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*
Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland;
Unit 463, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes, France;
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland;
§
Instituto de Inmunologia, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia;
¶
Centre Pluridisciplinaire d’Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
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Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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To document further such a diversity we have now tested single alanine-substituted Melan-A26–35 peptide variants for binding to HLA-A*0201 and recognition by Melan-A-specific CTL. This analysis allowed the identification of a variant peptide (AAAGIGILTV) with increased antigenicity compared with the natural peptide(s). Moreover, comparative analysis of the recognition pattern displayed by 10 independently derived CTL clones known to react with HLA-A*0201+ Melan-A+ tumor cells revealed a striking diversity in terms of both affinity and fine specificity. In addition, a similar degree of diversity was found by analyzing a panel of Melan-A-specific CTL clones derived from the tumor-infiltrated lymph node (TILN)3 of a single melanoma patient.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Peptides were synthesized by standard solid phase chemistry on a multiple peptide synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) using F-moc for transient NH2-terminal protection and were analyzed by mass spectrometry. All peptides were >90% pure as indicated by analytical HPLC. Lyophilized peptides were diluted in DMSO and stored at -20°C.
Cell lines and clones
Tumor cell lines and EBV-transformed B cell lines were maintained in DMEM (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) supplemented with 10% FCS, 0.55 mM Arg, 0.24 mM Asn, and 1.5 mM Gln. Melanoma cell line Me 290 was established at the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, from surgically excised melanoma metastases from patient LAU 203. CTL clone LAU 132/2 specific for peptide 368–376 from tyrosinase (12) was derived from TILN of melanoma patient LAU 132 by cloning after in vitro stimulation with the corresponding synthetic peptide. Melan-A-specific CTL clones M77.80 (Vß3) and M77.84 (Vß14) were derived from TILN of melanoma patient M77 from limiting dilution cultures in the presence of irradiated autologous tumor cells, EBV-transformed B lymphocytes, PHA, and rIL-2 as previously described (13). CTL clones LAU 132/6 and LAU 132/14 (Vß7 and Vß13, respectively) (P. Y. Dietrich, unpublished observation) were similarly derived, with minor modifications, from TILN of patient LAU 132 after in vitro restimulation with peptide Melan-A26–35. CTL clone A42 (Vß7) was established by limiting dilution from a TIL culture, as previously described (5). CTL clones 1.13 (Vß14), 7.10, 5.3.9, 7.23, and Mel 1.33 (Vß9) were derived from PBMC of normal HLA-A2 donors after in vitro restimulation with peptide Melan-A27–35 (N. Gervois et al., manuscript in preparation). CTL clones 1.29, 1.36, 1.37, 1.40, 1.48, 1.59, 2.14, 2.30, 2.34, 2.36, and 2.47 were derived from TILN of melanoma patient LAU 203 from limiting dilution cultures in the presence of irradiated allogeneic PBMC, EBV-transformed B lymphocytes, PHA, and rIL-2. Clones were derived from wells with a probability of clonality >90% according to single hit Poisson distribution. They were subsequently expanded by plating 5 x 103 cells every 3–4 wk into microtiter plates together with irradiated feeder cells (5 x 104 allogeneic PBMC and 2 x 104 EBV-transformed B cells) in the presence of PHA and rIL-2.
HLA-A*0201 binding assay
The peptide binding capacity to HLA-A*0201 was assessed in a functional competition assay based on inhibition of recognition of the antigenic peptide tyrosinase 368–376 (YMDGTMSQV) (14) by HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL clone LAU 132/2. Briefly, T2 cells were 51Cr labeled in the presence of anti-class I mAb W6/32. Various concentrations of competitor peptides (50 µl) were incubated with 51Cr-labeled T2 cells (50 µl; 1000 cells/well) for 15 min at room temperature. A suboptimal dose (1 nM) of the antigenic peptide (50 µl) was then added together with specific CTL (5000 cells/well; 50 µl). Chromium release was measured after 4-h incubation at 37°C. The concentration of each competitor peptide required to achieve 50% inhibition of target cell lysis was then determined and is indicated as [nM] 50%. To facilitate comparison, the relative competitor activity of each peptide was calculated as the ]nM[ 50% of the unmodified Melan-A decapeptide EAAGIGILTV divided by the [nM] 50% of the competitor peptide.
Assessment of the stability of single A-substituted Melan-A26–35 peptide analogues/HLA-A*0201 complexes
The stability of peptide/HLA-A*0201 complexes was assayed as previously described (11). Briefly, T2 cells were loaded with saturating concentrations (10 µM) of the different peptide analogues by overnight incubation at room temperature in the presence of ß2m (3 µg/ml; Sigma, Buchs, Switzerland) in serum-free medium (X-VIVO 10, BioWhittaker, Walkersville, MD). After peptide removal and addition of emetine (10-4 M; Sigma) to block protein synthesis, cells were incubated at 37°C for the indicated time periods. For each time point, an aliquot of cells was stained with mAb BB7.2 (HLA-A2 specific) to measure HLA-A2 Ag expression. Influenza matrix 58–66 peptide, which has been shown to bind to HLA-A*0201 with high affinity and form stable peptide/HLA-A*0202 complexes (15), was used as an internal standard. Results are expressed as relative complex stability = 100 x [(mean fluorescence with Melan-A analogue - background mean fluorescence)/(mean fluorescence with fluorescence matrix peptide - background mean fluorescence)], where background mean fluorescence represents the fluorescence value obtained on a sample of T2 cells treated under similar conditions except for the absence of exogenous peptide.
Cytokines
Human rIL-2 (Glaxo, Geneva, Switzerland) was provided by Dr. M. Nabholz (ISREC, Epalinges, Switzerland), and human IL-7 was donated by Dr. N. Vita of Sanofi Recherche (Labege, France). One unit per milliliter of IL-2 is defined as the concentration that gives 50% maximal proliferation of CTLL-2.
Generation of TILN
TILN were generated from tumor-invaded lymph nodes of HLA-A*0201 melanoma patients obtained by surgery at the Centre Pluridisciplinaire d’Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (Lausanne, Switzerland). Tumoral lymph node fragments were minced to single cell suspensions (10, 11) and were cultured in 24-well tissue culture plates (Costar, Cambridge, MA) in 2 ml of Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium supplemented with Asn, Arg, Gln, and 10% pooled human A+ serum in the presence of IL-2 and IL-7 (100 U/ml and 10 ng/ml, respectively). After 2–3 wk of cell culture, the TILN were tested for cytolytic activity, and their cell surface phenotypes were determined by flow cytometry. The TILN chosen for this study were >90% CD3+CD8+ cells that had cytolytic activity against autologous or HLA-A*0201+ tumor cell lines and recognized peptides Melan-A26–35 and Melan-A27–35 presented by HLA-A*0201.
Assessment of Ag recognition by TILN and Melan-A-specific CTL clones
Ag recognition was assessed using chromium release assays. Target cells were labeled with 51Cr for 1 h at 37°C and washed twice. Labeled target cells (1,000 cells in 50 µl) were then added to varying numbers of effector cells (50 µl) in V-bottom microwells in the presence or the absence of 1 µg ml of the antigenic peptide (50 µl). In the peptide titration experiments target cells (1,000 cells in 50 µl) were incubated in the presence of various concentrations of peptide (50 µl) for 15 min at room temperature before the addition of effector cells. In each case the effector cells were preincubated for at least 20 min at 37°C in the presence of unlabeled K562 cells (50,000/well) to eliminate nonspecific lysis due to NK-like effectors present in stimulated T cell populations. Chromium release was measured after incubation for 4 h at 37°C. The percent specific lysis was calculated as: 100 x [(experimental - spontaneous release)/(total - spontaneous release)].
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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To determine the contributions of single amino acid side chains to
the interaction between peptide Melan-A26–35 and the
HLA-A*0201 molecule, single alanine (A)-substituted variants of the
peptide were synthesized and tested for binding to HLA-A*0201 in a
functional peptide competition assay. As previously reported, the
nonapeptide Melan-A27–35 was 5-fold less efficient than
the decapeptide Melan-A26–35 in this assay (10). As
illustrated in Fig. 1
, substitution of A
for E at position 1 of the decapeptide (peptide variant AAAGIGILTV)
resulted in a 5-fold increase in competitor activity. Substitution of A
for G at position 4 or 6 resulted in a decreased competitor activity
(20- and 10-fold, respectively). Substitution of A for I at position 7
or for V at position 10 also resulted in a drastic reduction in
competitor activity (25-fold). In contrast, single substitution of A
for the amino acids at the remaining positions did not result in a
significant change in competitor activity.
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The stability of complexes formed between HLA-A*0201 and single
A-substituted Melan-A26–35 peptide variants was assayed on
T2 cells as described previously (11). Briefly, T2 cells were incubated
overnight with saturating amounts of each peptide variant in the
presence of human ß2m. After peptide removal and addition
of emetine to inhibit protein synthesis, T2 cells were incubated at
37°C, and the relative amount of HLA-A*0201 molecules remaining at
the cell surface was determined after various incubation times. The
stabilities of the various peptide/HLA-A*0201 complexes were then
normalized relative to that observed for influenza A matrix 58–66
peptide/HLA-A*0201 complexes. As shown previously (11) HLA-A*0201
complexes formed with peptide Melan-A26–35 were unstable,
i.e., they completely dissociated in <1 h of incubation at 37°C
(Fig. 2). In contrast, complexes formed
with the peptide variant AAAGIGILTV were relatively stable over a 6-h
period. Complexes of low stability were observed with all the remaining
peptide variants tested.
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The relative antigenic activities of single A-substituted
Melan-A26–35 peptide variants were quantitated in a
standard CTL assay using TILN populations obtained from two patients
and a panel of 10 independent, Melan-A-specific CTL clones. Titration
curves over a wide range of concentrations
(10-5-10-13 M) were generated for each
peptide variant. For a quantitative comparison, the concentration
required for 50% maximal activity was determined from individual
titration curves and was normalized to the 50% concentration value of
peptide Melan-A26–35 (Table I). As shown in a previous study (11),
TILN LAU 132 and LAU 203 recognized peptide Melan-A26–35
at least 1 order of magnitude more efficiently than the nonapeptide
Melan-A27–35. Interestingly, the peptide variant
AAAGIGILTV was recognized 20- to 60-fold better than the peptide
Melan-A26–35 by the two TILN populations. In contrast, the
other peptide variants were recognized less efficiently. In agreement
with our previous findings (10), marked differences were observed among
the 10 CTL clones tested in terms of recognition of the two natural
peptides Melan-A26–35 and Melan-A27–35 (Table II). Thus, five clones recognized the
decapeptide better then the nonapeptide (relative antigenic activity,
>10-fold higher). For one of these clones (LAU 132/6), there was poor
recognition of peptide Melan-A27–35 despite a very
efficient recognition of peptide Melan-A26–35 (50%
maximal lysis at 0.04 nM). In contrast, three clones recognized the
nonapeptide as efficiently as the decapeptide, and two clones
recognized the nonapeptide more efficiently than the decapeptide (Table II). In general, single A-substituted peptide variants were recognized
less efficiently than peptides Melan-A27–35 or
Melan-A26–35, with one striking exception, peptide
AAAGIGILTV. Indeed, this peptide variant exhibited enhanced recognition
by eight of the 10 clones tested. As shown in Fig. 3A, recognition of the peptide
variant AAAGIGILTV and the natural peptide Melan-A26–35
was sometimes mutually exclusive (for example, compare CTL clones LAU
132/6 and 7.23), whereas the difference in the efficiency of
recognition of either peptide by another clone (M77.84) was small and
presumably reflected the difference in their binding activity to
HLA-A*0201 (Fig. 1
). Together, the results obtained with
Melan-A26–35, Melan-A27–35, and AAAGIGILTV
peptides revealed a striking diversity in the fine specificity of
tumor-reactive CTL clones. The distinct patterns of specificity
identified in this analysis are illustrated in Fig. 3. Despite their
different fine specificities, all CTL clones were able to efficiently
kill Melan-A-expressing melanoma cells (Fig. 3B).
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To determine whether the diversity of antigenic specificity
displayed by the CTL clones tested above was a general characteristic
of the TCR available against this epitope or could be attributed to the
different protocols used to derive these clones, we assessed the fine
specificity of Melan-A-specific CTL clones that were derived from a
single melanoma patient. To avoid any Ag-driven selection in relation
with in vitro stimulation with synthetic peptides, we used as a source
of specific CTL clones the TILN population from patient LAU 203, which
exhibits a relatively high CTL activity against Melan-A+
HLA-A*0201+ melanoma cells (10, 11), as well as a cloning
method based on the use of PHA. In two independent cloning experiments,
we obtained 130 growing clones, 11 of which recognized peptides
Melan-A26–35 and/or Melan-A27–35 in a CTL
assay. The fine specificity of those 11 clones was determined by
comparing the patterns of recognition of the two parental peptides and
the peptide variant AAAGIGILTV. As illustrated in Table III, the results of this analysis were
very similar to those described above. For example, four CTL clones
recognized peptide Melan-A26–35 better than
Melan-A27–35 (relative antigenic activity, >10-fold
higher), whereas the opposite reactivity was observed with one CTL
clone. Moreover, peptide variant AAAGIGILTV was recognized more
efficiently than peptide Melan-A26–35 by eight of the 11
CTL clones. Strikingly, one of the CTL clones (2.36) was found to
recognize AAAGIGILTV at nanomolar concentrations, whereas recognition
of either of the parental peptides was observed only at micromolar
concentrations.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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As we found that both peptides Melan-A27–35 and Melan-A26–35 form unstable complexes with HLA-A*0201 (11), we first performed an analysis of the individual amino acid side chains within the Melan-A26–35 sequence that contribute to peptide binding to HLA-A*0201 and stability of HLA-A*0201/peptide complexes. The results of this analysis were largely in agreement with the findings of studies dealing with other HLA-A2 binding peptides (16, 17). In addition to substitution of A for the anchor residue V at position 10 of peptide Melan-A26–35, substitution of G29 and G31 with A also resulted in a significant decrease in HLA-A*0201 peptide binding. Indeed, the presence of G at positions 4 and 6 of the sequence of decapeptides has been shown to correlate with good binding to HLA-A*0201 (17). Our analysis also revealed the contribution of another residue, I at position 7, to the binding of peptide Melan-A26–35 to HLA-A*0201.
Structural data obtained for the decapeptide HBV nucleopeptide 18–27/A*0201 complex provide a structural basis for our results (16). In particular, to be accommodated in the binding cleft, the backbone of the decapeptide was found to zigzag twice, first horizontally between residues at positions 5 and 6 and then vertically between residues at positions 6 and 8. It is conceivable that the presence of G at positions 4 and 6 of the decapeptide sequence may favor this conformation by conferring the required flexibility to the peptide backbone. In addition, the side chain of the residue at position 7, located at the level of the second vertical zigzag, was found to penetrate deeply into the binding cleft and thus might be involved in interactions with the HLA-A*0201 region corresponding to the C and E pockets (16).
It has been reported that an E residue at position 1 of decapeptides is
associated with poor binding to HLA-A2 (17). Indeed, we have recently
shown that substitution of E at position 1 of the decapeptide
Melan-A26–35 with amino acids reported to have a positive
effect on peptide binding, such as F and Y, significantly improved
binding of the decapeptide to HLA-A*0201 (10). In the current study we
found that substitution of A for E at position 1 of peptide
Melan-A26–35 also resulted in a significant increase in
HLA-A*0201-binding activity as well as in the stabilization of
peptide/HLA-A*0201 complexes (Fig. 2). It is thus conceivable that the
presence of a negatively charged side chain at position 1 of the
decapeptide is involved in the lack of stability of peptide
Melan-A26–35/HLA-A*0201 complexes. It is noteworthy that
this negative effect can also be counteracted by introduction of an
appropriate anchor residue at position 2 of peptide
Melan-A26–35. Indeed, the peptide analogue ELAGIGILTV is
able to form stable complexes with HLA-A*0201 (11).
Although the majority of Melan-A-specific CTL clones tested recognized the decapeptide Melan-A26–35 more efficiently than the nonapeptide Melan-A27–35, few clones recognized the two peptides equally well (10) or recognized peptide Melan-A27–35 better than peptide Melan-A26–35, thus suggesting a clonal diversity in the efficiency of recognition of these two peptides. Interestingly, all the CTL clones, except one, that efficiently recognized peptide Melan-A26–35 recognized the peptide variant AAAGIGILTV even more efficiently, thus indicating that E at position 1 was not a crucial residue involved in the peptide contact site with the TCR. Importantly, the different patterns of fine specificity were also observed in the analysis of 11 Melan-A-specific CTL clones derived from TILN cultured in the absence of any exogenous peptide. It thus appears that the clonal diversity we observed in the fine specificity of Melan-A-specific CTL reflects a general diversity in the TCR repertoire of CD8+ T cells that react with this epitope.
As shown in this study, clones of different fine specificity were able to efficiently kill a HLA-A*0201+, Melan-A-expressing melanoma cell line, thus suggesting that both nona- and decapeptides are presented at the surface of melanoma cells. However, to date, no conclusive data are available concerning the precise nature of the naturally processed Melan-A peptides expressed at the surface of HLA-A2+ and Melan-A/MART-1-expressing melanoma cells (9, 10, 18). The definitive characterization of the Melan-A peptide species expressed by HLA-A2+ melanoma cells may require a direct approach, such as mass spectrometry sequencing of the active peptide species eluted from melanoma cells (14).
A large fraction of the Melan-A-specific CTL clones derived from TIL
LAU 203 required a high concentration of natural peptides to
efficiently lyse T2 cells. Indeed, studies in progress in our
laboratory indicate that the two natural peptides behave as weak,
rather than full, agonists for these CTL cells clones (D. Valmori et
al., manuscript in preparation). We have previously reported that
most TILN stimulated by melanoma cells efficiently killed the tumor
cells and secreted TNF-
, but few of them produced detectable levels
of IL-2 and IFN-
(19). This finding could at least partially be
explained by the low levels of Ag expressed by some tumor cells
(20). However, the high proportion of low affinity CTL clones found in
the present study together with the relative inefficiency of natural
peptides at inducing full CTL activation may also explain the
functional dissociation mentioned above.
Interestingly, the Melan-A26–35 peptide variant AAAGIGILTV was not only able to form stable peptide/HLA-A*0201 complexes, but was also recognized more efficiently than the natural decapeptide by the two TILN as well as by the majority of CTL clones tested. We have recently reported that a Melan-A26–35 peptide analogue with similar characteristics can be generated by substitution of A at position 2 of the decapeptide (i.e., a tolerated, but not a major, anchor residue) with a major anchor residue such as L (leucine) (11). This apparent degeneracy in CTL recognition of the antigenic peptide may seem surprising. However, it has been proposed that degeneracy in Ag recognition by T cells may be the rule rather than the exception. This conclusion was based on the results of an extensive analysis of Ag recognition by T cells using combinatorial peptide libraries (21). Moreover, epitope mimics of the Melan-A27–35 nonapeptide have been reported (22). Direct analysis ex vivo of Melan-A-specific CTL using tetramerized HLA-A2 molecules complexed with the various antigenic peptides described here is in progress in our laboratory to further evaluate the extent of degeneracy in T cell recognition of Melan-A.
In agreement with the strong correlation found between the ability of a peptide to form stable HLA-A2 complexes and its immunogenicity (23), we found that Melan-A26–35 peptide analogue ELAGIGILTV is much more efficient than both natural peptides for in vitro generation of tumor-reactive CTL by stimulation of PBMC from HLA-A*0202 melanoma patients (11). Experiments in progress in our laboratory suggest that the Melan-A26–35 peptide variant AAAGIGILTV also displays enhanced stimulatory capacities compared with those of natural sequences. Such peptide analogues may thus represent useful tools for in vitro monitoring of Melan-A-specific CTL responses as well as for improving the efficacy of in vitro procedures required to obtain specific CTL populations for adoptive transfer. Moreover, they could be considered candidates for peptide-based vaccines. As a preliminary step toward possible clinical applications we are currently assessing the extent of cross-reactivity exhibited by CTL elicited in vitro by stimulation with peptide analogues with the natural sequences expressed by melanoma cells.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Danila Valmori, Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, CHUV-BH 19-602, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: TILN, tumor-infiltrated lymph node; nM 50%, concentration of each competitor peptide required to achieve 50% inhibition of target cell lysis.
Received for publication June 12, 1998. Accepted for publication August 11, 1998.
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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D. Valmori, V. Dutoit, D. Liénard, D. Rimoldi, M. J. Pittet, P. Champagne, K. Ellefsen, U. Sahin, D. Speiser, F. Lejeune, et al. Naturally Occurring Human Lymphocyte Antigen-A2 Restricted CD8+ T-Cell Response to the Cancer Testis Antigen NY-ESO-1 in Melanoma Patients Cancer Res., August 1, 2000; 60(16): 4499 - 4506. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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D. Valmori, V. Dutoit, D. Lienard, F. Lejeune, D. Speiser, D. Rimoldi, V. Cerundolo, P.-Y. Dietrich, J.-C. Cerottini, and P. Romero Tetramer-Guided Analysis of TCR {beta}-Chain Usage Reveals a Large Repertoire of Melan-A-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Melanoma Patients J. Immunol., July 1, 2000; 165(1): 533 - 538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Valmori, F. Levy, I. Miconnet, P. Zajac, G. C. Spagnoli, D. Rimoldi, D. Lienard, V. Cerundolo, J.-C. Cerottini, and P. Romero Induction of Potent Antitumor CTL Responses by Recombinant Vaccinia Encoding a Melan-A Peptide Analogue J. Immunol., January 15, 2000; 164(2): 1125 - 1131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Valmori, J.-F. Fonteneau, S. Valitutti, N. Gervois, R. Dunbar, D. Lienard, D. Rimoldi, V. Cerundolo, F. Jotereau, J.-C. Cerottini, et al. Optimal activation of tumor-reactive T cells by selected antigenic peptide analogues Int. Immunol., December 1, 1999; 11(12): 1971 - 1980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Valmori, M. J. Pittet, C. Vonarbourg, D. Rimoldi, D. Lienard, D. Speiser, R. Dunbar, V. Cerundolo, J.-C. Cerottini, and P. Romero Analysis of the Cytolytic T Lymphocyte Response of Melanoma Patients to the Naturally HLA-A*0201-associated Tyrosinase Peptide 368-376 Cancer Res., August 1, 1999; 59(16): 4050 - 4055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Valmori, M. J. Pittet, D. Rimoldi, D. Lienard, R. Dunbar, V. Cerundolo, F. Lejeune, J.-C. Cerottini, and P. Romero An Antigen-targeted Approach to Adoptive Transfer Therapy of Cancer Cancer Res., May 1, 1999; 59(9): 2167 - 2173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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