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,
Departments of
*
Surgery,
Biochemistry, and
Human Biology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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and TNF- were not implicated,
since neither the IL-1 receptor antagonist nor a TNF-neutralizing Ab
could suppress the factor Xa responses. Active site-inhibited factor Xa
and factor Xa depleted from 
-carboxyglutamic acid residues were
completely inactive. The effector cell protease receptor-1 (EPR-1)
seems not to be involved since anti-EPR-1 Abs failed to inhibit
cytokine production. Moreover, neither the factor X peptide
Leu83-Leu88, representing the inter-epidermal
growth factor sequence in factor Xa that mediates ligand binding
to EPR-1, nor the peptide AG1, corresponding to the EPR-1 sequence
Ser123-Pro137 implicated in factor Xa binding,
inhibited the factor Xa-induced cytokine production. In conclusion,
these findings indicate that factor Xa evokes a proinflammatory
response in endothelial cells, which requires both its catalytic and
-carboxyglutamic acid-containing domain. The receptor system
involved in these responses induced by factor Xa remains to be
established. |
Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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It has been well established that the inflammatory and coagulation pathways are invariably linked. Various serine proteases trigger a diversity of proinflammatory responses, in addition to their critical role in coagulation and fibrinolytic processes. For instance, thrombin and urokinase interact with specific receptors and elicit typical inflammatory responses, characterized by leukocyte migration and chemotaxis as well as adhesion to endothelium (11, 12, 13, 14, 15). Since factor Xa may also function as a mediator of inflammation, we aimed to search for potential proinflammatory effects of factor Xa on endothelial cells. To this end, we determined the capability of factor Xa to induce the production of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), as well as the surface expression of the cell adhesion molecules E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1, by HUVEC. In addition, we examined the structural requirements of factor Xa necessary for endothelial cell activation. Since a few studies have underscored the involvement of EPR-1 in the action of factor Xa on several cell types, we investigated its participation in the factor Xa-induced proinflammatory responses on endothelial cells.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Human thrombin (3120 NIH U/mg protein), heparin, FMLP, and LPS
(from Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5) were all obtained
from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Hirudin and human rTNF- were provided by
BASF/Knoll (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Recombinant IL-1 and the IL-1
receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) were kind gifts, respectively, of Dr.
Gillis (Immunex, Seattle, WA) and Dr. Vannice (Amgen, Boulder, CO).
Factor Xa substrate (Pefachrome Xa) was obtained from Pentapharm
(Basel, Switzerland), and thrombin-cleavable substrate (S2238) from
KabiVitrum (Stockholm, Sweden). Factor X was purified from bovine and
human plasma as described (16) and activated with Russell’s viper
venom according to the method of Fujikawa et al. (17). Factor Xa
activity was measured by the ability to hydrolyse Pefachrome Xa. Purity
was controlled by SDS-PAGE and staining with Coomassie brilliant blue.
Modified factor Xa, lacking the -carboxyglutamic acid (gla) residues
(factor Xa-gla), was a kind gift from Drs. J. Rosing and G. Tans
(Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht) and was prepared
as described by Morita and Jackson (18). The concentration of factor
Xa-gla was calculated from its activity toward Pefachrome Xa, assuming
identical amidolytic activity as factor Xa. Active site-inhibited
factor Xa was obtained by incubation of native factor Xa with
dansyl-glutamylglycyl-L-arginine (DEGR) chloromethyl
ketone (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA), as described previously (19).
Antithrombin III (ATIII) was obtained from bovine plasma and purified
to homogeneity according to the method of Thaler et al. (20).
Incubation of factor Xa with equimolar ATIII resulted in complete loss
of factor Xa coagulant activity. Factor Xa and ATIII were tested for
LPS activity by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay according
to the manufacturer’s instructions (Endosafe, Charleston, SC) and were
found to contain <10 pg/ml LPS.
The anti-EPR-1 mAbs 9D4 and B6, shown to bind to the EPR-1 sequence Pro120-Ala154, representing the factor Xa-binding site on EPR-1, the factor X peptide Leu83-Phe84-Thr85-Arg86-Lys87-Leu88-(Gly), representing the interconnecting epidermal growth factor sequence in factor Xa, which mediates ligand binding to EPR-1, and its control scrambled variant Lys-Phe-Thr-(Gly)-Arg-Leu-Leu were kindly provided by Dr. D. C. Altieri (Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT) (21, 22). The partially overlapping peptides S123PGKPGNQNSKNEPP137 (AG1) and P136 PKKRERERSSHCYP150 (AG2), corresponding to the sequences of EPR-1 implicated in interaction with factor Xa (21), were synthesized by Dr. J. W. Drijfhout (Department of Immunohematology, Academic Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands). Control mAb CB1, produced by the cell line MOPC21, was obtained from Celltech (Berkshire, U.K.). Fibronectin was kindly provided by Dr. J. van Mourik (CLB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). RPMI 1640 and human endothelial serum-free medium with L-glutamine were obtained from Life Technologies (Paisley, U.K.); endothelial cell growth supplement was purchased from Becton Dickinson (Bedford, MA); and bovine calf serum was obtained from HyClone (Logan, UT). Human serum, obtained after informed consent from healthy donors at the Red Cross Blood Bank Zuid Limburg (Maastricht, The Netherlands), was pooled and sterilized by filtration through an 0.22-µm pore size filter (Millipore, Bedford, MA). The serum was heated at 56°C for 30 min before storage at 4°C.
Cell culturing and stimulation procedures
HUVEC were isolated from fresh umbilical cords by treatment with
collagenase type I (Sigma) and were seeded into fibronectin-coated
tissue culture flasks (Costar, Cambridge, MA) in RPMI 1640 supplemented
with 10% human serum, 10% bovine calf serum, 50 g/ml heparin, 30 g/ml
endothelial cell growth supplement, 2 mM L-glutamine, and
antibiotics. For stimulation experiments, endothelial cells of passages
1 through 4 were trypsinized, seeded at a density of 104
cells/well, and cultured for 2 to 3 days to confluence in
fibronectin-coated 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture plates in air
containing 5% CO2 at 37°C. Before stimulation, the cells
were washed extensively and placed in serum-free culture medium.
Stimulation of the cells was initiated by adding 100 µl of fresh
serum-free medium containing the test reagents. In experiments designed
to test inhibition of factor Xa, Xa was preincubated with the
inhibitors for 40 min before it was added to the cells. In the
experiments to elucidate the possible intermediate role of IL-1 or
TNF-, IL-1Ra or TNF-neutralizing mAb 61E71 (23) were added
simultaneously with factor Xa, IL-1, or TNF- to the cells. For
studies to investigate EPR-1 involvement cells were, respectively,
preincubated for 30 min and 1 h, with increasing concentrations
(0.25–1 mM) of the factor X-derived peptide
Leu83-Leu88 and its scrambled control or with
various dilutions (25–100 µg/ml) of the anti-EPR-1 mAbs 9D4 and
B6 or the control mAb CB1, before addition of factor Xa (5–40 nM) to
the cells. In addition, for peptide competition experiments with the
peptides AG1 and AG2, factor Xa was preincubated with increasing
concentrations (0.25–1 mM) of these peptides for 15 min before
addition to HUVEC monolayers. Culture supernatants were harvested at
the end of the incubation period and stored at -20°C until use for
determination of cytokine levels by ELISA. The cells were fixed for
determination of adhesion molecule expression.
Normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were isolated from freshly drawn heparin-anticoagulated blood from healthy donors by means of Lymphoprep (Nycomed, Oslo, Norway) gradient centrifugation, followed by lysis of the contaminating erythrocytes in an isotonic ammonium chloride solution (24). PMNs were then resuspended in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 0.1% BSA and stimulated with 1 µM FMLP before addition to HUVEC for the adhesion assay.
Cytokine assays
Cytokine levels in culture supernatants were determined using a previously described sandwich ELISA for IL-6 (25) and a newly developed ELISA for IL-8. ImmunoMaxisorp plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) were coated overnight at 4°C with murine anti-IL-6 mAb 5E1 or a newly generated IL-8-specific murine mAb (IgG1), designated HM-7. Human rIL-6, kindly provided by Dr. W. Sebald (Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität, Würzburg, Germany), and human rIL-8, kindly provided by Dr. I. Lindley (Novartis Forschungs Institute, Vienna, Austria), were used for standard titration curves. Samples were tested in quadruplicate, diluted in 0.1% (w/v) BSA in PBS, and incubated for 2 h at room temperature. Biotinylated polyclonal rabbit Ig to human IL-6 or IL-8 were incubated at room temperature for 1 h, followed by five washings in 0.1% (w/v) Tween 20 in distilled water and a 1-h incubation with peroxidase-labeled streptavidin (Zymed, San Francisco, CA). Peroxidase activity was determined by addition of the substrate tetramethylbenzidine. The reaction was stopped after 15 min with 1 M H2SO4, and quantitation was performed by photospectrometry at 450 nm. MCP-1 concentrations were determined using a human MCP-1 ELISA test kit, kindly provided by HBT (Uden, The Netherlands). The lower detection limit of the immunoassays was 10 pg/ml.
Adhesion molecule detection assays
Supernatants from activated HUVEC were collected, and the endothelial cells were rinsed three times with PBS supplemented with 0.9 mM CaCl2 and 0.5 mM MgCl2 (PBS/Ca/Mg), and fixed with 0.025% (w/v) glutaraldehyde (Serva, Heidelberg, Germany) at room temperature for 15 min. The fixed cells were rinsed three times with PBS/Ca/Mg, then incubated with 1% (w/v) BSA in PBS and analyzed for cell surface expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. These proteins were detected, respectively, by 1 h incubation with biotinylated mAb ENA-2 (26), biotinylated mAb HM-1 (27), or mAb 1G11, the latter a kind gift from Dr. D. O. Haskard (Department of Rheumatology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K.) (28, 29). After three washings in 0.1% (w/v) BSA in PBS, the primary Abs were detected by peroxidase-labeled streptavidin (Zymed) or peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson, West Grove, PA) by incubation for 1 h. As negative controls, the primary Abs were replaced by 0.1% BSA in PBS or by a nonrelevant antiserum. All Abs were diluted in 0.1% BSA in PBS. Peroxidase activity was determined as described above. To correct for differences in cell numbers between individual wells, we routinely performed a crystal violet staining in each well, after the ELISA test. The culture plates were rinsed in distilled water and dried overnight. Cell nuclei were stained with 5 mM crystal violet (50 µl/well; Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) for 30 min. After rinsing in distilled water, the crystal violet was solubilized from the nuclei with 96% ethanol by shaking the plates for 10 min. Absorbance was measured by photospectrometry at 590 nm.
Adhesion assay
HUVECs (5 x 104 cells/well) were plated into fibronectin-coated 24-well tissue culture plates (Costar). When monolayers were confluent, the cells were rinsed thoroughly in RPMI 1640 and stimulated with 160 nM factor Xa or 0.2 nM TNF in serum-free culture medium. After 7 h of incubation, the cells were washed once with medium and incubated for 15 min at 37°C with PMNs (4 x 105 cells/well) in a total volume of 500 µl/well. At the end of the incubation period, the nonadherent cells were removed by washing twice with 0.1% BSA in RPMI 1640. Adherent cells were lysed with 200 µl of 0.5% Triton X-100 (Sigma) by shaking for 10 min. Myeloperoxidase activity of the adherent cells was measured by adding 200 µl of 0.04% tetramethylbenzidine. The reaction was terminated after 20 min by adding 50 µl of 5 M H2SO4, and the absorbance was determined at 450 nm. A standard curve was prepared by dilution of a sample of known PMN content.
Statistical analysis
Data in the figures are presented as mean ± SEM of one representative experiment. Differences between the various treatments were tested by Student’s t test and were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Treatment of HUVEC with bovine factor Xa resulted in a
significantly increased release of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1
into the culture supernatants. Cytokine production was detectable at 5
nM factor Xa and increased with the concentration of factor Xa (Fig. 1
, A–C). Similar
concentration-response curves of cytokine production were obtained with
human factor Xa (data not shown). While the amount of IL-8 released
under the influence of 80 nM factor Xa was almost equal to that
released by 0.1 nM TNF-, the production of IL-6 and MCP-1 was about
two to three times lower in comparison with TNF- (data not shown).
In the next series of experiments, time-response curves of IL-8
production by factor Xa (10 and 80 nM) or TNF- (0.1 nM) were
determined (Fig. 2A). Elevated
IL-8 levels became apparent as early as 4 h after stimulation with
10 or 80 nM factor Xa, and the levels continued to increase up to
24 h. The kinetics of TNF--induced IL-8 production follow the
same pattern. After 24 h of stimulation with 80 nM factor Xa or
0.1 nM TNF-, the levels of IL-8 in the culture media were 75 and 94
ng/ml, respectively. In addition, no disparity was observed between the
kinetics of factor Xa- and TNF--induced production of IL-6 and MCP-1
(data not shown).
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B). IL-8 release was already increased by 30% after
30 min and by 100% after 120 min of stimulation (Fig. 2B).
Enhanced IL-6 levels (twofold increase) became apparent after 120 min
of stimulation with factor Xa (data not shown). Thrombin (10 nM)
stimulation during 30 min evoked a threefold increase in IL-8 release
(Fig. 2B). Measurements of the amount of active factor Xa
showed that, after 120 min of incubation, 60% of its initial
concentration could be recovered from the culture supernatant. Factor Xa induces expression of adhesion molecules
Effects on expression of the adhesion molecules E-selectin,
ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were studied in long term incubations with 5 to 160
nM factor Xa. Surface expression of E-selectin, which is not
constitutively present on resting HUVEC, was measured after 5 h,
whereas ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression were evaluated after 20 h
incubation. Expression of E-selectin became apparent after stimulation
with 5 to 40 nM factor Xa (Fig. 3A). It increased upon more
prolonged exposure (8–12 h) to factor Xa, but then decreased again
after 24 h of stimulation (Fig. 4).
Incubation with factor Xa (40–160 nM) during 20 h resulted in a
threefold increased expression of both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 (Fig. 3, B and C).
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), indicating the significance and
bioactivity of the detected adhesion molecule expression.
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We used several approaches to identify factor Xa as the actually
responsible inducer of cytokine production and adhesion molecule
expression. First, control experiments using the Limulus
amebocyte lysate assay showed that <10 pg/ml LPS was present in the
factor Xa preparations, in accordance with the observation that after
heating (100°C, 5 min), factor Xa failed to induce IL-8 production
(Table I). Moreover, an LPS-induced
response could be excluded, since addition of polymyxin B (10 µg/ml)
to the culture medium did not affect the factor Xa-induced E-selectin
expression, while LPS-mediated E-selectin expression was inhibited
(Table II). To exclude a role of
contaminating thrombin, the previous experiments had been conducted in
serum-free medium to prevent the possibility of thrombin formation from
prothrombin. That thrombin was completely absent was confirmed by the
inability of the culture supernatants to cleave the chromogenic
thrombin substrate S2238 (data not shown). Furthermore, addition of the
thrombin-specific inhibitor hirudin had no effect on the factor
Xa-induced production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 nor on the expression of
E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1, regardless of the factor Xa
concentration used, while thrombin-induced effects were impaired
(Tables I and II). ATIII, a physiologic inhibitor of both thrombin and
factor Xa, completely abolished the factor Xa-induced cytokine
production or adhesion molecule expression (Tables I and II). Neither
ATIII nor hirudin inhibited TNF--stimulated IL-8 production or
E-selectin expression (Tables I and II).
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or TNF-. Neither IL-1Ra nor the
anti-TNF mAb affected the expression of E-selectin (Fig. 6) or the production of IL-8 (data not
shown) induced by factor Xa. IL-1- and TNF--mediated effects on
E-selectin expression and IL-8 production were completely inhibited by
IL-1Ra and the anti-TNF mAb, respectively.
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To obtain information about which characteristic features of
factor Xa, such as its enzymatic activity and its
Ca2+-membrane binding properties, are neccesary for the
observed proinflammatory responses, we used two modified forms of
factor Xa. First, irreversibly inactivated factor Xa was prepared by
treatment with the active site inhibitor DEGR-chloromethyl ketone. The
loss of enzymatic activity was verified by measuring the amidolytic
activity of Pefachrome Xa, as described (19). Second, factor Xa lacking
the gla residues responsible for Ca2+-dependent binding (2)
was tested in our HUVEC system. Both of the modified forms of factor Xa
failed to induce IL-8 production (Fig. 7). Accordingly, both the active site and
the gla domain seem to be required for this cytokine production.
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To address the question whether EPR-1 is involved in the factor
Xa-induced cytokine production by HUVEC, we used several approaches. We
applied the anti-EPR-1 mAbs B6 (data not shown) and 9D4 (5, 10),
described to inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled
factor Xa to HUVEC and EPR-1 CHO-transfected cells in our assays. No
inhibitory effect of 9D4, in a concentration range from 25 to 100 g/ml,
was found on the IL-8 production induced by human or bovine factor Xa
(5–40 nM; Fig. 8A). In
addition, in peptide competition experiments, neither the factor X
peptide Leu83-Leu88 (0.25 -1 mM) (Fig. 8B) nor the EPR-1 derived peptide AG1 (data not shown) were
effective in inhibiting factor Xa-dependent IL-8 production. Neither
the EPR-1 mAbs nor the different peptides by themselves caused
stimulation of IL-8 production.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Recently, it has become evident that, in addition to their critical role in coagulation and fibrinolytic processes, plasma serine proteases trigger a diversity of cellular responses, including inflammatory reactions. For instance, it is well known that thrombin acts as a potent proinflammatory agonist of endothelial cells. Thrombin not only increases vascular permeability, but also stimulates attraction and binding of neutrophils and monocytes to the endothelium by induction of cytokine release and expression of adhesion molecules, such as P- and E-selectin (30, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41). Also, factor Xa has been shown to mediate a variety of biologic effects in addition to its function as a pivotal enzyme in coagulation. Several authors have described a role for factor Xa in mitogenesis and in lymphocyte activation (4, 5, 6, 7). There is also evidence that factor Xa can trigger inflammatory processes (8). Injection of factor Xa in the rat paw resulted in inflammation, as estimated by edema formation, through binding and activation of mast cells. Many of these biologic effects may be mediated through the interaction of factor Xa with a specific membrane receptor, EPR-1. The present study is the first to demonstrate that factor Xa is an effective inducer of a proinflammatory response in endothelial cells. Our data show that, in HUVEC, factor Xa ranging from 5 nM and higher induce time- and concentration-dependent production of the cytokine IL-6 and the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1 and stimulate expression of the adhesion molecules E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. Moreover, the factor Xa-induced adhesion molecule expression accommodated neutrophil adherence to the cells. The physiologic relevance of the proinflammatory actions of factor Xa on endothelial cells remains to be established. However, short term exposure (120 min) of HUVEC to factor Xa already stimulates considerable IL-8 and IL-6 production, and prolonged exposure leads to higher levels. In vivo, factor Xa activity is down-regulated by protease inhibitors; despite this fact, concentrations of 10 nM and higher can be reached in plasma (42). Even higher concentrations of factor Xa may be present locally, since factor Xa is generated on cells by tissue factor/factor VIIa and factor VIIIa/IXa and are stabilized on their phospholipid surface by factor Va, which may lead to protracted and intense factor Xa activity on these cells. Also, factor Xa may act synergistically with other activators, a concept that is the focus of current investigations.
The effects of factor Xa closely resemble the well-known inflammatory actions of thrombin. The effects were not mediated by contamination with or formation of thrombin, but instead were direct consequences of factor Xa interaction with endothelial cells, because: 1) thrombin amidolytic activity was not detected after exposure of the cells to factor Xa; 2) the specific thrombin inhibitor hirudin was unable to block factor Xa-induced cytokine production and adhesion molecule expression; whereas 3) the combined factor Xa and thrombin inhibitor antithrombin III blocked all of these responses.
Furthermore, we could exclude the possibility that other activators,
such as IL-1 and TNF-, were involved in the observed actions of
factor Xa, since neither an IL-1Ra nor a TNF-neutralizing Ab affected
factor Xa-induced responses.
Studies to assess the structural domains of factor Xa involved reveal that its active site is required because treatment of factor Xa with the chloromethyl ketone inhibitor DEGR, which alkylates the histidine residue of the catalytic site of factor Xa, inhibits cytokine production. This is probably not due to defective binding of factor Xa to the cells, since Ambrosini and Altieri have shown that this type of active site-inhibited factor Xa had normal characteristics of binding to HUVEC (21). Our data thus support those from other authors showing that the active site of factor Xa is required for mitogen release by endothelial cells and for EPR-1-mediated proliferation of smooth muscle cells (5, 43). Furthermore, it was shown that the amino-terminal gla residues of factor Xa are required for induction of the proinflammatory responses in HUVEC. This finding is in accord with the data from Gajdusek et al. who have reported that factor Xa lacking the gla domain failed to induce mitogen release by endothelial cells (43). Occupancy of a limited number of gla residues by Ca2+ leads to stabilization of a specific conformational state of the protein and thus supports its binding to membrane lipids and membrane-bound factor Va (44). Although not much is yet know about the ligand requirements to activate other factor Xa receptors, our data indicate that the gla domain has a structural function that would support these interactions.
Since EPR-1 is reportedly involved in various factor Xa-mediated biologic events such as the increase of cytosolic-free calcium in single adherent T cells (4), the augmentation of CD3/T cell receptor-dependent lymphocyte proliferation (4), the costimulated proliferation of mononuclear cells (4), and mitogenic signaling of endothelial and smooth muscle cells (5, 6, 7), we have investigated whether the proinflammatory responses evoked in HUVEC by factor Xa are also mediated by EPR-1. An inflammatory response, as measured by the formation of edema (8) is mediated by the factor X-derived peptide Leu83-Leu88, which mediates ligand binding to EPR-1. This peptide lacks enzymatic activity, which indicates that the active site of factor Xa was not involved in that particular inflammatory response. In contrast, our studies clearly show that the enzymatic activity of factor Xa is needed for the induction of cytokine production and adhesion molecule expression by HUVEC. Since the results of our studies indicate that EPR-1 is not involved in factor Xa-stimulated cytokine production, the exact biologic mechanism of factor Xa-induced proinflammatory responses in HUVEC needs to be determined.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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2 C.v.V. is funded by grant PL962107 of the European Community Biotechnology Programme.
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: EPR-1, effector cell protease receptor-1; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocyte; ATIII, antithrombin III; IL-1Ra, IL-1 receptor antagonist; factor Xa gla, factor Xa lacking the -carboxyglutamic acid residues; DEGR, dansyl-glutamylglycyl-L-arginine; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Received for publication January 6, 1998. Accepted for publication June 12, 1998.
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 P. ENKHBAATAR, K. OKAJIMA, K. MURAKAMI, M. UCHIBA, H. OKABE, K. OKABE, and Y. YAMAGUCHI Recombinant Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Reduces Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pulmonary Vascular Injury by Inhibiting Leukocyte Activation Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 1, 2000; 162(5): 1752 - 1759. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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G. J. R. Zaman and E. M. Conway The elusive factor Xa receptor: failure to detect transcripts that correspond to the published sequence of EPR-1 Blood, July 1, 2000; 96(1): 145 - 148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Camerer, W. Huang, and S. R. Coughlin Tissue factor- and factor X-dependent activation of protease-activated receptor 2 by factor VIIa PNAS, May 9, 2000; 97(10): 5255 - 5260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Ollivier, J. Chabbat, J. M. Herbert, J. Hakim, and D. de Prost Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production by Fibroblasts in Response to Factor VIIa Binding to Tissue Factor Involves Thrombin and Factor Xa Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2000; 20(5): 1374 - 1381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. de Jonge, P. E. P. Dekkers, A. A. Creasey, C. E. Hack, S. K. Paulson, A. Karim, J. Kesecioglu, M. Levi, S. J. H. van Deventer, and T. van der Poll Tissue factor pathway inhibitor dose-dependently inhibits coagulation activation without influencing the fibrinolytic and cytokine response during human endotoxemia Blood, February 15, 2000; 95(4): 1124 - 1129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Camerer, J.-A. Rottingen, E. Gjernes, K. Larsen, A. H. Skartlien, J.-G. Iversen, and H. Prydz Coagulation Factors VIIa and Xa Induce Cell Signaling Leading to Up-regulation of the egr-1 Gene J. Biol. Chem., November 5, 1999; 274(45): 32225 - 32233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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