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*
UPRES-JE 1992 Interactions Hôte-Greffon, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France;
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France; and
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U395, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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On the other hand, the lack of expression of classical HLA class I molecules is usually associated with an increased susceptibility of target cells to NK cytotoxicity (4, 5, 6, 7, 8). It has been proposed that the nonclassical HLA class I molecule, HLA-G, which is characterized by a limited polymorphism and preferentially expressed on extravillous trophoblast (9, 10), i.e., in contact with the abundant population of decidual NK cells (11, 12, 13), may provide the protective effect (14). Indeed, several studies have shown that the B lymphoblastoid cell line LCL.721.221 (15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21) and the erythroleukemia cell line K562 (22, 23) transfected with HLA-G exhibit decreased sensitivity to lysis by peripheral blood NK cells (22, 23), decidual leukocytes (16, 21), uterine blood mononuclear cells (22), NK cell lines (17, 22, 23), and peripheral blood and decidual NK clones (15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21), as compared with untransfected cells. In all results, however, target protection was only partial. Results concerning the NK receptors (NKR) responsible for HLA-G recognition are more conflicting. Indeed, while the first studies suggested that CD158a/p58.1 and CD158b/p58.2 (17) and p70/NKAT3 (18) mediate HLA-G recognition, further studies indicated that the CD94/NKG2 heterodimers, which recognize a broad panel of HLA class I molecules (24, 25, 26, 27) but not other known NKR, could be the predominant receptor for HLA-G on NK cells (19, 20, 21). The direct interaction of HLA-G with CD94/NKG2 is however still a matter of debate, due to the recent findings in several laboratories that CD94/NKG2 is a specific receptor for HLA-E with bound leader peptides derived from permissive HLA-A, -B, -C, and -G polypeptides (28, 29, 30, 31).
Demonstration of the protective effect conferred by HLA-G expression
has been established on nontrophoblast cells (15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23), whereas, to the
best of our knowledge, the effect of HLA class I molecule expression on
MHC-unrestricted lysis of trophoblast cells has been investigated in
only two previous studies. In the first study, it was observed that
IFN-
treatment, which is known to increase HLA class I molecule
expression, partially protected first trimester trophoblast cells as
well as the HLA-G- and HLA-C-positive JEG-3 cell line, but not the HLA
class I-negative JAR cell line from IL-2-stimulated decidual NK cells
(32). In the second study, treatment of first trimester
cytotrophoblasts with the W6/32 mAb, which masks all HLA class I
molecules including HLA-G, but not with the anti-HLA-A, -B, -C
B1.23.2 mAb, was shown to induce partial lysis of these cells by NK
cells from both maternal uterine blood and allogeneic peripheral blood
(23). These studies thus supported the involvement of an
HLA-G-dependent mechanism in the resistance of trophoblast cells to
MHC-unrestricted lysis. However, the syncytiotrophoblast, which lines
the placental villi, escapes lysis by maternal peripheral blood NK
cells, although it is totally devoid of HLA class I molecule expression
(10, 33, 34). In addition, while HLA-G-expressing transfectants of
LCL.721.221 cells are protected from lysis by effector cells cultured
in the presence of high concentrations of IL-2, i.e., exhibiting a LAK
lysis activity (15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21), the HLA-G-expressing cells BeWo, JEG-3,
and first trimester trophoblasts are known to be sensitive to LAK lysis
(35, 36).
The aim of this work was therefore to clarify the role of HLA class I expression, and particularly of HLA-G and HLA-C on trophoblast cell resistance to NK lysis and on their susceptibility to LAK lysis. This was done by using JAR and JEG-3 cell lines as target cells and unstimulated or IL-2-stimulated PBL as effector cells. Our results show that CC sensitivity to NK or LAK lysis is unrelated to HLA class I expression on these cells. In addition, we confirm that the expression of a classical HLA class I target molecule (HLA-B7) on JAR cells is insufficient to induce lysis by peripheral blood-allospecific polyclonal CTL.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Human rIL-2 was obtained from Boehringer Mannheim (Mannheim, Germany; sp. act., 2 x 106 U/mg protein). 679.1 Mc7 (mouse IgG1) and U7.27 (mouse IgG2a) control irrelevant mAbs, B1G6 (mouse IgG2a) specific for ß2-microglobulin (ß2m), EB6 (mouse IgG1) specific for CD158a/p58.1, and HP-3B1 (mouse IgG2a) specific for CD94 were purchased from Immunotech (Marseille, France). W6/32 (mouse IgG2a) specific for HLA class I was obtained from Dako (Trappes, France).
Cell culture
HLA-negative wild-type JAR CC (37), HLA-G- and HLA-C-positive JEG-3 CC (38), 5-azacytidine-treated JAR CC (clones 3, 26, 106, 107) (39), JAR cells transfected by the HLA-B7 gene (JAR-B7) (40), and C1R and JY cells (two EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines) were cultured in 75-cm2 tissue culture flasks (Falcon 3024; Becton Dickinson, Pont-de-Claix, France) or in 25-cm2 tissue culture flasks (Falcon 3013) at 37°C in 5% CO2 humidified air. Cells were grown in culture medium: RPMI 1640 (Life Technologies, Cergy Pontoise, France) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FCS (Life Technologies), 2 mM glutamine (Flow, Les Ulis, France), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Flow), 50 U/ml penicillin and 50 µg/ml streptomycin (Flow), and 25 mM sodium bicarbonate (Flow). CC were removed from culture flasks using trypsin-EDTA (1–0.4 g/L; Life Technologies) and resuspended in culture medium at 1 x 106 cells/flask.
Acid treatment
JY and JEG-3 cells were cultured in 25-cm2 tissue culture flasks to perform immunofluorescence assays or in 96-well plates (Falcon 3072) to perform cytotoxicity assays. Culture medium from flasks and from wells was replaced by 2.5 ml and 50 µl of an acid solution, respectively (0.263 M citric acid-0.123 M Na2HPO4 buffer, containing 1% (w/v) BSA, pH 3) at 4°C, as previously described (41). After 4 min, an excess of RPMI 1640 medium containing 20% FCS and 200 mM sodium bicarbonate was added and the cells were washed three times with culture medium. Cells were used immediately in the cytotoxicity assay and were used after an additional culture time (from 0–4 h) in the immunofluorescence assay.
Immunofluorescence assay
CC were removed from the tissue culture flasks by trypsin-EDTA treatment, then resuspended in PBS at 1 x 107 cells/ml. JY cells were adjusted to 1 x 107 cells/ml in PBS. Cells (1 x 106) were then incubated with optimal concentrations of control irrelevant mAb, W6/32 mAb, or B1G6 mAb for 30 min at 4°C. After washing in PBS, cells were incubated for an additional 30 min at 4°C with a FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG F(ab')2 (Immunotech). After washing in PBS, pellets were fixed in 0.5 ml of 0.5% paraformaldehyde PBS solution. Cell surface molecule expression was then analyzed by flow cytometry using a FACStarPlus flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson), as previously described (42).
Isolation of PBMC and preparation of lymphoblasts
PBMC were isolated from the heparinized peripheral venous blood of healthy donors by Ficoll-Hypaque (MSL, Eurobio, Les Ulis, France) density-gradient centrifugation. The mononuclear cell-rich interface was collected, washed three times with RPMI 1640, and adjusted to 1 x 106 cells/ml in culture medium. PBMC were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with antibiotics and 10% FCS in the presence of 1 µg/ml of PHA (Sigma, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France). After 3 days of culture (5% CO2, 37°C), cells were recovered, washed twice, and then resuspended at 1 x 108 cells/ml in culture medium.
Preparation of PBL and stimulation of PBL by IL-2
PBMC were incubated twice for 45 min at 37°C, 5% CO2 in plastic tissue culture flask (Falcon 3024) to remove monocytes. Nonadherent PBL were collected by gentle washing with RPMI 1640 and adjusted to 1 x 106 cells/ml. Less than 0.2% of cells stained with FITC RMO52 mAb (anti-CD14) (Immunotech), as determined by flow cytometry. PBL were cultured for 4 days (5% CO2, 37°C) in culture medium in the presence of 200 U/ml of IL-2, recovered, washed twice, and resuspended at 1 x 107 cells/ml in culture medium.
Preparation of HLA-B7-specific CTL
PBMC (1 x 106) isolated from HLA-A2-positive and HLA-B7-negative donors were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with antibiotics and 10% human AB serum in the presence (HLA-B7-specific CTL) or absence (control PBMC) of 1 x 106 irradiated (50 Gy) JY cells, which are homozygous for the HLA-A2 and HLA-B7 alleles. After 8 days of culture (5% CO2, 37°C), cells were recovered, washed twice, and then resuspended at 1 x 108 cells/ml in culture medium.
Preparation of target cells
JAR and JEG-3 cells were removed from the tissue culture flasks by trypsin-EDTA treatment, then adjusted to 2 x 105 cells/ml in culture medium. They were then cultured in 96-well plates (2 x 104 cells/well) and labeled overnight with 1 µCi/well of Na251CrO4 (DuPont-NEN, Les Ulis, France) at 37°C in 5% CO2, washed three times in culture medium, and incubated for 1 h to allow spontaneous release. JEG-3 cells were then exposed or not to the acid solution, as described above. Finally, chromium-labeled cells were washed twice in culture medium, and 100 µl/well of culture medium was added.
5-Azacytidine-treated JAR clones and JAR-B7 cells (and wild-type JAR cells used as a control) were removed from the tissue culture flasks by trypsin-EDTA treatment, then centrifuged and resuspended at 1 x 108 cells/ml. JY cells, C1R cells, or lymphoblasts were centrifuged and resuspended at 1 x 108 cells/ml. Cells (1 x 107) were labeled for 90 min with 0.1 mCi of Na251CrO4, then washed three times in culture medium and incubated for 1 h to allow spontaneous release. JY cells were then exposed or not to the acid solution, as described above. Finally, chromium-labeled cells were washed twice in culture medium and resuspended at 2 x 105 cells/ml, and 2 x 104 cells/well were added to 96-well plates.
Cytotoxicity assay
Effector cells were added to each well to achieve a total volume of 200 µl. The E:T ratios were different for each experiment. The plates were incubated for 4 h at 37°C in 5% CO2, and 25 µl of supernatant was collected from each well and counted in a gamma counter (TopCount, Packard, Rungis, France). Spontaneous 51Cr release (spont. cpm) was measured in wells containing only labeled target cells. Maximum 51Cr-release (max. cpm) was determined by the addition of 100 µl of 1% Triton X-100 (Sigma) to the wells containing labeled target cells. Each assay was set up in triplicate, and the results were expressed as the percentage of specific lysis: (experimental cpm - spont. cpm) x 100/(max. cpm - spont. cpm). In experiments in which mAbs were used to block HLA class I-NKR interactions, PBL were incubated with HP-3B1, EB6, or control mAb, and CC were incubated with W6/32 or control mAb 10 min before adding the effector cells. The mAb was present throughout the cytotoxicity assay. We verified that the addition of a F(ab')2 goat anti-mouse IgG Ab (Immunotech) to prevent Ab-dependent cell cytotoxicity by interaction of the mAb with NK cell FcR did not modify the results of cytotoxicity assays in our experimental conditions.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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JAR and JEG-3 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry after labeling
them with the anti-HLA class I W6/32 mAb and with the
anti-human-ß2m B1G6 mAb. As expected, fluorescence
histograms showed that JEG-3 cells expressed high levels of HLA class I
molecules, whereas no expression could be detected on JAR cells (Fig. 1
, A and B).
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C, both cells were resistant to freshly
isolated unstimulated PBL (NK lysis). By contrast, both cells were
lysed efficiently (Fig. 1D) by PBL stimulated for 4 days
with 200 U/ml of IL-2 (LAK lysis). More importantly, the same effector
cells, i.e., IL-2-stimulated PBL isolated from a given donor, killed
JAR and JEG-3 cells to the same extent, whatever the E/T ratio. Effect of down-regulating expression of HLA class I molecules by acid treatment on sensitivity of JEG-3 cells to NK and LAK lysis
JEG-3 cells and JY cells used as controls were or were not treated
for 4 min with a citrate-phosphate, pH 3 acid buffer, and then analyzed
by flow cytometry after labeling the cells with W6/32 mAb and with B1G6
mAb. Labeling was performed immediately and 4 h after acid
treatment to follow the expression of class I molecules during the
period corresponding to the duration of the cytotoxicity assay. The
fluorescence histograms showed a considerable decrease in the level of
expression of HLA class I molecules in both cells immediately after
acid treatment (Fig. 2, A and
B). Expression increased substantially after 4 h,
although it did not reach the pretreatment level.
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C). By
contrast, it neither induced detectable NK lysis nor increased LAK
lysis of JEG-3 cells (Fig. 2, D and E). Effect of masking HLA class I molecules, CD94/NKG2 and CD158a/p58.1 with mAbs on sensitivity of JEG-3 cells to NK and LAK lysis
JEG-3 cells were tested for NK and LAK lysis in the presence of
saturating concentrations of W6/32 mAb to mask HLA class I
molecules on target cells. As expected, the addition of W6/32 to
target cells 10 min before the beginning of the cytotoxicity assay
induced very strong NK lysis of JY cells used as positive controls
(Fig. 3A). However, W6/32 mAb
treatment neither induced NK lysis nor increased LAK lysis of JEG-3
cells by PBL (Fig. 3, B and C).
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D). By contrast, the addition of
HP-3B1 mAb alone (Fig. 3E) or in combination with W6/32 mAb
(data not shown) did not induce detectable NK lysis of JEG-3 cells by
PBL. Furthermore, LAK lysis of JEG-3 cells was not increased in the
presence of HP-3B1 mAb (Fig. 3F).
Since JEG-3 cells also express the HLA-C-locus product, HLA-Cw*0401
(44), which is recognized by CD158a/p58.1 NKR (45), we tested the
effect of masking the CD158a/p58.1 NKR with the EB6 mAb on the
susceptibility of JEG-3 cells to NK and LAK lysis. C1R cells, which
also express HLA-Cw*0401 product (45), were used to verify the efficacy
of the EB6 mAb treatment in the cytotoxicity assay. As expected, the
addition of EB6 mAb to effector cells 10 min before the beginning of
the cytotoxicity assay increased NK lysis of C1R cells (Fig. 3G). However, the addition of EB6 mAb neither induced NK
lysis nor increased LAK lysis of JEG-3 cells by PBL (Fig. 3, H and I). Finally, NK lysis of JEG-3 cells was
still undetectable in the presence of a combination of EB6 and HP-3B1
mAbs (Table I).
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Four clones of JAR cells (3, 26, 106, and 107), which reexpress
HLA class I molecules after treatment with the demethylating agent
5-azacytidine (39), and untreated JAR cells were analyzed by flow
cytometry after labeling them with W6/32 mAb and with B1G6 mAb.
Fluorescence histograms showed that the expression of HLA class I
molecules increased in clones 3, 106, 26, and 107 (Fig. 4, A and B).
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C). Sensitivity of JAR and JAR-B7 cells to CTL lysis
Control PBMC and HLA-B7-specific CTL were obtained respectively by
incubating PBMC isolated from HLA-A2-positive and HLA-B7-negative
donors over 8 days in the presence or absence of irradiated JY cells,
which are homozygous for the HLA-A2 and HLA-B7
alleles. The cytotoxicity of control PBMC and HLA-B7-specific CTL was
then tested against JY cells, HLA-B7-positive lymphoblasts, wild-type
JAR cells, and JAR cells transfected by the HLA-B7 gene
(JAR-B7) (40). As expected, HLA-B7-specific CTL lysed JY cells (Fig. 5A) or HLA-B7-positive
lymphoblasts (data not shown), whereas control PBMC did not. By
contrast, HLA-B7-specific CTL lysed neither JAR cells nor JAR-B7 cells,
although the latter cells strongly express HLA-B7 (Fig. 5, B
and C).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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It has been shown previously that IFN- treatment of normal
trophoblast cells and of JEG-3 cells partially protects these cells
from killing by IL-2-stimulated DL (32). This observation has led to
the proposal that the protective effect may be due to IFN--induced
up-regulation of trophoblast HLA class I molecules (32). However, our
results showed that JAR and JEG-3 cells were lysed equally by
IL-2-stimulated PBL isolated from a given donor, and that
down-regulating HLA class I expression on JEG-3 cells or masking these
molecules with mAb, masking the CD94/NKG2 and the CD158a/p58.1 NKRs on
effector cells, or inducing self HLA class I molecule expression on JAR
cells did not affect LAK lysis of CC. These results strongly support
the conclusion that HLA class I expression on CC does not regulate
their susceptibility to LAK lysis. Finally, this conclusion agrees with
the early observation that JEG-3, BeWo, and freshly isolated
trophoblast cells are lysed efficiently by IL-2-stimulated DL and PBL
(35, 36).
We also showed that the treatment of JEG-3 cells with the W6/32 mAb did not induce detectable NK lysis of these cells by PBL. This result was unexpected because the treatment of first trimester cytotrophoblasts with W6/32 induces partial lysis of these cells by NK cells (23). The discrepancy may be due to the nature of target cells (trophoblast cell lines versus first trimester enriched cytotrophoblast cells). Nevertheless, in agreement with the lack of effect of W6/32 treatment, we found that NK lysis of JEG-3 cells by PBL was still undetectable after down-regulation of HLA class I expression on these cells and when the putative HLA-G receptor CD94/NKG2 was masked with HP-3B1 mAb. These results strongly suggest that JEG-3 cell resistance to NK lysis involves an HLA-G-independent protective effect. Several recent studies have, however, indicated that HLA-E is recognized by the CD94/NKG2A-inhibitory receptor and not HLA-G (28, 29, 30, 31). In fact, HLA-G recognition is probably limited to a peptide derived from HLA-G leader sequence that stabilizes the expression of HLA-E. In these conditions, JEG-3 cells probably express HLA-E. However, the fact that the anti-CD94 HP-3B1 mAb, which is known to block HLA-E-mediated protection (28), was ineffective on JEG-3 cells excludes the possibility that HLA-E protects these cells from NK lysis. On the other hand, JEG-3 cells express the product of HLACw*0401 (44). This molecule could be recognized by CD158a/p58.1 NKR (45), and thus inhibit NK cells. This is unlikely because masking CD158a/p58.1 NKR with EB6 mAb did not induce NK lysis of JEG-3 cells. Taken together, our results thus support the conclusion that JEG-3 cell resistance to NK lysis mainly involves an HLA-G-, -E-, and -C-independent protective effect. Finally, this conclusion agrees with the fact that JAR cells, which did not express detectable HLA class I heavy chain or ß2m, were resistant to NK lysis. Although the protective role exerted by class I molecules toward NK lysis has been largely demonstrated, some contradictions have been reported, especially with models using nonlymphoid targets such as solid mouse tumor lines (47, 48, 49, 50) and human lines (51, 52, 53). This observation led Litwin et al. to propose that NK cells may possess cytotoxic mechanisms that are both MHC dependent and MHC independent depending on the nature of the target cell (53). Our study demonstrates that CC resistance to NK lysis mainly involves an HLA class I-independent mechanism(s).
The reason that the HLA-G-dependent protective effect that is effective in LCL.721.221 (15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21) and K562 (22, 23) cells is apparently not present in JEG-3 cells is unknown. It can be postulated that the HLA-G-independent protective effect is predominant in JEG-3 cells and thus masks the HLA-G-dependent effect. In this context, it is of note that JAR cells transfected by the HLA-B7 gene were as resistant to lysis by allospecific polyclonal CTL as untransfected cells. In agreement with previous findings (3), this result suggests that, besides the absence of classical HLA class I molecule expression, CC can make use of additional mechanism(s) to escape CTL lysis (3). It is possible that this additional mechanism(s) is, at least in part, that used by CC to resist NK lysis.
Given that NK cell functions depend on a balance between activatory signals mediated by ill-defined triggering receptors and inhibitory signals mainly mediated by HLA-specific NKR, several nonexclusive mechanisms may be proposed to explain the HLA class I-independent protective effect demonstrated in CC. The first, which was postulated earlier for isolated trophoblast cells (36, 54), is that CC lack target structures and are thus not recognized by triggering receptors on NK cells. Nevertheless, the fact that CC were efficiently lysed by IL-2-stimulated effectors, which are essentially cells of the NK lineage, suggests that at least some target structures are expressed on CC. On the other hand, the resistance of classical HLA class I-expressing transfectants of CC to lysis by allospecific CTL (this study, 3) suggests that the expression of an adequate target molecule on CC may be insufficient to induce efficient lysis by effector cells. A second possible mechanism might be that one or several non-MHC ligands expressed on CC could bind to NKR, unrelated to CD94/NKG2 and CD158a/p58.1, and give an inhibitory signal to NK cells. Although such a possibility cannot be excluded, it seems very speculative and has not yet been documented. A further possibility is that the adhesion of effector cells to CC is defective (3, 32). Nevertheless, our previous results (55) strongly suggest that a defect in the adhesion phase is probably not involved. Another plausible mechanism might be that soluble factors released by CC can inhibit NK cell function. Work is in progress in this laboratory to test these putative mechanisms.
In conclusion, it is tempting to speculate that during pregnancy, an HLA class I-independent mechanism of resistance to NK lysis analogous to that observed with CC in this study might be involved at the interface between the syncytiotrophoblast and PBL, in addition to an HLA-G-dependent mechanism that could take place at the interface between extravillous trophoblast and DL. Finally, the fact that the resistance of trophoblast cells is circumvented when polyclonal effector cells are stimulated by IL-2 (this study, 35, 36) implies that cytokine secretion, in particular by Th1 lymphocytes, is perfectly regulated at the feto-maternal interface.
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Footnotes |
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2 T.A. and A.-C.J. contributed equally to this work.
3 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. G. Thibault, UPRES-JE 1992 Interactions Hôte-Greffon, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, 2 bis Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France. E-mail address:
4 Abbreviations used in this paper: CC, choriocarcinoma cells; ß2m, ß2-microglobulin; DL, decidual lymphocytes; LAK, lymphokine-activated killer; NKR, NK receptor.
Received for publication July 8, 1998. Accepted for publication March 3, 1999.
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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1 domain of HLA-G1 and HLA-G2 inhibits cytotoxicity induced by natural killer cells: is HLA-G the public ligand for natural killer cell inhibitory receptors?. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:5249. and IFN- on killing of human trophoblast by decidual LAK cells. J. Reprod. Immunol. 23:51.[Medline]
expression on ß and 
T cells: evidence for the association of two TCR heterodimers with three CD3 chains in the TCR complex. J. Immunol. 154:3814.[Abstract]
/+ T lymphocytes. I. Inhibition of the IL-2-dependent proliferation by anti-Kp43 monoclonal antibody. J. Immunol. 144:3238.[Abstract]
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| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
) and JEG-3
(
) cells were incubated for 4 h at 37°C with PBL
(C) or PBL grown for 4 days in the presence of 200 U/ml
of IL-2 (D). Cytotoxicity against CC is expressed as the
mean percentage of specific lysis of each triplicate (one experiment
representative of four).
),
irrevelant mouse IgG1 (G and H) (
),
W6/32 mAb (A–C) (•), HP-3B1 mAb (anti-CD94)
(D–F) (
). Cytotoxicity is expressed as the mean
percentage of specific lysis of each triplicate (one experiment
representative of five).
), JAR-26 (