H. Presky, U. Gubler, F. Sinigaglia. 1997. Selective expression of an interleukin-12 receptor component by human T helper 1 cells. J. Exp. Med. 185:825.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10. Loetscher, P., M. Uguccioni, L. Bordoli, M. Baggiolini, B. Moser, C. Chizzolini, J.-M. Dayer. 1998. CCR5 is characteristic of Th1 lymphocytes. Nature 391:344.[Medline]
11. Del Prete, G., M. De Carli, F. Almerigogna, C. K. Daniel, M. M. D’Elios, G. Zancuoghi, F. Vinante, G. Pizzolo, S. Romagnani. 1995. Preferential expression of CD30 by human CD4⁺ T cells producing Th2-type cytokines. FASEB J. 9:81.[Abstract]
12. Pernis, A., S. Gupta, K. J. Gollob, E. Garfein, R. L. Coffman, C. Schindler, P. Rothman. 1995. Lack of interferon receptor ß chain and the prevention of interferon signaling in Th1 cells. Science 269:245.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
13. Sallusto, F., C. R. Mackay, A. Lanzavecchia. 1997. Selective expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 by human T helper 2 cells. Science 277:2005.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
14. Bonecchi, R., G. Bianchi, P. P. Bordignon, D. D’Ambrosio, R. Lang, A. Borsatti, S. Sozzani, P. Allavena, P. A. Gray, A. Mantovani, F. Sinigaglia. 1998. Differential expression of chemokine receptors and chemokine responsiveness of type 1 T helper cells (Th1s) and Th2s. J. Exp. Med. 187:129.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
15. Xu, D., W. L. Chan, B. P. Leung, F.-p. Huang, R. Wheeler, D. Piedrafita, J. H. Robinson, F. Y. Liew. 1998. Selective expression of a stable cell surface molecule on type 2 but not type 1 helper T cells. J. Exp. Med. 187:787.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
16. Wang, Z., D. D. Brown. 1991. A gene expression screen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:11505.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
17. Balzer, H.-J., H. Bäumlein. 1994. An improved gene expression screen. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:2853.[Free Full Text]
18. Imai, T., K. Hieshima, C. Haskell, M. Baba, M. Nagira, M. Nishimura, M. Kakizaki, S. Takagi, H. Nomiyama, T. J. Schall, O. Yoshie. 1997. Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX₃CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion. Cell 91:521.[Medline]
19. Niwa, H., K. Yamamura, J. Miyazaki. 1991. Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector. Gene 108:193.[Medline]
20. Takebe, Y., M. Seiki, J. Fujisawa, P. Hoy, K. Yokota, K. Arai, M. Yoshida, N. Arai. 1988. SR promoter: an efficient and versatile mammalian cDNA expression system composed of the simian virus 40 early promoter and the R-U5 segment of human T-cell leukemia virus type1 long terminal repeat. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:466.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
21. Lerner, R. A., N. Green, H. Alexander, F.-T. Liu, J. G. Sutcliffe, T. M. Shinnick. 1981. Chemically synthesized peptides predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B virus genome elicit antibodies reactive with the native envelope protein of Dane particles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:3403.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
22. Berson, J. F., D. Long, B. J. Doranz, J. Rucker, F. R. Jirik, R. W. Doms. 1996. A seven-transmembrane domain receptor involved in fusion and entry of T-cell-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains. J. Virol. 70:6288.[Abstract]
23. Picker, L. J., M. K. Singh, Z. Zdraveski, J. R. Treer, S. L. Waldrop, P. R. Bergstresser, V. C. Maino. 1995. Direct demonstration of cytokine synthesis heterogeneity among human memory/effector T cells by flow cytometry. Blood 86:1408.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
24. Ponte, P., S. Y. Ng, J. Engel, P. Gunning, L. Kedes. 1984. Evolutionary conservation in the untranslated regions of actin mRNAs: DNA sequence of a human ß-actin cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:1687.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
25. Kozak, M.. 1987. An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:8125.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
26. Boulay, F., M. Tardif, L. Brouchon, P. Vignais. 1990. Synthesis and use of a novel N-formyl peptide derivative to isolate a human N-formyl peptide receptor cDNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168:1103.[Medline]
27. Crass, T., U. Raffetseder, U. Martin, M. Grove, A. Klos, J. Köhl, W. Bautsch. 1996. Expression cloning of the human C3a anaphylatoxin receptor (C3aR) from differentiated U-937 cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 26:1944.[Medline]
28. Boulay, F., L. Mery, M. Tardif, L. Brouchon, P. Vignais. 1991. Expression cloning of a receptor for C5a anaphylatoxin on differentiated HL-60 cells. Biochemistry 30:2993.[Medline]
29. Murphy, P. M.. 1994. The molecular biology of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:593.[Medline]
30. Ponath, P. D., S. Qin, T. W. Post, J. Wang, L. Wu, N. P. Gerard, W. Newman, C. Gerard, C. R. Mackay. 1997. Molecular cloning and characterization of a human eotaxin receptor expressed selectively on eosinophils. J. Exp. Med. 183:2437.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
31. Murphy, P. M., H. L. Tiffany. 1991. Cloning of complementary DNA encoding a functional human interleukin-8 receptor. Science 253:1280.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
32. Mackay, C. R.. 1996. Chemokine receptors and T cell chemotaxis. J. Exp. Med. 184:799.[Free Full Text]
33. Seder, R. A., R. Gazzinelli, A. Sher, W. E. Paul. 1993. Interleukin 12 acts directly on CD4⁺ T cells to enhance priming for interferon production and diminishes interleukin 4 inhibition of such priming. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10188.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
34. Seder, R. A., W. E. Paul, M. M. Davis, B. F. de St. Groth.. 1992. The presence of interleukin 4 during in vitro priming determines the lymphokine-producing potential of CD4⁺ T cells from T cell receptor transgenic mice. J. Exp. Med. 176:1091.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
35. Green, W. C.. 1986. The human interleukin-2 receptor. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 4:69.[Medline]
36. Springer, T. A.. 1994. Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell 76:301.[Medline]
37. Butcher, E. C., L. J. Picker. 1996. Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 272:60.[Abstract]
38. Lichtman, A. H., A. K. Abbas. 1997. T-cell subsets: recruiting the right kind of help. Curr. Biol. 7:R242.[Medline]
39. Taub, D. D., S. M. Turcovski-Corrales, M. L. Key, D. L. Longo, W. J. Murphy. 1996. Chemokines and T lymphocyte activation. I. ß Chemokines costimulate human T lymphocyte activation in vitro. J. Immunol. 156:2095.[Abstract]
40. Karpus, W. J., N. W. Lukacs, K. J. Kennedy, W. S. Smith, S. D. Hurst, T. A. Barrett. 1997. Differential CC chemokine-induced enhancement of T helper cell cytokine production. J. Immunol. 158:4129.[Abstract]
41. Berry, R., T. J. Stevens, N. A. R. Walter, A. S. Wilcox, T. Rubano, J. A. Hopkins, J. Weber, R. Goold, M. B. Soares, J. M. Sikela. 1995. Gene-based sequence-tagged-sites (STSs) as the basis for a human gene map. Nat. Genet. 10:415.[Medline]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				U. Niesner, I. Albrecht, M. Janke, C. Doebis, C. Loddenkemper, M. H. Lexberg, K. Eulenburg, S. Kreher, J. Koeck, R. Baumgrass, et al. Autoregulation of Th1-mediated inflammation by twist1 J. Exp. Med., August 4, 2008; 205(8): 1889 - 1901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W.-L. Song, M. Wang, E. Ricciotti, S. Fries, Y. Yu, T. Grosser, M. Reilly, J. A. Lawson, and G. A. FitzGerald Tetranor PGDM, an Abundant Urinary Metabolite Reflects Biosynthesis of Prostaglandin D2 in Mice and Humans J. Biol. Chem., January 11, 2008; 283(2): 1179 - 1188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Shiraishi, K. Asano, K. Niimi, K. Fukunaga, M. Wakaki, J. Kagyo, T. Takihara, S. Ueda, T. Nakajima, T. Oguma, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2/Prostaglandin D2/CRTH2 Pathway Mediates Double-Stranded RNA-Induced Enhancement of Allergic Airway Inflammation J. Immunol., January 1, 2008; 180(1): 541 - 549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Chen, B. Perussia, and K. S. Campbell Prostaglandin D2 Suppresses Human NK Cell Function via Signaling through D Prostanoid Receptor J. Immunol., September 1, 2007; 179(5): 2766 - 2773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Sandig, J. McDonald, J. Gilmour, M. Arno, T. H. Lee, and D. J. Cousins Human Th2 cells selectively express the orexigenic peptide, pro-melanin-concentrating hormone PNAS, July 24, 2007; 104(30): 12440 - 12444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Sato, T. Aranami, and T. Yamamura Cutting Edge: Human Th17 Cells Are Identified as Bearing CCR2+CCR5- Phenotype J. Immunol., June 15, 2007; 178(12): 7525 - 7529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. De Fanis, F. Mori, R. J. Kurnat, W. K. Lee, M. Bova, N. F. Adkinson, and V. Casolaro GATA3 up-regulation associated with surface expression of CD294/CRTH2: a unique feature of human Th cells Blood, May 15, 2007; 109(10): 4343 - 4350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Aspord, A. Pedroza-Gonzalez, M. Gallegos, S. Tindle, E. C. Burton, D. Su, F. Marches, J. Banchereau, and A. K. Palucka Breast cancer instructs dendritic cells to prime interleukin 13-secreting CD4+ T cells that facilitate tumor development J. Exp. Med., May 14, 2007; 204(5): 1037 - 1047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Hammad, M. Kool, T. Soullie, S. Narumiya, F. Trottein, H. C. Hoogsteden, and B. N. Lambrecht Activation of the D prostanoid 1 receptor suppresses asthma by modulation of lung dendritic cell function and induction of regulatory T cells J. Exp. Med., February 19, 2007; 204(2): 357 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Sandig, J. E. Pease, and I. Sabroe Contrary prostaglandins: the opposing roles of PGD2 and its metabolites in leukocyte function J. Leukoc. Biol., February 1, 2007; 81(2): 372 - 382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Zhang, Z. Dong, and T. Yang Prostaglandin D2 inhibits TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in MDCK cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, December 1, 2006; 291(6): F1332 - F1342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

N. Chiang, C. N. Serhan, S.-E. Dahlen, J. M. Drazen, D. W. P. Hay, G. E. Rovati, T. Shimizu, T. Yokomizo,