The JI
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     
 

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Mariathasan, S.
Right arrow Articles by Ohashi, P. S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Mariathasan, S.
Right arrow Articles by Ohashi, P. S.
The Journal of Immunology, 1998, 161: 6030-6037.
Copyright © 1998 by The American Association of Immunologists

Degree of TCR Internalization and Ca2+ Flux Correlates with Thymocyte Selection1

Sanjeev Mariathasan*, Martin F. Bachmann*, Denis Bouchard{dagger}, Toshiaki Ohteki* and Pamela S. Ohashi2,*

* Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Ontario Cancer Institute, and {dagger} Amgen Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Recent evidence suggests that TCR down-regulation directly reflects the number of TCRs that have engaged MHC/peptide ligand complexes. Here, we examined the influence of defined peptides on thymic selection based on their ability to induce differential TCR internalization. Our results demonstrate that there is a direct correlation: peptides that induce strong TCR down-regulation are most efficient at mediating negative selection, whereas peptides that induce suboptimal TCR internalization are more efficient at triggering positive selection. As a consequence of suboptimal TCR internalization, a proportion of TCR complexes that remain on the cell surface may be able to relay continual signals required for survival and differentiation. In addition, we show that the magnitude of Ca2+ influx set by these peptides reflects the hierarchy of TCR down-regulation and correlates with positive vs negative selection of transgenic thymocytes. Together, our data suggest that T cell selection is mediated by differing intensities of the same TCR-mediated signal, rather than by distinct signals.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The TCR repertoire of mature T cells is formed through contact with self-peptide/MHC complexes during differentiation in the thymus (1, 2, 3). Positive selection involves engagement of TCRs on immature, double-positive (CD4+CD8+) thymocytes with self-MHC products expressed on cortical epithelial cells (4). This multistep process involves a series of TCR engagements within the thymic environment to give rise to mature CD4+ or CD8+ T cells (5, 6, 7, 8). Negative selection eliminates potentially autoreactive T cells bearing TCRs with high affinity for self-MHC ligands through clonal deletion. However, the mechanisms by which these TCR-ligand/MHC interactions could induce such opposing outcomes as positive and negative selection are not fully understood.

Recent studies have examined the contribution of peptides in positive and negative selection. Efficient positive selection of OVA-specific transgenic T cells by H-2Kb was observed with antagonist peptides (9, 10, 11). Positive selection of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (LCMV-gp)3-specific T cells by H-2Db was detected with a low concentration of strong agonist peptide, whereas elevated concentrations induced negative selection; moderate agonist peptides also efficiently induced positive selection of functional T cells (12, 13, 14). Other models have suggested that unrelated peptides were able to mediate positive selection of thymocytes expressing defined TCR (15, 16, 17, 18). Although these studies have begun to identify the interactions that are required for positive and negative selection, the underlying mechanism of how TCR-mediated events determine thymocyte fate has not been addressed.

The consequences of TCR-peptide/MHC interactions have been extensively studied for mature T cells. Valittutti et al. (20) have shown that TCR down-regulation reflects the number of TCRs that have encountered the antigenic peptide/MHC ligands. During activation, T cells count the number of internalized TCRs and respond by various biologic stimuli when an activating threshold is reached (19, 20). Further studies also indicate a good correlation between the ability of a ligand/MHC to induce TCR down-regulation and its strength as an agonist (21, 22, 23). Strong antigenic peptides are believed to maintain relatively stable TCR-peptide/MHC complexes. Such interactions may augment the natural oligomerization of TCRs during Ag recognition and subsequent internalization (24, 25). This leads to the production of second messengers that mediate the release of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) (26, 27). Accordingly, weak agonists have a lower capacity to down-regulate TCRs, which correlates with diminished calcium signaling (28).

In the present study we asked whether the extent of peptide-mediated TCR down-regulation could identify TCR-mediated events that discriminate between positive and negative selection. We examined the influence of a set of defined peptide variants on T cell development using the P14 TCR-transgenic mouse model specific for LCMV-gp presented by H-2Db. Our results demonstrate that peptides that mediate suboptimal TCR down-regulation are effective at mediating positive selection, whereas peptides that mediate efficient TCR down-regulation are efficient at triggering negative selection. Furthermore, our results indicate that the magnitude of Ca2+ signaling induced by these peptides may be important in the determination of survival vs cell death of developing thymocytes. Based on our data, we propose that thymocyte fate is induced by varying intensities of the same TCR-mediated signal.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Mice

TCR-transgenic mice (327 line) were previously generated using {alpha}- and ß-chains isolated from CTL clone P14, which recognized the LCMV-gp (peptide p33–41) presented by H-2Db (29). This line was crossed with H-2b ß2m-/- mice (30). TCR-transgenic F1 mice were subsequently backcrossed with ß2m-/- mice to obtain TCR ß2m-/- (H-2b) mice (14).

Peptides

The peptides p33 (KAVYNFATM), S7A (KAVYNFSTM), Y6F (KAVYNYATM), A4Y (KAVANFATM), L6F (KAVYNLATM), W4Y (KAVWNFATM), adenovirus peptide AV (SGPSNTPPEI), and LCMV nucleoprotein 118–127 (RPQASGVYMG) were synthesized by a solid-phase method using the F-moc/tBu-based protocol. Chain assembly was conducted at the Amgen Institute (Thousand Oaks, CA), as previously described (14).

Peptide binding assay

In peptide-pulsing experiments, 106 RMA-S cells, which were previously cultured overnight at 29°C in RPMI plus 10% FCS, were incubated with various concentrations of peptide at 29°C for 30 min. These cells were then transferred to a 37°C incubator for 3 h, after which the cells were washed and stained with anti-H-2Db mAb from tissue culture supernatant (B22.249) (31, 32) and then FITC-conjugated rat anti-mouse Ig (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). RMA-S cells were incubated with LCMV nucleoprotein 118–127 (H-2d restricted) (33) to determine background H-2Db expression.

Induction of TCR down-regulation

Spleen cells from TCR transgenic mice (105/well) were mixed with peptide-pulsed macrophages (2 x 105/well), centrifuged, and incubated at 37°C (5% CO2) in IMDM supplemented with 10% FCS in round-bottom 96-well plates. Five hours later, cells were harvested and stained for CD8 (PE; PharMingen, San Diego, CA) and V{alpha}2 (FITC; PharMingen) and were analyzed by FCM. Median V{alpha}2 expression is shown for CD8+ T cells.

Proliferation assays

Spleen cells (105/well) from TCR-transgenic or TCR-transgenic recombination-activating gene-2-/- mice were incubated in triplicate in 96-well flat-bottom plates with 105/well irradiated C57BL/6J (H-2b) splenocytes that had been prepulsed with various concentrations of peptide for 1 h at 37°C. After 48 h of cocultivation, the cells were pulsed with 1 µCi of [3H]thymidine (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL) for 16 h. Cells were harvested and counted on a direct beta counter (Matrix96, Canberra Packard Canada, Mississauga, Canada).

Fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOC)

For positive selection assays, timed breedings were established between TCR ß2m-/- H-2b males and ß2m-/- H-2b females. To test for negative selection, TCR ß2m+ males were bred with C57BL/6 females. On day 16 of gestation, females were sacrificed, and thymic lobes were removed from the fetuses. The fetal thymic lobes were placed on 0.8-µm polycarbonate filters (Costar, Cambridge, MA), which floated on 1 ml of IMDM, 1x Nutridoma-SP (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN), 5 x 10-5 M 2-ME, penicillin, streptomycin, 2 mM glutamine, 2.5 µg human ß2m (Sigma), and designated peptides. These lobes were then cultured for 6 days at 37°C, during which time the medium and peptides were added daily. After this incubation period, the thymic lobes were teased apart and stained with mAbs at 4°C in PBS containing 2% FCS and 0.2% NaN3. Three-color analysis was performed with rat anti-mouse PE-conjugated anti-CD4 (Cedarlane, Hornby, Canada), FITC-conjugated anti-CD8 (Cedarlane), and biotinylated anti-V{alpha}2 (B20.1) (PharMingen) or biotinylated anti-heat stable antigen (HSA; M1/69; PharMingen). Biotinylated Abs were detected with streptavidin red 670 (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD).

Flow cytometry

All flow cytometric analysis was performed on a FACScan instrument (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, CA). Samples were gated for live cells based on forward and side scatter parameters (10,000 events/sample) and were analyzed using LYSIS II software (Becton Dickinson).

FTOC proliferation assay

Cultured thymic lobes were teased apart and stained at 4°C in PBS containing 2% FCS with FITC-conjugated anti-CD8 (Cedarlane) and PE-conjugated anti-CD4 (Cedarlane). These cells were then sorted using a FACStar Plus (Becton Dickinson) to collect CD8+ thymocytes. Irradiated spleen cells from a C57BL/6J mouse were prepulsed with 10-7 M peptides for 1 h at 37°C, washed, and distributed in triplicate on a flat-bottom 96-well plate at a concentration of 105 cells/well. CD8+ thymocytes (5 x 104/well) resuspended in IMDM, 10% FCS, penicillin, streptomycin, and 5 x 10-5 M 2-ME were then added to these wells. The cells were cultured at 37°C for 1 day, pulsed with 1 µCi of [3H]thymidine for 16 h, and harvested as described.

Ca2+ flux

TCR-transgenic thymocytes were loaded with indo-1 (10 µM) for 1 h at 37°C in IMDM supplemented with 2% FCS. Indo-1+ cells exhibiting a large forward scatter corresponding to thymocyte-APC duplexes (34) were analyzed with FACS Vantage (Becton Dickinson) and CellQuest software, using an ion laser (Innova Enterprise: Coherent, Santa Clara, CA) optimized for UV argon ions, set for 355-nm excitation at a power setting of 50 mV. For stimulation of thymocytes, peritoneal macrophages were pulsed with various peptides (p33, S7A, Y6F, A4Y, W4Y, L6F, and AV) for 1 h. Macrophages (4 x 106/ml) were mixed with thymocytes (1 x 107 cells/ml) at 4°C, centrifuged, and warmed to 37°C for 3 min. Cells were gently resuspended and immediately analyzed. The basal level of Ca2+ flux observed in thymocytes in the presence of unpulsed APCs was calibrated at 200, as an arbitrary value. The Ca2+ flux induced by the nonstimulatory AV peptide was superimposable on this basal Ca2+ flux and hence should be read as the baseline response.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Differential TCR down-regulation by altered peptide ligands

Using LCMV-specific H-2Db-restricted transgenic mice we have identified peptides that were efficient at inducing either positive or negative selection (12, 14). The peptide p33 (KAVYNFATM) readily induced negative selection at high concentrations (10-6-10-9 M) and only induced detectable positive selection within a narrow concentration range (10-11-10-12 M). An altered peptide ligand, A4Y (KAVANFATM), promoted efficient positive selection over a wide range of concentrations (10-4-10-9 M) in the absence of detectable clonal deletion in FTOC. To identify unique properties associated with these peptides, we tested their ability to induce TCR down-regulation on mature T cells. In this assay, macrophages were pulsed with p33, A4Y, or control H-2Db-binding adenovirus (AV) peptide and were incubated with TCR transgenic spleen cells. Five hours later, T cells were harvested and analyzed for TCR expression. The strong agonist peptide, p33, induced strong down-modulation of the TCRs. In contrast, peptide A4Y only moderately down-regulated the TCRs. The control peptide, AV, failed to alter TCR expression, similar to that in an unstimulated T cell population (Fig. 1GoA). This raised the possibility that positively selecting ligands stimulate the TCR but do not lead to maximal TCR triggering, while negatively selecting ligands trigger efficient TCR internalization.



View larger version (21K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 1. Induction of differential TCR internalization by peptide variants. A, TCR transgenic spleen cells were incubated with peritoneal macrophages coated with 10-6 M p33, A4Y, or AV peptides. After 5 h, TCR (V{alpha}2) expression was analyzed for CD8+ T cells. The control histogram (black) is stained with an isotype-matched control Ab. B, The sequences of the wild-type peptide p33 and altered peptides are listed. The main TCR contact residues are indicated with an upward arrow; the main MHC contact residues are indicated with a downward arrow. Only the residues that deviate from the wild-type peptide sequence are shown. C, TCR transgenic splenocytes were incubated with peritoneal macrophages that were prepulsed with varying concentrations of different peptides. After 5 h, TCR (V{alpha}2) expression was analyzed for CD8+ T cells. Results are expressed as the median V{alpha}2 intensity. One representative experiment of three is shown.

 
To identify other variant peptides that would also induce differential TCR down-regulation, macrophages were pulsed with graded doses of peptides and incubated with TCR transgenic splenocytes for 5 h. By analyzing TCR expression on CD8+ T cells, peptides were divided into categories defined by TCR down-regulation profiles. Peptide variants S7A (KAVYNFSTM) and Y6F (KAVYNYATM) induced strong TCR internalization similar to p33, whereas W4Y (KAVWNFATM) and L6F (KAVYNLATM) showed weak down-regulation profile approximating that of A4Y (Fig. 1Go, B and C). Even at the highest concentration of peptide tested (10-4 M), peptide variants A4Y, L6F, and W4Y could not reach the magnitude for TCR down-regulation that was achieved using similar concentrations of p33, S7A, or Y6F.

The kinetics of TCR down-regulation were also investigated. These studies indicate that the onset of TCR internalization begins within minutes after contact with relevant peptide/MHC complexes (25). While A4Y, L6F, and W4Y induced maximal TCR internalization levels after 3–4 h, p33, S7A, and Y6F induced TCR down-regulation with faster kinetics, reaching almost maximal TCR internalization within approximately 2 h (data not shown). Thus, the extent and kinetics of TCR down-modulation appear to be dictated by individual TCR-MHC/peptide interactions. It is likely that this reflects the affinity of the TCR for the peptide/MHC ligands.

TCR down-regulation correlates with the efficiency of T cell proliferation

To evaluate the biologic significance of differential TCR internalization induced by the variant peptides, we determined the proliferative capacity of naive transgenic T cells. Proliferation assays were performed by cocultivating transgenic spleen cells with irradiated nontransgenic splenic APCs pulsed with various concentrations of different peptides (Fig. 2Go). The highest peptide-specific proliferation was observed in the presence of p33 and S7A, which induced strong TCR down-regulation. Y6F, the weakest of the three strongly down-regulating peptides, showed an intermediate proliferative response. Peptides A4Y, L6F, and W4Y each showed a weak proliferative response. Therefore, with this set of peptides, a direct correlation was observed between the abilities to induce TCR down-regulation and proliferation.



View larger version (21K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 2. Degree of TCR down-regulation correlates with degree of T cell proliferation. Mature spleen cells from TCR transgenic mice were stimulated with H-2b spleen cells pulsed with various concentrations of peptides, and proliferation was measured. This experiment was repeated three times with similar results.

 
We also examined the effectiveness of these peptides to bind H-2Db to exclude the possibility that suboptimal peptide presentation was responsible for the diminished proliferative response induced by weak agonist peptides. Although the amino acid substitutions in these peptide variants did not occur at the MHC contact residues (Fig. 1GoB), we tested all peptides for H-2Db binding using the murine lymphoma cell line RMA-S (Fig. 3Go). We observed that some weak agonists (A4Y and L6F) and the nonstimulatory control peptide (AV) bind as well as, if not better than the strong agonist peptides. These results demonstrate that the amino acid modifications did not adversely affect the binding of peptides to the H-2Db groove.



View larger version (18K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 3. Peptide variants bind H-2Db. The ability of these peptides to rescue H-2Db surface expression on RMA-S cells was characterized by the percent increase in mean fluorescence relative to that of the control peptide, LCMV nuclear protein 118–127 (H-2d restricted).

 
Peptides that moderately down-regulate mature TCRs mediate efficient positive selection

Since A4Y efficiently induced positive selection (14), it was possible that peptides inducing similar TCR down-modulation should also mediate positive selection of transgenic thymocytes. Therefore, fetal thymic lobes from TCR ß2m-/- mice were cultured with A4Y, L6F, and W4Y in the presence of exogenous ß2m to examine their influence on positive selection. A4Y, L6F, and W4Y (10-7 M) efficiently induced the development of CD8+ T cells in the FTOC (Fig. 4Go). In lobes where control peptide AV was added, the percentage of CD8+ T cells was 11.5 ± 1.9%. These cells expressed reduced levels of the transgenic TCR. However, upon incubation with A4Y, L6F, and W4Y the percentage of CD8+ cells increased to 30.1 ± 7.9% (p < 0.003), 30.6 ± 8.4% (p < 0.003), and 29.0 ± 2.9% (p < 0.0001), respectively. These cells had high levels of the transgenic TCR and low expression of HSA, characteristic of mature thymocytes. As shown in Table IGo, the positively selecting peptides generated 3–5 times as many CD8+ thymocytes as the negative control, AV peptide. Therefore, these data suggest that peptides that trigger moderate TCR internalization are efficient at positively selecting transgenic thymocytes.



View larger version (34K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 4. Peptides that induce suboptimal TCR down-regulation mediate efficient positive selection of thymocytes. Three-color analysis of TCR ß2m-/- thymic lobes cultured for 7 days with 10-7 M A4Y, L6F, W4Y, or AV (a control H-2Db-restricted adenovirus peptide) were stained with Abs specific for CD4, CD8, and V{alpha}2 or HSA. CD8+ or CD4+CD8+ cells were gated, and the profiles of V{alpha}2 and HSA are shown. These data are representative of five experiments. The mean CD8{alpha} expressions on thymocytes selected on AV, A4Y, L6F, and W4Y are 195, 154, 168, and 153, respectively (arbitrary units).

 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table I. Total and CD8+ thymocyte numbers from TCR ß2m-/- and TCR ß2m+/+ FTOCs treated with various peptides

 
We observed a modest down-regulation of CD8{alpha} expression on thymocytes maturing in the presence of A4Y, L6F, and W4Y (Fig. 4Go). Using the P14 transgenic system, other researchers have also shown that A4Y selects T cells with down-regulated CD8ß expression (35). Given the similarity of A4Y to W4Y and L6F, we would predict that W4Y and L6F would induce a similar CD8ß down-regulation. T cells being selected on moderate agonist peptides could down-modulate their coreceptors to decrease the avidity to their cognate ligands to escape negative selection.

A4Y-, W4Y-, and L6F-selected thymocytes are responsive to p33

To further examine the functional maturity of the thymocytes that were selected in the presence of the positively selecting peptides, proliferation assays were performed. Purified CD8+ cells from TCR ß2m+ thymic lobes as well as TCR ß2m-/- thymic lobes incubated with A4Y, L6F, and W4Y were cocultured with irradiated splenocytes that were pulsed with p33, AV, or the corresponding positively selecting peptide. Although the positively selected TCR ß2m-/- thymocytes did not respond to the selecting peptide, they mounted a proliferative response to the strong agonist peptide p33 (Fig. 5Go). In contrast, TCR ß2m+ thymocytes selected by natural endogenous ligands proliferated not only in response to p33, but also in response to the positively selecting peptides. These results demonstrate that the positively selected TCR ß2m-/- thymocytes are functionally mature, since they proliferated against p33 and are self tolerant.



View larger version (24K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 5. TCR thymoctyes selected in the presence of A4Y, L6F, or W4Y are tolerant to the selecting peptide, but proliferate in response to the strong agonist p33. TCR+CD8+ thymocytes from TCR ß2m-/- thymic lobes cultured with A4Y (A), L6F (B), or W4Y (C; shaded bars) or TCR ß2m+ thymic lobes cultured in medium alone (solid bars) were cocultured with peptide-coated APC. Proliferation was measured 24 h later. These results are representative of three experiments.

 
Peptides that strongly down-regulate TCRs on mature T cells induce negative selection of thymocytes

The ligand p33, which induces strong TCR down-regulation, has been shown to negatively select transgenic thymocytes in FTOCs (12, 13). Based on the correlation between the activity of p33 in the TCR down-regulation assay and that in the FTOCs, it was possible that the variant peptides S7A and Y6F, which induce maximal TCR down-regulation, might also effectively delete CD8+ T cells. TCR ß2m+ thymic lobes were cultured with p33, S7A, or Y6F at 10-6 M to investigate their roles in negative selection. We consistently observed a four- to fivefold decrease in total cell recovery from cultures treated with these peptides compared with that from control cultures that were incubated with AV peptide (Table IGo). Notably, the residual CD8+ cells that were found in these cultures expressed reduced levels of transgenic V{alpha}2 TCRs and intermediate to high amounts of HSA, indicating their lack of maturity (Fig. 6GoA). In contrast, fetal thymic lobes cultured with A4Y, L6F, or W4Y did not show a decrease in total cell recovery compared with that in cultures treated with AV, suggesting that these peptides were not efficient in mediating deletion. The CD8+ thymocytes were V{alpha}2highHSAlow, demonstrating that A4Y, L6F, and W4Y did not trigger detectable negative selection of transgenic thymocytes (Fig. 6GoB). These data demonstrate that peptides that induce strong TCR down-regulation also induce negative selection, whereas peptides that moderately down-regulate TCRs promote positive selection.



View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 6. Peptides that strongly down-regulate TCRs are most efficient at inducing negative selection of thymocytes. TCR ß2m+ thymic lobes were cultured daily for 7 days with 10-6 M peptides. Thymocytes were then analyzed with Abs specific for CD4, CD8, and V{alpha}2 or HSA. V{alpha}2 and HSA profiles for gated CD8+ cells are shown. These data are representative of five experiments.

 
Positively and negatively selecting peptides induce distinct calcium signals

Differential calcium signaling has been implicated in the regulation of T cell effector functions in response to altered peptide ligands (26, 27, 28). Therefore, we tested positively and negatively selecting ligands for their ability to induce increases in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i in TCR transgenic thymocytes. To examine the changes in intracellular calcium following stimulation, thymocytes were loaded with indo-1 mixed with peptide-pulsed macrophages. [Ca2+]i was determined immediately for indo-1+ thymocytes that had formed complexes with APCs, as judged by a large forward scatter. In this assay, negatively selecting peptides p33, S7A, and Y6F induced a strong calcium flux (Fig. 7GoA). However, positively selecting peptides A4Y, L6F, and W4Y incubated under the same activating conditions induced a quantitatively different [Ca2+]i profile. Although the initial increase in [Ca2+]i was high, it declined rapidly. However, the response did not result in a convergence at a minimum. Rather, each response asymptotically approached a distinct steady state level and remained elevated for at least 1 h (data not shown). The AV peptide, which induced neither positive nor negative selection, did not induce any calcium flux over the basal level observed in thymocytes in the presence of unpulsed APCs. We also observed similar degrees of conjugate formation when incubating thymocytes with either strong or weak agonist peptide-pulsed APCs compared with the relatively low level of conjugate formation when incubating with the nonstimulatory AV-pulsed APCs. It is possible that greater differences would be observed with weaker, partial agonists and strong antagonist peptides to the P14 transgenic system, in accordance with our previously published results on mature splenic T cells (28).



View larger version (33K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 7. Positively and negatively selecting ligands induce different calcium signals. A, TCR transgenic thymocytes H-2Db preloaded with indo-1 were centrifuged and incubated at 37°C with various macrophages pulsed with 10-5 M p33 or variant peptides. Three minutes later, free intracellular Ca2+ was measured (by the indo-1 405/485 ratio) for the indicated time span. One representative experiment of three is shown. B, TCR transgenic thymocytes (H-2Db) were compared with TCR transgenic mice from H-2Dd mice. Representative calcium dot plots over time are shown for thymocytes responding to the nominal peptide, p33; a strong agonist, S7A; a moderate agonist, L6F; and the nonstimulatory peptide, AV.

 
These experiments were performed on H-2Db thymocytes, in which positive selection is an on-going process. Therefore, the observed calcium flux in response to the strong and moderate agonists is in addition to the selection signals recently received by the thymocytes in vivo. To measure the calcium flux in cells that have not yet undergone selection, we used thymocytes from TCR-transgenic nonselecting H-2d mice. As shown in Fig. 7GoB, we observed similar results with these mice. Furthermore, we observed that the calcium flux induced by these peptides tightly correlated with their TCR internalization profiles. Thus, the magnitude of calcium signaling induced by positively and negatively selecting ligands suggests that there is a quantitative role for calcium and/or calcium-dependent pathways during thymic selection.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
Extent of TCR triggering correlates with positive and negative selection

Using a defined set of peptide variants of the LCMV-gp, we have shown that these peptides induce different degrees of transgenic TCR internalization (Fig. 1GoC). Using mature T cells, we have previously shown that the extent of TCR down-regulation correlates with the strength of TCR-mediated signals and the induction of a variety of effector functions (21). Accordingly, peptides that strongly down-regulated TCRs (p33, S7A, and Y6F) induced a greater proliferative response than peptides that induced intermediate TCR internalization (A4Y, L6F, and W4Y; Fig. 2Go). We show here that all variant peptides used in this study bind to H-2Db efficiently (Fig. 3Go). Therefore, the relative agonist strength of the peptides in these assays (p33, S7A > Y6F > A4Y, L6F, W4Y > AV) reflected the presumed affinities of these peptides for the LCMV transgenic TCR and paralleled the TCR down-regulation profiles. By testing these peptides in FTOCs, we demonstrated that weak agonist peptides that moderately triggered the TCRs were most efficient at mediating positive selection (Fig. 4Go). However, these peptides were inefficient at inducing clonal deletion (Fig. 6Go and Table IGo). Conversely, peptides that induced strong TCR-mediated signals were most efficient at triggering negative selection at similar peptide concentrations. It is worth noting that maximal TCR down-regulation seen with weak agonists never reaches the levels induced by strong, agonist peptides.

Several studies have shown that partial agonist and antagonist peptides transmit distinct TCR-mediated intracellular signals from agonist ligands (36, 37, 38). Such specialized signals induced by antagonist and agonist peptides have been implicated in triggering positive and negative selection, respectively (3). Our data demonstrate that positive or negative selection may be induced by varying intensities of the same TCR-mediated events. We have shown that the level of TCR internalization induced by each peptide is dependent on peptide concentration (Fig. 1GoC). This suggests that different outcomes of TCR-mediated interactions could be induced by different intensities of the same signal in a peptide-specific, concentration-dependent manner. We have observed that at high concentrations of A4Y, L6F, or W4Y some apoptosis is detected by annexin staining, demonstrating that some thymocytes are concurrently undergoing negative selection. In addition, low concentrations of Y6F (10-9 M) and S7A (10-10 M) have been shown to enhance maturation of CD8+ thymocytes (data not shown). Previous studies have also shown that the same peptide could mediate positive selection at low concentrations and clonal deletion at high concentrations (12, 13). Together, these findings are consistent with the affinity/avidity model for thymocyte selection.

TCR dimerization, internalization, and thymic selection

Several experiments have suggested that oligomerization of TCRs is important for TCR internalization and subsequent T cell activation (24, 25). Consistent with this idea, prolonged TCR occupancy has to occur to achieve efficient multimerization (39, 40, 41). Numerous studies have shown that low affinity APLs have a faster dissociation rate than the high affinity, agonist ligands (42, 43, 44). The decreased occupancy time associated with weak agonists would affect the degree of oligomerization and subsequent internalization, as observed by the positively selecting peptides. Thymocytes may require such weak triggering for survival, but may die if significant numbers of TCRs are engaged within a certain time frame.

Consistent with our results, parameters that modify receptor oligomerization and subsequent internalization could also affect T cell selection events. T cells interacting with target cells undergo sequential morphologic changes coincident with actin polymerization, suggesting that the cytoskeleton may play a role in mature T cell activation (45, 46). The proto-oncogene vav has been shown to function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho-like small GTPase family members RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 that regulate cytoskeletal organization (47, 48, 49, 50). Interestingly, a requirement for vav has been implicated in thymocyte selection (51, 52). Therefore, dysregulated cytoskeletal changes in the vav-deficient thymocytes may be responsible for the disturbed oligomerization and down-regulation of TCRs and the impaired positive and negative selection.

Reactivity of mature T cells altered during positive selection

Functional analysis of TCR transgenic CD8+ thymocytes maturing in the presence of defined, positively selecting ligands showed that they responded strongly to the agonist ligand p33. However, they reacted poorly to the selecting peptides. We also observed that T cells selected on positively selecting peptides, such as A4Y, W4Y, or L6F, were not only unable to proliferate in response to the corresponding selecting peptide, but also were nonresponsive to other moderate agonists in this class (e.g., thymocytes selected on A4Y did not respond to W4Y nor L6F). However, thymocytes selected on these agonist peptides showed a strong response not only to the wild-type peptide p33 but also to the other strong agonist peptides, S7A and Y6F (data not shown). Proliferation assays performed on purified CD8+ T cells from ß2m+/+ FTOCs indicate that TCR transgenic T cells developing in the presence of endogenous peptides could proliferate in response to A4Y, W4Y, and L6F and could proliferate with a stronger response to p33, S7A, and Y6F (Fig. 5Go and data not shown). Therefore, maturation of thymocytes in the continued presence of A4Y, W4Y, and L6F (rather than endogenous peptides) has resulted in functional tolerance to the selecting ligand. This ability to adjust the resting threshold and alter the ligands capable of inducing a T cell response has been previously reported in this model (14, 53). These positively selected thymocytes expressed high levels of transgenic TCRs, comparable to TCR-transgenic ß2m+/+ thymocytes that matured in the presence of endogenous peptides, arguing against the possibility that reduced TCR expression leads to unresponsiveness. However, coreceptor (10, 54), adhesion, and signaling molecules could play a role in altering the reactivity profile of thymocytes. Thus, T cells may be "tuned" during positive and negative selection by interactions with peptide/MHC complexes on thymic stromal cells, thereby limiting the spectrum of activating ligands (55, 56).

It remains controversial whether functional thymocytes may be selected in the presence of agonist ligands. Some reports have suggested that T cells selected on agonist peptides are not bonafide, functional T cells (11, 57). However, we have shown here and in previous studies that T cells selected by agonist ligands are functional, since they can fully respond to the stronger agonist peptides, but are not unresponsive to their selecting peptide or other peptides that have similar or lower reactivity. Others have also shown that positive selection in the presence of agonist ligands leads to functional mature T cells (16, 54, 58, 59). One possible interpretation is that thymocytes are selected so that they do not respond to their positively selecting ligand (9, 12, 60). As long as the positively selecting ligand persists and continues to "contact" selected T cells, these T cells will have adjusted their basal resting threshold so that they do not respond to the selecting ligand. Only stronger stimulation will lead to activation of effector function. If the selecting peptide is not continually present to tune or alter the reactivity of the selected thymocyte, the resting threshold may be lowered so that the selecting peptide can now induce T cell activation.

Role of Ca2+/calcineurin in thymocyte selection

The importance of calcium signaling pathways has been implicated in T cells undergoing thymocyte selection. Studies using calcineurin inhibitors such as FK506 and cyclosporin A have shown that Ca2+/calcineurin pathways are essential for positive and negative selection (61, 62, 63). A role for elevated [Ca2+]i in cell death induction has also been previously reported (64, 65). However, these studies do not directly correlate differential calcium signaling with peptide-induced positive and negative selection. In this study we clearly demonstrate that peptides that efficiently trigger positive selection induce an intermediate calcium flux in immature transgenic thymocytes, whereas the peptides that efficiently trigger negative selection induce a strong calcium flux (Fig. 7Go). It should be noted that we performed these assays using macrophages as APCs. However, similar results were obtained using thymic epithelial cells as APCs, suggesting that these assays mimic the physiological thymic environment. Differences in the magnitude of calcium mobilization may lead to the activation of different subsets of calcium-dependent enzymes and, hence, elicit different functional results. There are precedents for this in several different systems. In B cells, the amplitude and the duration of calcium signals control different sets of transcriptional regulators that have different sensitivities to intracellular calcium (66, 67). Similarly, the chemokine RANTES can affect different functional outcomes in T cells depending on the concentration and the resulting magnitude and duration of calcium mobilization (68). Therefore, the intensity of TCR-mediated [Ca2+]i flux in thymocytes may play a role in defining the outcome of T cell maturation.

Importance of continuous signaling through the TCRs for positive selection

Several studies have indicated that survival of positively selected thymocytes involves sustained interactions with the thymic microenvironment, transduced via their TCRs (6, 7, 69) It also includes an obligatory role for TCRs in cooperating with other surface molecules to drive developing thymocytes through DP to SP transition (70, 71). We have observed that strong agonists induced TCR down-regulation with faster kinetics, and TCR expression after such induction remained at minimum over a 24-h period (data not shown). Therefore, where negatively selecting peptides induce maximal TCR internalization, the thymocytes may no longer be receptive to these signals. However, thymocytes, in which positively selecting peptides do not fully internalize TCRs, can continue to perceive signals from the microenvironment, suggesting that continual TCR engagements are required to induce the full spectrum of differentiation events associated with positive selection.

The findings described in this report address the relationships among TCR internalization, intracellular calcium levels, and T cell selection events induced by altered peptide ligands. We demonstrate that peptides that induce strong TCR down-regulation accompanied by elevated Ca2+ levels are most efficient at mediating negative selection, whereas peptides that induce suboptimal TCR internalization and weaker Ca2+ elevations are more efficient at triggering positive selection. We do not propose that all selecting ligands will necessarily have a measurable ability to mediate TCR internalization. Instead, our observations with this group of peptides suggest that the quantitative differences, rather than the quality of TCR-derived signal, determine the fate of the thymocyte. This is in accordance with the affinity/avidity model for thymocyte selection. Furthermore, our data explain how positively selecting ligands, due to their inability to fully internalize TCRs, may provide a way in which thymocytes receive the constant signals necessary for differentiation and survival.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank Kim McKall-Faienza, Eric Sebzda, and George Barnett for helpful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript, and Arsen Zakarian for excellent technical assistance.


   Footnotes
 
1 This work was supported by Medical Research Council of Canada and a Medical Research Council scholarship (to P.S.O.). Back

2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Pamela S. Ohashi, Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9. E-mail address: Back

3 Abbreviations used in this paper: LCMV-gp, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein peptide; [Ca2+]i, intracellular Ca2+; IMDM, Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium; PE, phycoerythrin; FTOC, fetal thymic organ culture; HSA, heat-stable antigen; AV, adenovirus. Back

Received for publication March 2, 1998. Accepted for publication August 7, 1998.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Sprent, J., D. Lo, E. Gao, Y. Ron. 1988. T cell selection in the thymus. Immunol. Rev. 101:173.[Medline]
  2. von Boehmer, H.. 1990. Developmental biology of T cells in T cell-receptor transgenic mice. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8:531.[Medline]
  3. Jameson, S. C., K. A. Hogquist, M. J. Bevan. 1995. Positive selection of thymocytes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13:93.[Medline]
  4. Kisielow, P., H. von Boehmer. 1995. Development and selection of T cells: facts and puzzles. Adv. Immunol. 58:87.[Medline]
  5. Brändle, D., S. Müller, C. Müller, H. Hengartner, H. Pircher. 1994. Regulation of RAG-1 and CD69 expression in the thymus during positive and negative selection. Eur. J. Immunol. 24:145.[Medline]
  6. Wilkinson, R. W., G. Anderson, J. J. T. Owen, E. J. Jenkinson. 1995. Positive selection of thymocytes involves sustained interactions with the thymic microenvironment. J. Immunol. 155:5234.[Abstract]
  7. Kisielow, P., A. Miazek. 1995. Positive selection of T cells: rescue from programmed cell death and differentiation require continual engagement of the T cell receptor. J. Exp. Med. 181:1975.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Lundberg, K., W. Heath, F. Köntgen, F. R. Carbone, K. Shortman. 1995. Intermediate steps in positive selection: differentiation of CD4+8int TCRint thymocytes into CD4-8+ TCRhi thymocytes. J. Exp. Med. 181:1643.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Hogquist, K. A., S. C. Jameson, W. R. Heath, J. L. Howard, M. J. Bevan, F. R. Carbone. 1994. T cell receptor antagonist peptides induce positive selection. Cell 76:17.[Medline]
  10. Jameson, S. C., K. A. Hogquist, M. J. Bevan. 1994. Specificity and flexibility in thymic selection. Nature 369:750.[Medline]
  11. Hogquist, K. A., S. C. Jameson, M. J. Bevan. 1995. Strong agonist ligands for the T cell receptor do not mediate positive selection of functional CD8+ T cells. Immunity 3:78.
  12. Sebzda, E., V. A. Wallace, J. Mayer, R. S. M. Yeung, T. W. Mak, P. S. Ohashi. 1994. Positive and negative thymocyte selection induced by different concentrations of a single peptide. Science 263:1615.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Ashton-Rickardt, P. G., A. Bandeira, J. R. Delaney, L. Van Kaer, H. P. Pircher, R. M. Zinkernagel, S. Tonegawa. 1994. Evidence for a differential avidity model of T cell selection in the thymus. Cell 76:651.[Medline]
  14. Sebzda, E., T. M. Kündig, C. T. Thomson, K. Aoki, S. Y. Mak, J. Mayer, T. M. Zamborelli, S. Nathenson, P. S. Ohashi. 1996. Mature T cell reactivity altered by a peptide agonist that induces positive selection. J. Exp. Med. 183:1093.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Pawlowski, T. J., M. D. Singleton, D. Y. Loh, R. Berg, U. D. Staerz. 1996. Permissive recognition during positive selection. Eur. J. Immunol. 26:851.[Medline]
  16. Nakano, N., R. Rooke, C. Benoist, D. Mathis. 1997. Positive selection of T cells induced by virus-mediated delivery of neo-peptides to the thymus. Science 275:678.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Hogquist, K. A., A. J. Tomlinson, W. C. Kieper, M. A. McGargill, M. C. Hart, S. Naylor, S. C. Jameson. 1997. Identification of a naturally occurring ligand for thymic positive selection. Immunity 6:389.[Medline]
  18. Hu, Q., C. R. Bazemore Walker, C. Girao, J. T. Opferman, J. Sun, J. Shabanowitz, D. F. Hunt, P. G. Ashton-Rickardt. 1997. Specific recognition of thymic self-peptides induces the positive selection of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 7:221.[Medline]
  19. Viola, A., A. Lanzavecchia. 1996. T cell activation determined by T cell receptor number and tunable thresholds. Science 273:104.[Abstract]
  20. Valitutti, S., S. Muller, M. Dessing, A. Lanzavecchia. 1996. Different responses are elicited in cytotoxic T lymphocytes by different levels of T cell receptor occupancy. J. Exp. Med. 183:1917.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Bachmann, M. F., A. Oxenius, D. E. Speiser, S. Mariathasan, H. Hengartner, R. M. Zinkernagel, P. S. Ohashi. 1997. Peptide-induced T cell receptor down-regulation on naive T cells predicts agonist/partial agonist properties and strictly correlates with T cell activation. Eur. J. Immunol. 27:2195.[Medline]
  22. Preckel, T., R. Grimm, S. Martin, H. U. Weltzien. 1997. Altered hapten ligands antagonize trinitrophenyl-specific cytotoxic T cells and block internalization of hapten-specific receptors. J. Exp. Med. 185:1803.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Cai, Z., H. Kishimoto, A. Brunmark, M. R. Jackson, P. A. Peterson, J. Sprent. 1997. Requirements for peptide-induced T cell receptor downregulation on naive CD8+ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 185:641.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Reich, Z., J. J. Boniface, D. S. Lyons, N. Borochov, E. J. Wachtel, M. M. Davis. 1997. Ligand-specific oligomerization of T-cell receptor molecules. Nature 387:617.[Medline]
  25. Bachmann, M. F., M. Salzman, A. Oxenius, P. S. Ohashi. 1998. Formation of TCR dimers/trimers as a crucial step for T cell activation. Eur. J. Immunol. 28:2571.[Medline]
  26. Sloan-Lancaster, J., T. H. Steinberg, P. M. Allen. 1996. Selective activation of the calcium signaling pathway by altered peptide ligands. J. Exp. Med. 184:1525.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  27. Wülfing, C., J. D. Rabinowitz, C. Beeson, M. D. Sjaastad, H. M. McConnell, M. M. Davis. 1997. Kinetics and extent of T cell activation as measured with the calcium signal. J. Exp. Med. 185:1815.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Bachmann, M. F., S. Mariathasan, D. Bouchard, D. E. Speiser, P. S. Ohashi. 1997. Four types of Ca2+ signals in naive CD8+ cytotoxic T cells after stimulation with T cell agonists, partial agonists and antagonists. Eur. J. Immunol. 27:3414.[Medline]
  29. Pircher, H., K. Bürki, R. Lang, H. Hengartner, R. Zinkernagel. 1989. Tolerance induction in double specific T-cell receptor transgenic mice varies with antigen. Nature 342:559.[Medline]
  30. Koller, B. H., P. Marrack, J. W. Kappler, O. Smithies. 1990. Normal development of mice deficient in ß2M, MHC class I proteins, and CD8+ T cells. Science 248:1227.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Hammerling, G. J., U. Hammerling, H. Lemke. 1979. Isolation of twelve monoclonal antibodies against Ia and H-2 antigens: serological characterization and reactivity with B and T lymphocytes. Immunogenetics 8:433.
  32. Allen, H., J. Fraser, D. Flyer, S. Calvin, R. Flavell. 1986. ß2-Microglobulin is not required for cell surface expression of the murine class I histocompatibility antigen H-2Db or of a truncated H-2Db. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7447.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  33. von Herrath, M. G., J. Dockter, M. Nerenberg, J. E. Gairin, M. B. A. Oldstone. 1994. Thymic selection and adaptability of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in transgenic mice expressing a viral protein in the thymus. J. Exp. Med. 180:1901.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  34. Valitutti, S., S. Muller, M. Cella, E. Padovan, A. Lanzavecchia. 1995. Serial triggering of many T-cell receptors by a few peptide-MHC complexes. Nature 375:148.[Medline]
  35. Chidgey, A. P., R. L. Boyd. 1998. Positive selection of low responsive potentially autoreactive T cells induced by high avidity, non-deleting interactions. Int. Immunol. 10:999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  36. Madrenas, J., R. L. Wange, J. L. Wang, N. Isakov, L. E. Samelson, R. N. Germain. 1995. {zeta} phosphorylation without ZAP-70 activation induced by TCR antagonists or partial agonists. Science 267:515.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Sloan-Lancaster, J., A. S. Shaw, J. B. Rothbard, P. M. Allen. 1994. Partial T cell signaling: altered phospho-{zeta} and lack of Zap70 recruitment in APL-induced T cell anergy. Cell 79:913.[Medline]
  38. Sousa, C. R., E. H. Levine, R. N. Germain. 1996. Partial signaling by CD8+ T cells in response to antagonist ligands. J. Exp. Med. 184:149.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  39. Germain, R. M., E. H. Levine, J. Madrenas. 1995. The T-cell receptor as a diverse signal transduction machine. Immunologist 3/4:113.
  40. McKeithan, T. W.. 1995. Kinetic proofreading in T-cell receptor signal transduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:5042.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  41. Rabinowitz, J. D., C. Beeson, D. S. Lyons, M. M. Davis, H. M. McConnell. 1996. Kinetic discrimination in T-cell activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1401.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  42. Alam, S. M., P. J. Travers, J. L. Wung, W. Nasholds, S. Redpath, S. C. Jameson, N. R. J. Gasciogne. 1996. T-cell-receptor affinity and thymocyte positive selection. Nature 381:616.[Medline]
  43. Lyons, D. S., S. A. Lieberman, J. Hampl, J. J. Boniface, Y.-H. Chien, L. J. Berg, M. M. Davis. 1996. A TCR binds to antagonist ligands with lower affinities and faster dissociation rates than to agonists. Immunity 5:53.[Medline]
  44. Matsui, K., J. J. Boniface, P. Steffner, P. A. Reay, M. M. Davis. 1994. Kinetics of T-cell receptor binding to peptide/I-Ek complexes: correlation of the dissociation rate with T-cell responsiveness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12862.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  45. Donnadieu, E., G. Bismuth, A. Trautman. 1994. Antigen recognition by helper T cells elicits a sequence of distinct changes of their shape and intracellular calcium. Curr. Biol. 4:584.[Medline]
  46. DeBell, K. E., A. Conti, M. A. Alava, T. Hoffman, E. Bonvini. 1992. Microfilament assembly modulates phospholipase C-mediated signal transduction by the TCR/CD3 in murine T helper lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 149:2271.[Abstract]
  47. Crespo, P., K. E. Schuebel, A. A. Ostrom, J. S. Gutkind, X. R. Bustelo. 1997. Phosphotyrosine-dependent activation of Rac-1 GDP/GTP exchange by the vav proto-oncogene product. Nature 385:169.[Medline]
  48. Han, J., B. Das, W. Wei, L. V. Aelst, R. D. Mosteller, R. Khosravi-Far, J. K. Westwick, C. J. Der, D. Broek. 1997. lck regulates vav activation of members of the Rho family of GTPases. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1346.[Abstract]
  49. Fischer, K.-D., Y.-Y. Yong, H. Nishina, K. Tedford, L. E. M. Marengère, I. Kozieradzki, T. Sasaki, M. Starr, G. Chan, S. Gardener, et al 1998. Vav is a regulator of cytoskeletal reorganization mediated by the T-cell receptor. Curr. Biol. 8:554.[Medline]
  50. Holsinger, L. J., I. A. Graef, W. Swat, T. Chi, D. M. Bautista, L. Davidson, R. S. Lewis, F. W. Alt, G. R. Crabtree. 1998. Defects in actin-cap formation in Vav-deficient mice implicate an actin requirement for lymphocyte signal transduction. Curr. Biol. 8:563.[Medline]
  51. Fischer, K. D., A. Zmuldzinas, S. Gardner, M. Barbacid, A. Bernstein, C. Guidos. 1995. Defective T-cell receptor signalling and positive selection of Vav-deficient CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes. Nature 374:474.[Medline]
  52. Turner, M., P. J. Mee, A. E. Walters, M. E. Quinn, A. L. Mellor, R. Zamoyska, V. L. J. Tybulewicz. 1997. A requirement for the Rho-family GTP exchange factor Vav in positive and negative selection of thymocytes. Immunity 7:451.[Medline]
  53. Kawai, K., P. S. Ohashi. 1995. Immunological function of a defined T-cell population tolerized to low-affinity self antigens. Nature 374:68.[Medline]
  54. Chidgey, A., R. Boyd. 1997. Agonist peptide modulates T cell selection thresholds through qualitative and quantitative shifts in CD8 co-receptor expression. Int. Immunol. 9:1527.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  55. Ohashi, P. S.. 1996. T cell selection and autoimmunity: flexibility and tuning. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 8:808.[Medline]
  56. Grossman, Z., A. Singer. 1996. Tuning of activation thresholds explains flexibility in the selection and development of T cells in the thymus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:14747.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  57. Girao, C., Q. Hu, J. Sun, P. G. Ashton-Rickardt. 1997. Limits to the differential avidity model of T cell selection in the thymus. J. Immunol. 159:4205.[Abstract]
  58. Wang, R., A. Nelson, K. Kimachi, H. M. Grey, A. G. Farr. 1998. The role of peptides in thymic positive selection of class II major histocompatibility complex-restricted T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3804.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  59. Williams, O., R. Tarazona, D. Kioussis, N. Harker, K. Roderick. 1998. Interactions with multiple peptide ligands determine the fate of developing thymocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:5706.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  60. Liu, C.-P., F. Crawford, P. Marrack, J. Kappler. 1998. T cell positive selection by a high density, low affinity ligand. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:4522.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  61. Jenkins, M. K., R. H. Schwartz, D. M. Pardoll. 1988. Effects of cyclosporine A on T cell development and clonal deletion. Science 241:1655.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  62. Gao, E., D. Lo, R. Cheney, O. Kanagawa, J. Sprent. 1988. Abnormal differentiation of thymocytes in mice treated with cyclosporin A. Nature 336:176.[Medline]
  63. Shi, Y. F., B. M. Sahai, D. R. Green. 1989. Cyclosporin A inhibits activation-induced cell death in T-cell hybridomas and thymocytes. Nature 339:625.[Medline]
  64. Nakayama, T., Y. Ueda, H. Yamada, E. W. Shores, A. Singer, C. H. June. 1992. In vivo calcium elevations in thymocytes with cell receptors that are specific for self ligand. Science 257:96.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  65. Kane, L. P., S. M. Hedrick. 1996. A role for calcium influx in setting the threshold for CD4+CD8+ thymocyte negative selection. J. Immunol. 156:4594.[Abstract]
  66. Dolmetsch, R. E., R. S. Lewis, C. C. Goodnow, J. I. Healy. 1997. Differential activation of transcription factors induced by Ca2+ response amplitude and duration. Nature 386:855.[Medline]
  67. Healy, J. I., R. E. Dolmetsch, L. A. Timmerman, J. G. Cyster, M. L. Thomas, G. R. Crabtree, R. S. Lewis, C. C. Goodnow. 1997. Different nuclear signals are activated by the B cell receptor during positive versus negative signaling. Immunity 6:419.[Medline]
  68. Bacon, K. B., B. A. Premack, P. Gardner, T. J. Schall. 1995. Activation of dual T cell signaling pathways by the chemokine RANTES. Science 269:1727.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  69. Groves, T., P. Katis, Z. Madden, K. Manickam, D. Ramsden, G. Wu, C. J. Guidos. 1995. In vitro maturation of clonal CD4+CD8+ cell lines in response to TCR engagement. J. Immunol. 154:5011.[Abstract]
  70. Kearse, K. P., Y. Takahama, J. A. Punt, S. O. Sharrow, A. Singer. 1995. Early molecular events induced by T cell receptor (TCR) signalling in immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes: increased synthesis of TCR-{alpha} protein is an early response to TCR signalling that compensates for TCR-{alpha} instability, improves TCR assembly, and parallels other indicators of positive selection. J. Exp. Med. 181:193.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  71. Cibotti, R., J. A. Punt, K. S. Dash, S. O. Sharrow, A. Singer. 1997. Surface molecules that drive T cell development in vitro in the absence of thymic epithelium and in the absence of lineage-specific signals. Immunity 6:245.[Medline]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
V. Cotta-de-Almeida, L. Westerberg, M. H. Maillard, D. Onaldi, H. Wachtel, P. Meelu, U.-i. Chung, R. Xavier, F. W. Alt, and S. B. Snapper
Wiskott Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and N-WASP are critical for T cell development
PNAS, September 25, 2007; 104(39): 15424 - 15429.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
K. Laky and B.J. Fowlkes
Presenilins regulate {alpha}{beta} T cell development by modulating TCR signaling
J. Exp. Med., September 3, 2007; 204(9): 2115 - 2129.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
S. Tian, R. Maile, E. J. Collins, and J. A. Frelinger
CD8+ T Cell Activation Is Governed by TCR-Peptide/MHC Affinity, Not Dissociation Rate
J. Immunol., September 1, 2007; 179(5): 2952 - 2960.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
K. Cante-Barrett, E. M. Gallo, M. M. Winslow, and G. R. Crabtree
Thymocyte Negative Selection Is Mediated by Protein Kinase C- and Ca2+-Dependent Transcriptional Induction of Bim
J. Immunol., February 15, 2006; 176(4): 2299 - 2306.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
S. Koonpaew, S. Shen, L. Flowers, and W. Zhang
LAT-mediated signaling in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell development
J. Exp. Med., January 23, 2006; 203(1): 119 - 129.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int ImmunolHome page
P. M. Lavoie, A. R. Dumont, H. McGrath, A.-E. Kernaleguen, and R.-P. Sekaly
Delayed expansion of a restricted T cell repertoire by low-density TCR ligands
Int. Immunol., July 1, 2005; 17(7): 931 - 941.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
M. Fridkis-Hareli, P. A. Reche, and E. L. Reinherz
Peptide Variants of Viral CTL Epitopes Mediate Positive Selection and Emigration of Ag-Specific Thymocytes In Vivo
J. Immunol., July 15, 2004; 173(2): 1140 - 1150.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
K. Holmberg, S. Mariathasan, T. Ohteki, P. S. Ohashi, and N. R. J. Gascoigne
TCR Binding Kinetics Measured with MHC Class I Tetramers Reveal a Positive Selecting Peptide with Relatively High Affinity for TCR
J. Immunol., September 1, 2003; 171(5): 2427 - 2434.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
M. K.H. McGavin, K. Badour, L. A. Hardy, T. J. Kubiseski, J. Zhang, and K. A. Siminovitch
The Intersectin 2 Adaptor Links Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASp)-mediated Actin Polymerization to T Cell Antigen Receptor Endocytosis
J. Exp. Med., December 17, 2001; 194(12): 1777 - 1787.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
V. Raman, F. Blaeser, N. Ho, D. L. Engle, C. B. Williams, and T. A. Chatila
Requirement for Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase Type IV/Gr in Setting the Thymocyte Selection Threshold
J. Immunol., December 1, 2001; 167(11): 6270 - 6278.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
S. Mariathasan, A. Zakarian, D. Bouchard, A. M. Michie, J. C. Zuniga-Pflucker, and P. S. Ohashi
Duration and Strength of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signals Are Altered During Positive Versus Negative Thymocyte Selection
J. Immunol., November 1, 2001; 167(9): 4966 - 4973.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
H. S. Azzam, J. B. DeJarnette, K. Huang, R. Emmons, C.-S. Park, C. L. Sommers, D. El-Khoury, E. W. Shores, and P. E. Love
Fine Tuning of TCR Signaling by CD5
J. Immunol., May 1, 2001; 166(9): 5464 - 5472.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
T. Ohteki, M. Parsons, A. Zakarian, R. G. Jones, L. T. Nguyen, J. R. Woodgett, and P. S. Ohashi
Negative Regulation of T Cell Proliferation and Interleukin 2 Production by the Serine Threonine Kinase GSK-3
J. Exp. Med., July 3, 2000; 192(1): 99 - 104.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Adachi, Y. Amasaki, S. Miyatake, N. Arai, and M. Iwata
Successive Expression and Activation of NFAT Family Members during Thymocyte Differentiation
J. Biol. Chem., May 5, 2000; 275(19): 14708 - 14716.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
B. D. Freedman, Q.-H. Liu, S. Somersan, M. I. Kotlikoff, and J. A. Punt
Receptor Avidity and Costimulation Specify the Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling Pattern in CD4+CD8+ Thymocytes
J. Exp. Med., October 4, 1999; 190(7): 943 - 952.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Mariathasan, S.
Right arrow Articles by Ohashi, P. S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Mariathasan, S.
Right arrow Articles by Ohashi, P. S.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS