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The Journal of Immunology, 1998, 161: 5795-5799.
Copyright © 1998 by The American Association of Immunologists

CUTTING EDGE

Cutting Edge: CD19+ Pro-B Cells Can Give Rise to Dendritic Cells In Vitro1

Pia Björck2 and Paul W. Kincade

Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 
Dendritic cells (DC) have the specific capacity of initiating primary T cell responses and ultimately derive from precursors in bone marrow. DC were originally thought to be only of myeloid origin, and myeloid precursor cells could be induced to differentiate into functional DC in response to granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF. However, early CD4low precursor cells from the thymus can also develop into DC when cultured in IL-1ß, IL-3, IL-7, TNF-{alpha}, stem cell factor, and Flt-3L. In that case, GM-CSF was not required. We now show that CD19+ pro-B cells develop into DC with T cell stimulatory properties when cultured under similar conditions. These pro-B cells acquired the DC-related markers CD11c and NLDC145/DEC205, along with CD80/B7-1, CD86/B7-2, and a high density of MHC class II Ags. The marrow-derived DC did not express CD4 or CD8{alpha}, which are markers related to thymic DC. These findings are consistent with a new pathway through which DC are generated from B lymphoid precursors.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 
The B lymphopoiesis in adult mice takes place in the bone marrow and is directed by the selective expression of lineage-restricted genes, which in turn are controlled by transcription factors. There is rapid progress in identifying genes critical for the development of lymphoid cells in general, such as Ikaros and PU1 (1, 2), dendritic cells (DC)3 such as relB (3), and for B cells in particular, i.e., E2A and Pax-5 (4). Parallel to these advances, multiple differentiation steps are being resolved through which multipotential hematopoietic stem cells give rise to lymphocytes, NK cells, and DC. For example, a common lymphoid precursor was recently described with the potential to generate lymphoid but not myeloid cells (5, 6). While CD45R/B220 is not B lineage lymphocyte restricted, murine cells bearing CD19 are thought to have rearranged Ig heavy chain genes and to lack the potential for nonlymphoid development (7, 8). In this study, we investigated whether CD19+ pro-B cells could have a B/DC bipotential lineage capacity.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 References
 
Reagents

Directly FITC- or phycoerythrin-conjugated Abs to CD4, CD8{alpha}, CD11c, CD19, CD24, CD25, CD40, CD80, CD86, Gr-1, Thy-1.2, MHC class II, CD45R/B220, Flk-2/Flt-3, Fas, BP-1, and isotype-matched controls were obtained from PharMingen (San Diego, CA). CD11b-FITC was from Boehringer Mannheim (Indianapolis, IN). CD44-FITC was purchased from Southern Biotechnologies (Birmingham, AL). Purified NLDC145 Ab was a kind gift from Dr. G. Kraal (Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam) NLDC 145 supernatant was purchased from Accurate (Westbury, NY). The relB Ab was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnologies (Santa Cruz, CA). Recombinant mouse IL-1ß, IL-3, TNF-{alpha}, stem cell factor (SCF), and Flt-3, were obtained from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Recombinant mouse IL-7 was from Endogen (Woburn, MA).

Mice

Eight-week-old BALB/c and C57BL/6 female mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) and were kept under pathogen-free conditions according to institutional guidelines.

Cells

Mice were sacrificed and bone marrow single-cell suspensions were prepared. Cells were washed in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% FCS (PAA Laboratories, Newport Beach, CA), antibiotics, 2 mM glutamine (Mediatech, Herndon, VA), and 2-ME and were depleted of erythroid cells, granulocytes, and monocytes using goat anti-rat-coated magnetic beads (PerSeptive Biosystems, Framingham, MA). Cells were incubated with Abs to erythroid cells and granulocytes using Abs to Ter119 and Gr-1 (PharMingen) and monocytes using M1/70 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) for 30 min at 4°C, washed, and further incubated with magnetic beads for 20 min. Cells that bound to the beads were removed with a magnet. The depletion step was repeated twice, and the negative cell-fraction was recovered and further purified by FACS sorting.

FACS sorting

Pro-B cells were purified based on their expression of CD19, CD43 and lack of surface IgM. Cells were labeled with biotinylated Abs to CD43 (S7-biotin, American Type Culture Collection, hybridoma biotinylated in our laboratory using standard procedures), FITC-conjugated anti-CD19 (PharMingen), and phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-IgM (Southern Biotechnologies). Cells were further incubated with ultravidin-labeled Texas red (Leinco Technologies, Ballwin, MO) and sorted using a FACStar (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, CA) equipped with a 2W argon laser. Sorted cells were either stained with phycoerythrin-conjugated Abs and examined by a FACScan or put in culture.

Cell culture

Sorted CD19+, CD43+ IgM- pro-B cells (30,000/well) were cultured in flat-bottom half-area well plates (Costar, Cambridge, MA) in complete RPMI 1640 together with murine IL-1ß (0.2 ng/ml), IL-3 (400 ng/ml), IL-7 (10 ng/ml), TNF-{alpha} (1 ng/ml), SCF (10 ng/ml), and human Flt-3 ligand (100 ng/ml) in a final volume of 100 µl. After different time points, cells were counted in trypan blue and examined using FACS or on cytospin.

T cells

Lymph node T cells from C57BL/6 mice were obtained by magnetic bead depletion using a mixture of mAbs to Ter119, Gr-1, M1/70, B220, and MHC class II. The final cell population was usually >90% CD4+ and less than 3% positive for CD19 and CD11b (data not shown).

Cell proliferation

Irradiated (2000 rad) DC from day 10 of culture were seeded in serial dilutions in round-bottom multiwell plates (Costar). CD4+ T cells were added at a concentration of 100,000 cells/well in a final volume of 200 µl/well. For determination of proliferation, plates were incubated for 6 days and pulsed with [3H]thymidine (ICN, Costa Mesa, CA; 1 µCi/well, 67 Ci/mmol) during the last 18 h of culture.


   Results and Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
References
 
To isolate B cell precursors, we sorted pro-B cells on the basis of size and expression of CD19 and CD43 Ags. Additional properties of the sorted cells are summarized in Table IGo. Of note, numbers of cells bearing the DEC205 DC marker (9, 10) were below the limits of detection even in unseparated bone marrow cell suspensions. Preliminary experiments revealed that highly motile cells with typical DC morphology appeared within 4 days of culture and that the combination of IL-7, IL-1ß, IL-3, SCF, TNF-{alpha}, and Flt-3L favored their development (11, 12). Cytospin preparations from cells cultured for 4 days were examined after immunostaining. Between 11 and 15% of these cells had mature DC characteristics. That is, they had extensive fine, and often beaded, dendritic processes expressing high levels of MHC class II Ags (Fig. 1Go). In addition, MHC class II was conspicuous in intracellular vesicles. Such vesicles have recently been found to be abundant in DC (13).


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  		Table I. FACS analysis of CD19+ pro-B cells directly after sorting or after 4–7 days of culture using either FITC- or phycoerythrin-conjugated antibodies1

 


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  		FIGURE 1. Cytospins after 4 days of culture. A, Cells stained with Abs to MHC class II (red) and counterstained with hematoxylin. Cells display dendritic processes with beaded structures. B, Cells express relB, a part of the NF-{kappa}B complex and typical for DC. C and D, Double-staining of cells with Abs to MHC class II (green) and CD19 (red) reveal the DC morphology of the cells. Staining using isotype-matched controls were used in parallel and were negative (not shown).

 
Flow cytometry analysis revealed that 30% of the pro-B cells expressed DEC205 Ag within 4 days of culture and expression increased with time (Table IGo). While the cultures were initiated with relatively small to medium-sized cells, the recovered population included substantial numbers of cells with high forward and side scatter (Fig. 2Go). Approximately 90% of the cells had DC morphology when resorted after 7 days of culture based on expression of the DEC205 Ag (not shown). Representative histograms generated by gating on the entire population or cells with high light scatter are shown in Fig. 3Go. The B lineage lymphocyte markers CD19 and CD45R/B220 were progressively lost as cells bearing DC-related markers (DEC205 and CD11c) appeared, suggesting a transition of pro-B cells into DC.



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  		FIGURE 2. A, Sorted cells had little forward/side scatter as determined by FACS day 0, but B, at day 4, cells had increased their size significantly. C, FACS sorting of pro-B cells using a FACStarPlus. Cells were sorted according to lymphocyte light scatter, CD43 and CD19 expression, and lack of sIgM. Sorted cells had a purity >95%. D, Pro-B cell-derived DC induced T cell proliferation in an allogeneic MLR. Lymph node T cells (100,000/well) were seeded onto graded numbers of DC (open squares). Splenic B cells were used as a control (closed circles). Cells were incubated for 6 days and proliferation was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation during the last 18 h of culture. Background level with T cells alone was 290 ± 30 cpm. One representative experiment of three is shown. E and F, Pro-B cells differentiate into CD19+/DEC205+ double-positive cells. After a 4-day culture period, cells were stained with (E) isotype-matched control mAbs or (F) Abs to CD19 and the DC Ag NLDC145/DEC205. A subset (30%) expressed both markers. At least five experiments were performed with similar results.

 


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  		FIGURE 3. FACS profiles of Ags expressed by pro-B cells and DC directly after FACS sorting or after 7 days in culture. When cells were gated based on DEC205 expression and large size, B cell-related Ags were lost, whereas cells showed increased expression of DC Ags and accessory molecules.

 
The possibility of contamination of the sorted population of bone marrow cells with DC seems unlikely for several reasons. Similar results were obtained when the sorter was operated in monitor mode to yield suspensions that were >99% pro-B cells and when CD45R/B220 was included as an additional sorting parameter. There was an average 2.4-fold increase in cell numbers within 4 days of culture and the viability of cells usually exceeded 88%. It is hard to envision how selective survival and expansion of extremely rare DEC205-bearing cells would account for their incidence (average of 30%) at this time. It remains possible that an immature cell with DC developmental potential survived and expanded in our cultures. However, flow cytometry done on day 4 revealed a population of cultured cells that expressed both CD19 and DEC205 (Fig. 2GoF). Cells with the morphology of DC and bearing the CD19 marker were also demonstrated by direct staining of cytospin slides (Fig. 1Go).

The incidence of pro-B cells capable of becoming DC is not known and that the cytokine combination we used may not have been optimal. However, a minimal number was estimated by single-cell sorting. Single pro-B cells were directly placed into Terasaki plates and held for 4 days in cytokines. At least 19 of 600 wells (average from three experiments) contained single cells that had acquired DC morphology. Our experience with bulk-cultured cells would indicate that this is an underestimate of cells with DC potential. In the experiments described above, only 13% of cells were identified as DC by phase contrast microscopy, whereas a third of them expressed DEC205. Therefore, 3–6% of pro-B cells can directly differentiate into DC with minimum proliferation and without interactions with neighboring cells.

The CD19 marker was lost with more extended culture (Table IGo and Fig. 3Go), but the BP-1 Ag was retained by a 20% subpopulation of cells. This marker is not restricted to B lymphoid lineage cells and has recently been found on DC generated from lymphoid precursors isolated from the thymus (14) and on thymic DC but not on DC in spleen or lymph nodes (15). BP-1 may be lost in vivo as DC migrate to secondary lymphoid organs. CD8{alpha}, a marker previously associated with thymic-derived DC (14), was not present on DC derived from pro-B cells. CD4, used as a marker to isolate the thymic DC precursor cells (14), was not expressed on the sorted pro-B cells or at any time during culture. Gating on day 7 cells with high light scatter enriched the population of cells expressing the adhesion molecule CD44. This population of large cells also contained many of the CD25+ cells.

DC are uniquely capable of initiating responses in resting T cells (16). Therefore, we harvested day 10 cultures derived from BALB/c pro-B cells and tested their ability to stimulate proliferation of lymph node T cells from C57BL/6 mice. An allo-response could be obtained with as few as 400 cells, of which about 30% were DC (Fig. 2GoD).

We have not extensively investigated cytokine requirements for production of DC from pro-B cells, but our experience is generally consistent with studies conducted with thymic-derived DC (11). Myeloid DC can be obtained by culturing cells in granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF alone (17), together with TNF-{alpha} and SCF (18), or in vivo using Flt-3L (19). Importantly, GM-CSF is not an absolute requirement for DC development, as DC are present in GM-CSF-deficient mice (20). Studies using human CD34+ progenitor cells show that these can differentiate into DCs after stimulation through their CD40 Ag, again in the apparent absence of GM-CSF (21). It remains to be seen if conditions can be found for preferential production of DC from pro-B cells, as compared with other types of precursors.

All cytokines used in this study can normally be detected in the bone marrow. However, some of them, such as TNF-{alpha} and IL-1ß, may be present only in minute amounts and/or induced in response to inflammation. Moreover, both TNF-{alpha} and IL-1ß have been found to suppress human pro-B cell growth (22). This may in turn dictate the type of cells that are made from a common precursor, B cells or DC. We found that surface IgM-bearing cells survived poorly and yielded no DC when isolated from bone marrow and placed in cytokines. This presumably means that differentiation options becomes irreversible at some point. Mature B cells can undergo remarkable morphological changes after activation with anti-Ia Abs (23), phorbol esters (24), or through adhesion molecules (25). Although these cells exhibit long, dendritic protrusions, their appearance is more similar to that of neurons, i.e., antennary, lack of veils and typical DC motility and lack of DC-related cell surface markers.

B lymphocyte lineage cell lines can convert to macrophage-like cells spontaneously or through experimental manipulation (26). We have shown that normal pro-B cells can undergo an apparent "lineage switch" solely by exposure to cytokines. Further study is required to determine whether this is a normal differentiation pathway and if DC derived in this way have unique migratory and/or functional properties.

Although malignancies involving DC are rare, some Hodgkin’s lymphomas have DC features and expression of DC markers such as CD11c (27). Some Hodgkin’s lymphomas have a B cell origin. It is intriguing to speculate that the pro-B cell-derived DC described in this study may be a target for the disease.

Early T lineage cells can differentiate into B, NK, and DC. The capacity to form B and NK cells is eventually lost, but the cells can still give rise to thymic DC before TCR rearrangement (14). We show here another potential pathway for the development of DC from early B lymphoid lineage cells that further support the notion of DC with lymphoid origin. The relationship between these T and B lineage types of lymphoid DC, and possible functional differences between these and myeloid-derived DC, merit further study.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank J. Henthorn for excellent assistance with the FACS sorting and Drs. Y.-J. Liu and M. Shurin for kindly reviewing the manuscript.


   Footnotes
 
1 This work was supported by Grants AI20069 and AI33085 from the National Institutes of Health. Back

2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Pia Björck, Department of Surgical Oncology, Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 300 Kaufmann Building, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; E-mail: Back

3 Abbreviations used in this paper: DC, dendritic cell(s); SCF, stem cell factor; GM, granulocyte-macrophage. Back

Received for publication August 5, 1998. Accepted for publication September 21, 1998.


   References
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 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 

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Q.-L. Hao, J. Zhu, M. A. Price, K. J. Payne, L. W. Barsky, and G. M. Crooks
Identification of a novel, human multilymphoid progenitor in cord blood
Blood, June 15, 2001; 97(12): 3683 - 3690.
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M. G. Manz, D. Traver, T. Miyamoto, I. L. Weissman, and K. Akashi
Dendritic cell potentials of early lymphoid and myeloid progenitors
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C.-K. Lee, J. K. Kim, Y. Kim, M.-K. Lee, K. Kim, J.-K. Kang, R. Hofmeister, S. K. Durum, and S. S. Han
Generation of Macrophages from Early T Progenitors In Vitro
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M. Bauer, V. Redecke, J. W. Ellwart, B. Scherer, J.-P. Kremer, H. Wagner, and G. B. Lipford
Bacterial CpG-DNA Triggers Activation and Maturation of Human CD11c-, CD123+ Dendritic Cells
J. Immunol., April 15, 2001; 166(8): 5000 - 5007.
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S Puch, S Armeanu, C Kibler, K. Johnson, C. Muller, M. Wheelock, and G Klein
N-cadherin is developmentally regulated and functionally involved in early hematopoietic cell differentiation
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P. J. O'Connell, A. E. Morelli, A. J. Logar, and A. W. Thomson
Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Mouse Hepatic CD8{alpha}+ Lymphoid-Related Dendritic Cells
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A. Galy, I. Christopherson, G. Ferlazzo, G. Liu, H. Spits, and K. Georgopoulos
Distinct signals control the hematopoiesis of lymphoid-related dendritic cells
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R.-K. Zhong, A. D. Donnenberg, H.-F. Zhang, S. Watkins, J.-H. Zhou, and E. D. Ball
Human Blood Dendritic Cell-Like B Cells Isolated by the 5G9 Monoclonal Antibody Reactive with a Novel 220-kDa Antigen
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