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Cutting Edge: The Chemokine Receptor CCR8 Is Preferentially Expressed in Th2 But Not Th1 Cells^{1 ,2}

Alessandra Zingoni^3,*, Hortensia Soto^3,, Joseph A. Hedrick, Antonella Stoppacciaro, Clelia T. Storlazzi^§, Francesco Sinigaglia^||, Daniele D’Ambrosio^||, Anne O’Garra, Douglas Robinson, Mariano Rocchi^§, Angela Santoni^*,, Albert Zlotnik^3,4, and Monica Napolitano^3,*,¶

^* Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Immunobiology, DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304; Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University of Rome, "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; ^§ Department of Genetics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; ^¶ Laboratory of Vascular Pathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, Rome, Italy; and ^|| Roche Institute, Milan, Italy

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 
In this paper we report on the cloning and characterization of mouse CCR8. Like its human homologue, it is predominantly expressed in the thymus. In the periphery, murine CCR8 mRNA was found most abundantly expressed in activated Th2-polarized cells and in NK1.1⁺CD4⁺ T cells. Human CCR8 is also preferentially expressed in human Th2-polarized cells and clones. This pattern of expression suggests that CCR8 is part of a Th2-specific gene expression program. The CCR8 ligands I-309 and its mouse homologue T cell activation gene 3 (TCA-3) are potent chemoattractants for Th2-polarized cells. Taken together, these observations strongly suggest that CCR8 plays a role in the control of Th2 responses, and may represent a potential target for treatment of allergic diseases.

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 
Chemokines are a superfamily of proteins involved in leukocyte recruitment and activation that have been divided into four classes, CC, CXC, C, and CX3C (1, 2). The biological effects of chemokines on target cells are mediated by interaction with 7-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors. To date several CC chemokine receptors have been cloned and characterized (3, 4).

We have previously reported the molecular cloning of human CCR8, a T cell specific G-protein-coupled, 7-transmembrane receptor. This human receptor, previously known as TER1 (5), ChemR1 (6), or CKR-L1 (7), and now as CCR8, is functionally activated by the CC chemokine I-309 (8, 9) whose mouse homologue is T cell activation gene 3 (TCA-3)⁵. Human CCR8 is expressed only in lymphoid organs and in particular in the thymus (5, 7).

Th lymphocytes have been functionally separated into type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) subsets based on their ability produce discrete sets of cytokines (10). Th1 subsets produce IL-2, IFN-, TNF-, and lymphotoxin and are believed to participate in cell-mediated immunity. The Th2 subset produces IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 and have been associated with allergy-related phenomena and favor humoral responses.

In this study we report the cloning of the murine CCR8 receptor (mCCR8). mCCR8 is also expressed mainly in the thymus. In the periphery, mCCR8 mRNA was found in significant amounts only in activated Th2 T cells. These cells respond in chemotaxis assays to known CCR8 ligands. These observations strongly suggest that mCCR8 is associated with Th2 responses and may represent a potential therapeutic target for intervention during allergic diseases.

	Materials and Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 
Cloning and sequencing

The open reading frame (ORF) of the human CCR8 gene was used as probe to screen the murine 129/SV genomic library in the l/fix vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA); phages were plated and hybridized with the labeled human CCR8 cDNA, and positive genomic phage clones were isolated, subcloned, and sequenced as previously described (5).

Analysis of mCCR8 mRNA expression by RT-PCR and Northern blot

RNA from purified cells were prepared with RNeasy total RNA kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA), following the manufacturer’s instructions. mCCR8 expression was analyzed by RT-PCR using standard methods and ³²P-labeled mCCR8 and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) probes.

Poly(A)⁺ RNA was extracted from cell lines using the FAST/TRACK method (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) and from homogenized frozen tissues, from 4-wk-old BALB/c mice, using TRIZOL (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) followed by oligotex(dT) particles (Qiagen). Five micrograms of poly(A)⁺ RNA was subjected to Northern blot analysis as described (5).

Analysis of mCCR8 mRNA expression by Southern blot of cDNA libraries

For Southern blot analysis of cDNA libraries, 5 µg of excised cDNA was analyzed from each of various cells and tissue cDNA libraries constructed at DNAX. A probe corresponding to the coding region of mCCR8 was nonisotopically labeled using the DIG high-prime kit (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and hybridization was conducted under high stringency (0.2x SSC at 65°C). The blot was then developed using chemiluminescence.

Separation of mouse T cell subsets

Adult thymocyte subsets were separated as described (11). Briefly, single cell suspensions of thymocytes were prepared from 6-wk-old BALB/c mice and stained with the following mAbs: anti-CD4 TriColor (Caltag, South San Francisco, CA), anti-CD8 (LyT2) (53-6.7) phycoerythrin and anti-CD3 FITC (PharMingen, San Diego CA). Single positive cells were gated and then sorted for expression of CD3⁺CD4⁺ and CD3⁺CD8⁺ as well as double positive CD4⁺CD8⁺ cells. All sorts yielded a purity of > 99% upon reanalysis.

Mouse polarized Th1/Th2 cells

Polarized Th1 and Th2 cells were derived from naive CD4⁺ T cells from DO-11.10 TCR transgenic mice with a TCR specific for the OVA peptide (OVA 323-339), as previously described (12). Their successful polarization was confirmed by analyzing their cytokine profile before use in other assays (data not shown). RNA was extracted from cell pellets using Qiagen RNeasy midi kits, following the manufacturers’ directions. Cell groups to be used for chemotaxis assays were stimulated in vitro for 5 h before use in the chemotaxis assays.

Human Th1 and Th2 lines

Human neonatal leukocytes were purified from freshly collected, heparinized cord blood and Th cell lines generated as described (13). Cells were washed and restimulated with 50 ng/ml PMA (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and 1 mg/ml ionomycin (Sigma) for 4 h. Brefeldin (10 mg/ml) was added for the last 2 h of culture. Cells were then fixed with 4% paraformaldeyde, permeabilized with saponin, and stained with FITC-labeled anti-IFN- (PharMingen), phycoerthrin-labeled anti-IL-4 (PharMingen), and Quantum red-labeled anti-CD4 (Sigma) Abs. Samples were analyzed by FACScan (Becton Dickinson).

Human Th1 and Th2 clones

The human Th1 and Th2 clones used here include the human Th1 clone ET 3.22 (specific for the hepatitis antigen) and the Th2 clone E 4.1 (specific for Lo1 p1 allergen) that have been described previously (14).

Chemotaxis assays

The chemotactic activity of highly polarized, mouse Th1/Th2 cells was assessed by microchemotaxis as described (1). The chemotactic index was calculated as the number of cells migrating in test well/number cells migrating in control well. Medium only (DMEM, no serum) was used as background control. Chemokinesis controls were included and were negative in all cases.

Ca²⁺ flux assay

Cells were washed and loaded with 2 mM Fluo-3AM for 30 min at 37°C (Molecular Probes, Eugene OR). Cells were washed and stained with quantum-red conjugated anti-CD4 Abs (Sigma). Cells were then analyzed in a FACStar^Plus (Becton Dickinson). Flow cytometric analysis was gated only to the CD4⁺ cells monitoring emissions at 525 and 613 nm.

	Results and Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 
A mouse 129/SV genomic library was screened using the ORF of human TER1/CCR8 as probe (5). Seven positive phage genomic clones corresponded to the mouse homologue of the CCR8 gene. Sequence analysis revealed an ORF of 1059 nucleotides, predicting a 353-amino acid protein (Fig. 1). PCR was used to amplify cDNAs from the thymus. This cDNA does not have introns, a feature of most chemokine receptor genes (3), and is identical to the genomic sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 71% homology to human CCR8 and 39% to 45% homology to murine CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5 and D6 (15). Alignment between the human and mouse CCR8 amino acid sequences is shown in Figure 1.

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 1. Amino acid alignment between the human and the murine CCR8 receptor. Putative transmembrane regions (TM1-7) are indicated. Identical amino acids are boxed. The asterisk represents an N-glycosylation site in the mCCR8 sequence.

Northern blot analysis using poly(A)⁺ RNA prepared from several organs of a BALB/c mouse (Fig. 2A) indicated that mCCR8 is highly expressed in the thymus. Three mRNA species of about 4, 3, and 2 kb were identified for mCCR8, suggesting the existence of different transcription initiation and/or polyadenylation sites. Goya et al. (17) have recently reported similar observations.

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 2. Northern blot analysis of mCCR8 mRNA in different mouse tissues and cell lines. A, Northern blot analysis of mCCR8 in various organs. B, Northern blot analysis of mCCR8 with mRNA from cell lines as indicated. C, Southern blot analysis of RT-PCR products from thymocyte subpopulations.

The distribution of mCCR8 among different thymic subpopulations was monitored by RT-PCR followed by Southern blot analysis with mCCR8 or HPRT (control) probes (Fig. 2C) on single positive (SP) CD4⁺CD8^-CD3⁺, CD4^-CD8⁺CD3⁺, double positive (DP) CD4⁺CD8⁺, or triple negative (TN) CD4^-CD8^-CD3^- thymocytes. mCCR8 message is abundant in CD4⁺ SP cells (lane 1) and detectable in DP cells (lane 3) but not detectable in CD8⁺ SP (lane 2) or TN cells (lane 4). This result indicates that CCR8 mRNA expression is associated with the CD4⁺ lineage. The low expression in DP thymocytes may represent cells committed to the CD4⁺ lineage. This, along with the potential anti-apoptotic effects discussed above, suggest that CCR8 signaling may be involved in positive selection of thymocytes.

The distribution of mCCR8 mRNA in thymus sections was also analyzed by in situ hybridization. Expression was observed in both cortical and medullary thymocytes (data not shown). In the mouse spleen very few positive cells were observed in the T cell region of the white pulp (data not shown).

These results point to a T cell-specific expression pattern. Since only the thymus expressed significant mCCR8 mRNA (Fig. 2A), we probed 28 mouse peripheral lymphoid tissues or hemopoietic cell line cDNA libraries with mCCR8, including lymph nodes, spleen, T and B cell populations, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Only a cDNA library from activated, Th2-polarized cells expressed abundant mCCR8 (data not shown). To confirm this, we analyzed various mouse T cell populations. As shown in Figure 3A, activated Th2 cells strongly expressed mCCR8, and is also present in a cDNA library from activated NK1.1⁺CD4⁺ T cells, which are known to express several Th2-specific genes (19) and may participate in Th2 differentiation through their ability to produce IL-4. In contrast, mCCR8 mRNA was rare in an activated, polarized Th1 cell cDNA library (Fig. 3A).

View larger version (68K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 3. Expression of CCR8 in T cell subsets. A, Southern blot analysis of mCCR8 on activated mouse Th1 and Th2 polarized cell and in activated mouse CD4+NK1.1+ T cell cDNA libraries. B, Northern blot analysis of mCCR8 expression in mRNA from 3-wk polarized resting or activated polarized Th1 or Th2 cells. Also, expression of mCCR8 mRNA in CD4+Mel14+NK1.1- resting or activated mouse spleen T cells. C, Expression of human CCR8 in human activated polarized Th1 or Th2 cells. The lower panels of B and C show -actin hybridization and ethidium staining, respectively.

We then produced highly polarized activated human Th1 or Th2 cells and performed Northern blot analysis for human CCR8. As shown in Figure 3C, activated human Th2-polarized cells showed strong expression of human CCR8 whereas activated human Th1-polarized cells did not. CCR4 has been recently reported to be preferentially expressed in Th2 cells (14). As shown in Figure 4, we also observed strong CCR8 and CCR4 mRNA expression in the human Th2 clone E 4.1, but not in a human Th1 clone. These results suggest that both CCR4 and CCR8 are potential markers for the differentiation of human Th2 cells.

View larger version (82K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 4. Expression of CCR4 (left panel) and CCR8 (right panel) in the human Th1 clone ET3.22 (lanes 1 and 3) and the human Th2 clone E4.1 (lanes 2 and 4) monitored by Northern blot analysis. Also shown are the 28S and 18S ribosomal subunits. Lanes 1 and 2 were probed with a CCR4 ORF probe, whereas lanes 3 and 4 were probed with a CCR8 ORF probe.

These data predict that Th2 cells should respond to CCR8 ligands. As shown in Figure 5A, I-309 and TCA-3 are potent chemoattractants for activated Th2-polarized T cells. Although activated Th1 T cells also respond to TCA-3, their response required 1000-fold higher ligand concentration than Th2 cells. No chemotaxis was observed by resting Th1, whereas only slight chemotaxis (chemotactic index = 2.5) was observed with resting Th2 T cells (not shown). Control experiments indicated that the responses observed were due to chemotaxis, not chemokinesis (not shown). To our knowledge, this is the first report of chemotactic activity of I-309/TCA-3 for T cells, a result that reflects the high specificity of CCR8 expression in activated Th2 T cells. Recently, CCR5 has been reported to be preferentially expressed by Th1 cells (14, 23). In agreement with this result, we observed that Th1-polarized mouse cells respond to macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) better than to TCA-3 (Fig. 5B).

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 5. A, Th2 cells respond to CCR8 ligands. Chemotaxis of activated (three times polarized) Th1 (open squares) or Th2 cells (open diamonds) in response to human I-309 or mouse TCA-3 (as indicated) was measured in vitro. Results are expressed as chemotactic index vs chemokine concentration and are representative of three separate experiments. B, Comparison of the response of in vitro-polarized Th1 and Th2 mouse cells to MIP-1 and to TCA-3, showing that Th1-polarized cells respond to MIP-1 whereas Th2-polarized cells respond to TCA-3.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 6. Calcium mobilization in response to I-309 in human Th1 and Th2 cells. Cells were loaded with Fluo-3AM and the Ca2+ flux was monitored by flow cytometry by gating in CD4+ cells. Two million cells in 0.5 ml of buffer were exposed to 200 ng/ml I-309, and 3000 events were monitored at 0, 15 and 30 s. The response shown is the mean increase in fluorescence intensity relative to time 0. The mean fluorescence intensity was 5.1 and 7.2 for untreated Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively.

Although the role of cytokines such as IL-4, IFN-, and IL-12 in Th1 and Th2 development has been well documented (26), the role of chemokines and their receptors in Th cell polarization and recruitment remains poorly defined. The expression of chemokine receptors in Th1 and Th2 subsets may provide insights into the effects of these molecules in Th responses. Both Th1 and Th2 cells can produce TCA-3 (27), indicating that they can affect Th2 migratory patterns. The TCA-3/I-309-CCR8 interaction may also influence Th2 differentiation and/or may have anti-apoptotic effects on these cells as well (18). These observations have implications for therapy in allergic diseases and point the way for future research.

	Acknowledgments

 
We thank Drs. Robert Coffman and Terri MacClanahan (DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA) for their gift of normalized T cell libraries.

	Footnotes

 
¹ Database deposition: The nucleotide sequence of mCCR8 has been deposited in GenBank under accession number AF001277.

² This work was supported by funds from Ministry of Health and Italian Association Against Cancer (AIRC) to A.S. and from AIRC and Telethon to M.R. A.Z. is supported by a fellowship from AIRC. DNAX Research Institute is supported by the Schering-Plough Corporation.

³ These authors contributed equally to this work.

⁴ Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Albert Zlotnik, DNAX Research Institute, 901 California Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304. E-mail address:

⁵ Abbreviations used in this paper: TCA-3, T cell activation gene 3; m, murine; ORF, open reading frame; HPRT, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; MIP-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1.

Received for publication December 18, 1997. Accepted for publication May 19, 1998.

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				J. A. S. Gomes, L. M. G. Bahia-Oliveira, M. O. C. Rocha, S. C. U. Busek, M. M. Teixeira, J. S. Silva, and R. Correa-Oliveira Type 1 Chemokine Receptor Expression in Chagas' Disease Correlates with Morbidity in Cardiac Patients Infect. Immun., December 1, 2005; 73(12): 7960 - 7966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. V. Lopez, S. K. Adris, A. I. Bravo, Y. Chernajovsky, and O. L. Podhajcer IL-12 and IL-10 Expression Synergize to Induce the Immune-Mediated Eradication of Established Colon and Mammary Tumors and Lung Metastasis J. Immunol., November 1, 2005; 175(9): 5885 - 5894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Morimoto, Y. Bian, P. Gao, Y. Yashiro-Ohtani, X.-Y. Zhou, S. Ono, H. Nakahara, M. Kogo, T. Hamaoka, and H. Fujiwara Induction of surface CCR4 and its functionality in mouse Th2 cells is regulated differently during Th2 development J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2005; 78(3): 753 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Gombert, M.-C. Dieu-Nosjean, F. Winterberg, E. Bunemann, R. C. Kubitza, L. Da Cunha, A. Haahtela, S. Lehtimaki, A. Muller, J. Rieker, et al. CCL1-CCR8 Interactions: An Axis Mediating the Recruitment of T Cells and Langerhans-Type Dendritic Cells to Sites of Atopic Skin Inflammation J. Immunol., April 15, 2005; 174(8): 5082 - 5091. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Freeman, B.-C. Chiu, V. R. Stolberg, J. Hu, K. Zeibecoglou, N. W. Lukacs, S. A. Lira, S. L. Kunkel, and S. W. Chensue CCR8 Is Expressed by Antigen-Elicited, IL-10-Producing CD4+CD25+ T Cells, Which Regulate Th2-Mediated Granuloma Formation in Mice J. Immunol., February 15, 2005; 174(4): 1962 - 1970. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Ishida, H. Inagaki, A. Utsunomiya, Y. Takatsuka, H. Komatsu, S. Iida, G. Takeuchi, T. Eimoto, S. Nakamura, and R. Ueda CXC Chemokine Receptor 3 and CC Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression in T-Cell and NK-Cell Lymphomas with Special Reference to Clinicopathological Significance for Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Unspecified Clin. Cancer Res., August 15, 2004; 10(16): 5494 - 5500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Johnson Murine Oviduct Epithelial Cell Cytokine Responses to Chlamydia muridarum Infection Include Interleukin-12-p70 Secretion Infect. Immun., July 1, 2004; 72(7): 3951 - 3960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. A. Ruffini, A. Biragyn, M. Coscia, L. K. Harvey, S.-C. Cha, B. Bogen, and L. W. Kwak Genetic fusions with viral chemokines target delivery of nonimmunogenic antigen to trigger antitumor immunity independent of chemotaxis J. Leukoc. Biol., July 1, 2004; 76(1): 77 - 85. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Schaerli, L. Ebert, K. Willimann, A. Blaser, R. S. Roos, P. Loetscher, and B. Moser A Skin-selective Homing Mechanism for Human Immune Surveillance T Cells J. Exp. Med., May 3, 2004; 199(9): 1265 - 1275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Gutierrez, L. Kremer, A. Zaballos, I. Goya, C. Martinez-A., and G. Marquez Analysis of Post-translational CCR8 Modifications and Their Influence on Receptor Activity J. Biol. Chem., April 9, 2004; 279(15): 14726 - 14733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Zaunders, W. B. Dyer, B. Wang, M. L. Munier, M. Miranda-Saksena, R. Newton, J. Moore, C. R. Mackay, D. A. Cooper, N. K. Saksena, et al. Identification of circulating antigen-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes with a CCR5+, cytotoxic phenotype in an HIV-1 long-term nonprogressor and in CMV infection Blood, March 15, 2004; 103(6): 2238 - 2247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				K. Muller, S. Bischof, F. Sommer, M. Lohoff, W. Solbach, and T. Laskay Differential Production of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1{gamma} (MIP-1{gamma}), Lymphotactin, and MIP-2 by CD4+ Th Subsets Polarized In Vitro and In Vivo Infect. Immun., November 1, 2003; 71(11): 6178 - 6183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Y. Thomas, R. Hou, J. E. Boyson, T. K. Means, C. Hess, D. P. Olson, J. L. Strominger, M. B. Brenner, J. E. Gumperz, S. B. Wilson, et al. CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells Express a Chemokine Receptor Profile Indicative of Th1-Type Inflammatory Homing Cells J. Immunol., September 1, 2003; 171(5): 2571 - 2580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				B. Bishop and C. M. Lloyd CC Chemokine Ligand 1 Promotes Recruitment of Eosinophils But Not Th2 Cells During the Development of Allergic Airways Disease J. Immunol., May 1, 2003; 170(9): 4810 - 4817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				R. Gerli, C. Lunardi, and C. Pitzalis Unmasking the anti-inflammatory cytokine response in rheumatoid synovitis Rheumatology, December 1, 2002; 41(12): 1341 - 1345. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Lindstedt, B. Johansson-Lindbom, and C. A. K. Borrebaeck Global reprogramming of dendritic cells in response to a concerted action of inflammatory mediators Int. Immunol., October 1, 2002; 14(10): 1203 - 1213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				O. Fahy, S. Senechal, J. Pene, A. Scherpereel, P. Lassalle, A.-B. Tonnel, H. Yssel, B. Wallaert, and A. Tsicopoulos Diesel Exposure Favors Th2 Cell Recruitment by Mononuclear Cells and Alveolar Macrophages from Allergic Patients by Differentially Regulating Macrophage-Derived Chemokine and IFN-{gamma}-Induced Protein-10 Production J. Immunol., June 1, 2002; 168(11): 5912 - 5919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. W. Lukacs, A. Berlin, D. Schols, R. T. Skerlj, and G. J. Bridger AMD3100, a CxCR4 Antagonist, Attenuates Allergic Lung Inflammation and Airway Hyperreactivity Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2002; 160(4): 1353 - 1360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				M. K. Park, K. F. Hoffmann, A. W. Cheever, D. Amichay, T. A. Wynn, and J. M. Farber Patterns of Chemokine Expression in Models of Schistosoma mansoni Inflammation and Infection Reveal Relationships between Type 1 and Type 2 Responses and Chemokines In Vivo Infect. Immun., November 1, 2001; 69(11): 6755 - 6768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				H. R. Luttichau, J. Gerstoft, and T. W. Schwartz MC148 encoded by human molluscum contagiosum poxvirus is an antagonist for human but not murine CCR8 J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2001; 70(2): 277 - 282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J-C Renauld New insights into the role of cytokines in asthma J. Clin. Pathol., August 1, 2001; 54(8): 577 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				S. D. Thompson, L. K. Luyrink, T. B. Graham, M. Tsoras, M. Ryan, M. H. Passo, and D. N. Glass Chemokine Receptor CCR4 on CD4+ T Cells in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fluid Defines a Subset of Cells with Increased IL-4:IFN-{{gamma}} mRNA Ratios J. Immunol., June 1, 2001; 166(11): 6899 - 6906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Mack, J. Cihak, C. Simonis, B. Luckow, A. E. I. Proudfoot, H. Bruhl, M. Frink, H.-J. Anders, V. Vielhauer, J. Pfirstinger, et al. Expression and Characterization of the Chemokine Receptors CCR2 and CCR5 in Mice J. Immunol., April 1, 2001; 166(7): 4697 - 4704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. W. Chensue, N. W. Lukacs, T.-Y. Yang, X. Shang, K. A. Frait, S. L. Kunkel, T. Kung, M. T. Wiekowski, J. A. Hedrick, D. N. Cook, et al. Aberrant in Vivo T Helper Type 2 Cell Response and Impaired Eosinophil Recruitment in Cc Chemokine Receptor 8 Knockout Mice J. Exp. Med., March 5, 2001; 193(5): 573 - 584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Bruhl, J. Cihak, M. Stangassinger, D. Schlondorff, and M. Mack Depletion of CCR5-Expressing Cells with Bispecific Antibodies and Chemokine Toxins: A New Strategy in the Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and HIV J. Immunol., February 15, 2001; 166(4): 2420 - 2426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. E. Wiley, K. Palmer, B. U. Gajewska, M. R. Stampfli, D. Alvarez, A. J. Coyle, J.-C. Gutierrez-Ramos, and M. Jordana Expression of the Th1 Chemokine IFN-{{gamma}}-Inducible Protein 10 in the Airway Alters Mucosal Allergic Sensitization in Mice J. Immunol., February 15, 2001; 166(4): 2750 - 2759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. M. Fort, R. Lesley, N. J. Davidson, S. Menon, F. Brombacher, M. W. Leach, and D. M. Rennick IL-4 Exacerbates Disease in a Th1 Cell Transfer Model of Colitis J. Immunol., February 15, 2001; 166(4): 2793 - 2800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				N. S. Haque, J. T. Fallon, M. B. Taubman, and P. C. Harpel The chemokine receptor CCR8 mediates human endothelial cell chemotaxis induced by I-309 and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-encoded vMIP-I and by lipoprotein(a)-stimulated endothelial cell conditioned medium Blood, January 1, 2001; 97(1): 39 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Yamamoto, Y. Adachi, Y. Onoue, Y. S. Adachi, Y. Okabe, T. Itazawa, M. Toyoda, T. Seki, M. Morohashi, K. Matsushima, et al. Differential expression of the chemokine receptors by the Th1- and Th2-type effector populations within circulating CD4+ T cells J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2000; 68(4): 568 - 574. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				F. SINIGAGLIA and D. D'AMBROSIO Regulation of Helper T Cell Differentiation and Recruitment in Airway Inflammation Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 1, 2000; 162(4): S157 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				Y.-j. Zhang, B. Lou, R. B. Lal, A. Gettie, P. A. Marx, and J. P. Moore Use of Inhibitors To Evaluate Coreceptor Usage by Simian and Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Viruses and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 in Primary Cells J. Virol., August 1, 2000; 74(15): 6893 - 6910. [Abstract] [Full Text]

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				L. H. Glimcher and K. M. Murphy Lineage commitment in the immune system: the T helper lymphocyte grows up Genes & Dev., July 15, 2000; 14(14): 1693 - 1711. [Full Text]

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				C. Murdoch and A. Finn Chemokine receptors and their role in inflammation and infectious diseases Blood, May 15, 2000; 95(10): 3032 - 3043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				E. H. Tran, E. N. Prince, and T. Owens IFN-{gamma} Shapes Immune Invasion of the Central Nervous System Via Regulation of Chemokines J. Immunol., March 1, 2000; 164(5): 2759 - 2768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. B. Nibbs, T. W. Salcedo, J. D. M. Campbell, X.-T. Yao, Y. Li, B. Nardelli, H. S. Olsen, T. S. Morris, A. E. I. Proudfoot, V. P. Patel, et al. C-C Chemokine Receptor 3 Antagonism by the {beta}-Chemokine Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 4, a Property Strongly Enhanced by an Amino-Terminal Alanine-Methionine Swap J. Immunol., February 1, 2000; 164(3): 1488 - 1497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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