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The Journal of Immunology, 1999, 162: 6312-6315.
Copyright © 1999 by The American Association of Immunologists

CUTTING EDGE

Cutting Edge: Apoptosis of Superantigen-Activated T Cells Occurs Preferentially After a Discrete Number of Cell Divisions In Vivo1

Toufic Renno, Antoine Attinger, Sabrina Locatelli, Talitha Bakker, Sonia Vacheron and H. Robson MacDonald2

Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are bacterial products that display superantigen activity in vitro as well as in vivo. For instance, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) polyclonally activates T cells that bear the Vß8 gene segment of the TCR. SEB-activated T cells undergo a burst of proliferation that is followed by apoptosis. Using an in vivo adaptation of a fluorescent cell division monitoring technique, we show here that SEB-activated T cells divide asynchronously, and that apoptosis of superantigen-activated T cells is preferentially restricted to cells which have undergone a discrete number of cell divisions. Collectively, our data suggest that superantigen-activated T cells are programmed to undergo a fixed number of cell divisions before undergoing apoptosis. A delayed death program may provide a mechanistic compromise between effector functions and homeostasis of activated T cells.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 
Following activation with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB),3 T cells proliferate and eventually undergo apoptosis (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). Surprisingly, it has been shown that the up-regulation of known apoptosis-mediating molecules such as Fas (reviewed in 9) or TNF receptor (reviewed in 10) on the surface of activated T cells does not confer immediate susceptibility to apoptosis (11, 12). One possible explanation of this apparent paradox is that activated T cells are programmed to acquire susceptibility to apoptosis only after a given number of cell divisions. Indeed, a precedent for such "cell division-associated" acquisition of specific function has been established for Ig isotype switch in activated B cells and for activation marker and cytokine expression in activated T cells (13, 14, 15, 16, 17). Linking apoptosis to cell division in activated T cells would allow expansion and effector function of the responding cells, while ensuring that these cells will ultimately undergo apoptosis, thus maintaining homeostasis. To address this possibility, we adapted a recently described cell division monitoring technique (18) that, when used in conjunction with cell surface phenotyping, allows the study of the relationship between the number of cell divisions and activation or death markers. Here, we show that SEB-reactive CD4+ T cells divide asynchronously in response to SEB in vivo, and that apoptosis of SEB-reactive T cells occurs preferentially after a discrete number of cell divisions.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 References
 
Mice and treatment

We obtained 4- to 8-wk-old BALB/c mice from Harlan Olac (Bicester, U.K.). A total of 5 x 107 syngeneic splenocytes labeled with 5- (and 6-)carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) (see below) were transferred i.v. into the tail vein. SEB (10 µg, purchased from Toxin Technology, Saratoga, FL) was injected into each of the hind footpads 1 day following cell transfer.

CFSE staining

Single-cell suspensions were made from spleens by homogenization into sterile high glucose DMEM (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). Debris was allowed to settle, and splenocytes were subsequently resuspended at 5 x 107/ml in PBS with no protein. CFSE was added to a final concentration of 5 µM, and the suspension was incubated at 37°C for 10 min. At the end of the incubation period, the cells were immediately washed three times in cold DMEM/10% FCS (Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, CA).

Abs and flow cytometry

For three-color staining, the following mAbs were used: PE-labeled anti-CD4 (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) and biotinylated anti-Vß8 (F23.1) (19) (revealed with streptavidin-tricolor (Caltag, San Fransisco, CA). For four-color staining, anti-Vß8-PE and anti-CD4-APC were purchased from PharMingen (San Diego, CA) and used in conjunction with annexin V staining (see below). Stained cells were analyzed on a FACScan or FACScalibur (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA).

Apoptosis assay

Annexin V (Nexins Research, Maastricht, The Netherlands) was used as described previously (20, 21, 22). Briefly, cells were washed in 100 µl of binding buffer and incubated in a 1/50 dilution of biotin-coupled annexin V solution for 20 min in the dark. Next, cells were washed, revealed with streptavidin tricolor (Caltag), and analyzed on the FACS.

Quantitation of SEB-reactive undivided cells

At 3 days after SEB administration, the percentage of cells in CFSE peaks was measured after electronically gating on CD4+ Vß8+ cells. To estimate the initial proportion of cells that gave rise to those in the different division peaks, we divided the percentage of cells in division peaks 1, 2, 3, and 4 by 2, 4, 8, and 16, respectively (because every two cells in a given division peak must have arisen from a single cell from the previous division peak). The corrected percentages thus obtained were used in the following formula: Percent undivided cells = U/(U + {Sigma}Dc), where U equals the percentage cells in the undivided CFSE peak and {Sigma}Dc equals the sum of the corrected percentages of cells in division peaks 1–4.

It should be noted that cell loss/apoptosis, although not accounted for by this analysis, would not significantly alter the outcome; it occurs mainly in division peak 4 (see Fig. 3Go), which only contributes a minor fraction of {Sigma}Dc.



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  		FIGURE 3. Correlation of cell division with apoptosis in SEB-activated CD4+ Vß8+ T cells. Splenocytes were labeled with CFSE and transferred i.v. into syngeneic BALB/c recipients. At the indicated timepoints following injection with SEB, draining LN cells were analyzed for CFSE fluorescence (A), the percentage of total viable cells in each CFSE division peak (B), or the annexin V+ cells in each CFSE division peak (C) after gating on CD4+ Vß8+ cells. The data in A are a representative example, whereas B and C represent the mean ± SD of three individual mice per group.

 

   Results and Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
References
 
To investigate whether SEB-induced apoptosis of activated T cells is associated with the number of cell divisions in vivo, we used the dye CFSE, which covalently binds to cellular proteins and allows direct measurement by flow cytometry of cell divisions over several cell generations (18). We focused our analysis on the CD4 subset, because SEB-mediated clonal deletion has been shown to be more dramatic in CD4+ than in CD8+ T cells (8, 23, 24). CFSE-labeled spleen cells were injected i.v. into naive syngeneic mice. Typically, 2–3% CFSE+ T cells were detected in the lymphoid organs at 24 h after cell transfer (Fig. 1Go, inset), and this percentage remained stable over several days (data not shown). To ascertain that CFSE treatment did not compromise the ability of CD4+ T cells to respond normally to SEB, we measured the percentage of Vß8+ T cells within the CD4 subset in the draining lymph node (LN) in electronically gated CFSE-positive or -negative cells following injection of SEB. As can be seen in Fig. 1Go, the response to SEB in donor CFSE+ cells was virtually indistinguishable from the typical response of host CFSE- cells, confirming that neither T cell expansion nor deletion was affected by staining with CFSE.



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  		FIGURE 1. Kinetics of response to SEB in host (CFSE-) and donor (CFSE+) T cells. Splenocytes were labeled with CFSE and transferred i.v. into syngeneic BALB/c recipients. At the indicated timepoints following injection with SEB, the percentage of Vß8+ cells was quantitated in the draining LN after electronically gating on CD4+CFSE+ or CD4+CFSE- cells. Inset: FACS histogram showing CFSE+ donor cells (right peak) and CFSE- host cells (left peak) in the absence of SEB stimulation.

 
We subsequently confirmed that CFSE can be used to monitor the specific cell division induced by SEB in vivo. In the representative example shown in Fig. 2Go, five distinct peaks of CFSE fluorescence intensity (each differing by a factor of two from adjoining peaks) were detected among donor-derived CD4+ Vß8+ cells in the draining LN 3 days after SEB injection. The brightest peak corresponds to undivided cells, whereas the four remaining peaks identify cells that have undergone 1, 2, 3, and 4 divisions, respectively. As expected, very few CD4+ Vß8- cells divided in response to SEB during this time period, resulting in a dominant CFSE peak that corresponded to undivided cells (Fig. 2Go). Kinetic analysis of CFSE fluorescence among CD4+ Vß8+ cells following SEB injection indicated a progressive increase in the number of cell divisions between 36 and 72 h, when a fourth (and to a lesser extent fifth) division peak was observed (Fig. 3GoA). No additional cell division was detected between 72 and 96 h. Quantitation of the proportion of CD4+ Vß8+ cells in each CFSE division peak (Fig. 3GoB) confirmed that SEB-induced proliferation progressed from 36 to 72 h and subsequently ceased. Several points can be made from these data. First, there is a clearly defined population of undivided CD4+ Vß8+ cells that is detectable even at the latest timepoints. Indeed, we calculate (see Materials and Methods for details) that the proportion of undivided cells in the draining LN at 3–4 days after challenge with SEB corresponds to 35–45% (n = 7) of the initial CD4+ Vß8+ population, confirming our previous estimates obtained with continuous 5-bromodeoxyuridine labeling (6). The presence of such a substantial fraction of undivided cells expressing a SEB-specific Vß domain cannot be attributed simply to a failure to contact SEB, because virtually all (>95%) Vß8+ T cells underwent CD62 ligand down-regulation and CD69 up-regulation following SEB injection (Ref. 25 and our unpublished observations). Whatever the explanation, it is likely that these undivided cells represent the so-called "anergic" population that remains 7–10 days after SEB challenge, because our previous studies have demonstrated that virtually all dividing cells eventually die after SEB stimulation (6).



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  		FIGURE 2. Example of CFSE fluorescence in T cells following SEB injection in vivo. Splenocytes were labeled with CFSE and transferred i.v. into syngeneic BALB/c recipients. At 3 days following injection with SEB, CFSE fluorescence in draining LN cells was analyzed after gating on CD4+ Vß8+ or CD4+ Vß8- cells. Boxed numbers refer to respective division peaks; "U" refers to undivided cells; "H" refers to host-derived, CFSE-unlabeled cells. To increase the proportion of CFSE+ cells in the analysis, most cells in peak "H" were electronically eliminated using FL-1 threshold. The mean fluorescence values for the five CFSE peaks from right to left are 1036, 441, 236, 125, and 63, respectively.

 
A second important point arising from the CFSE distribution patterns in Figs. 2Go and 3Go is that CD4+ Vß8+ cells are widely distributed among the division peaks at all timepoints after SEB injection. This in turn implies that there is considerable heterogeneity at the single-cell level in the SEB response in vivo. This heterogeneity in cell division among SEB-reactive cells could arise in any of the following ways: 1) asynchrony in contacting SEB and initiating the response, 2) asynchrony in reaching the first mitosis, 3) variations in cell cycle time among dividing cells, 4) variations in cell loss/apoptosis during different division cycles. Because cell cycle parameters are difficult to assess in asynchronous and nonhomogeneous cell populations, we decided to concentrate our attention on apoptosis.

Annexin V is a ligand of phosphatidylserine that, in living cells, is stringently located in the membrane leaflets that face the cytosol. During the early stages of apoptosis, the cell membrane loses asymmetry and phosphatidylserine becomes exposed on the cell surface, where it functions as a tag to signal phagocytes, which then clear the dying cell (20, 21, 22). To directly assess the relationship between apoptosis and cell division in SEB-activated T cells, we evaluated annexin V binding to the surface of dividing CD4+ Vß8+ T cells in the draining LN at various times. For these experiments, activated T cells were incubated in vitro (1 h at 37°C) as described previously to allow apoptosis to occur (6, 26). As shown in Fig. 3GoC, there was a relatively low frequency of apoptotic cells associated with the first three rounds of division irrespective of the time after SEB injection. In contrast, there was a striking increase in the number of apoptotic cells in CFSE peaks corresponding to CD4+ Vß8+ cells that had divided four or five times. Importantly, the association of apoptosis with division peaks 4 and 5 was observed independently of the time after SEB injection, demonstrating that the number of cell divisions (rather than kinetic parameters) was responsible for this phenomenon. It should be noted that the actual number of cell divisions correlating with the induction of apoptosis was constant within a given experiment but varied slightly (usually by no more than one cycle) from one experiment to another.

In conclusion, our data suggest that upon activation by superantigens, T cells are programmed to undergo a fixed number of cell divisions before undergoing apoptosis. The molecular mechanism underlying such a delayed death program in activated T cells remains to be established. One possibility would be that some long-lived inhibitor of apoptosis is induced early after activation and gradually diluted out during subsequent cell divisions, leading eventually to apoptosis. Alternatively, a critical death effector molecule may be induced (or up-regulated) specifically after a fixed number of cell divisions. Finally, it is possible that apoptosis in this model is not causally linked to cell division but rather to some other parameter (such as activation state) that correlates with division status. Whatever the mechanism, it is tempting to speculate that apoptosis is regulated in this way so as to allow T cells to expand and perform their effector functions, while at the same time ensuring homeostasis.


   Footnotes
 
1 T.R. is supported by a Centennial Fellowship from the Medical Research Council of Canada and by the Ciba Jubilee Foundation. H.R.M. and A.A. are supported in part by a grant (RG-544/95) from the Human Frontier Science Program. Back

2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. H. Robson MacDonald, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland. E-mail address: Back

3 Abbreviations used in this paper: SEB, staphylococcal enterotoxin B; CFSE, 5- (and 6-)carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; LN, lymph node. Back

Received for publication December 28, 1998. Accepted for publication March 29, 1999.


   References
Top
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 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 

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S. Chavan, S. Kodoth, R. Pahwa, and S. Pahwa
The HIV protease inhibitor Indinavir inhibits cell-cycle progression in vitro in lymphocytes of HIV-infected and uninfected individuals
Blood, July 15, 2001; 98(2): 383 - 389.
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P. M. Lavoie, H. McGrath, N. H. Shoukry, P.-A. Cazenave, R.-P. Sekaly, and J. Thibodeau
Quantitative Relationship Between MHC Class II-Superantigen Complexes and the Balance of T Cell Activation Versus Death
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K. Izeradjene, J.-P. Revillard, and L. Genestier
Inhibition of thymidine synthesis by folate analogues induces a Fas-Fas ligand-independent deletion of superantigen-reactive peripheral T cells
Int. Immunol., January 1, 2001; 13(1): 85 - 93.
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H. Noorchashm, D. J. Moore, L. E. Noto, N. Noorchashm, A. J. Reed, A. L. Reed, H. K. Song, R. Mozaffari, A. M. Jevnikar, C. F. Barker, et al.
Impaired CD4 T Cell Activation Due to Reliance Upon B Cell-Mediated Costimulation in Nonobese Diabetic (NOD) Mice
J. Immunol., October 15, 2000; 165(8): 4685 - 4696.
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A. Attinger, H. Acha-Orbea, and H. R. MacDonald
Cutting Edge: Cell Autonomous Rather Than Environmental Factors Control Bacterial Superantigen-Induced T Cell Anergy In Vivo
J. Immunol., August 1, 2000; 165(3): 1171 - 1174.
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D. Rosen, J.-H. Li, S. Keidar, I. Markon, R. Orda, and G. Berke
Tumor Immunity in Perforin-Deficient Mice: A Role for CD95 (Fas/APO-1)
J. Immunol., March 15, 2000; 164(6): 3229 - 3235.
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