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The Journal of Immunology, 1998, 160: 4042-4047.
Copyright © 1998 by The American Association of Immunologists

Hydrogen Peroxide Induces Up-Regulation of Fas in Human Endothelial Cells

Toshimitsu Suhara*, Keisuke Fukuo1,*, Tomosada Sugimoto{dagger}, Shigeto Morimoto*, Takeshi Nakahashi*, Shigeki Hata*, Masumi Shimizu* and Toshio Ogihara*

* Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka, Japan; and {dagger} 2nd Department of Oral Anatomy, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidant generated by inflammatory cells, is an important mediator of injury of endothelial cells (ECs). Here we show that H2O2 induces up-regulation of the expression of Fas, a death signal, in human ECs in culture. Flow cytometric analysis with a mAb against human Fas showed that incubation for 24 h with H2O2 induced a dose-dependent increase in the level of Fas in ECs. Coincubation with catalase, which rapidly degrades H2O2, inhibited H2O2-induced up-regulation of Fas. H2O2 also induced a dose-dependent increase in Fas mRNA level. A significant increase in Fas mRNA levels was observed from 6 h after stimulation with H2O2. Vanadate, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, significantly enhanced Fas mRNA and protein levels in H2O2-treated ECs. On the other hand, genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibited H2O2-induced Fas mRNA expression. Furthermore, a flow cytometric method with propidium iodide staining and electron microscopic analysis showed that incubation with an agonistic Ab against Fas (anti-Fas IgM) induced apoptosis in H2O2-treated cells. These findings suggest that H2O2 induces up-regulation of Fas in ECs and that activation of protein tyrosine kinase may be involved in the mechanism of H2O2-induced Fas expression. Therefore, Fas-mediated apoptosis may have a pathologic role in H2O2-induced EC injury and thereby provide a new therapeutic target.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Fas, also called APO-1 or CD95, is a type I membrane protein belonging to the TNF and nerve growth factor receptor family, which mediates a death signal (1). Triggering this pathway requires the cross-linking of Fas with either agonistic Abs to Fas or cells expressing Fas ligand (Fas-L).2 Various cells express Fas, whereas Fas-L is expressed predominantly in activated T cells. Malfunction of the Fas system causes lymphoproliferative disorders and accelerates autoimmune diseases, whereas its overactivity may cause tissue destruction. Therapeutic uses of the Fas system might include blocking the exacerbated Fas-based pathologic manifestations with the soluble form of Fas, neutralizing Abs to Fas or Fas-L, or with inhibitors of Fas-L induction or Fas-mediated apoptosis.

Injury of endothelial cells (ECs) is a critical event in the acute inflammatory process and the development of atherosclerosis (2, 3). In the genesis of inflammatory lesions, ECs can interact with macrophages, platelets, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) as well as T cells. One form of injury to ECs results from excessive levels of oxygen radicals released from leukocytes, macrophages, and ECs themselves (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is a mediator of apoptosis (11). This hypothesis is based on the findings that many agents that induce apoptosis are oxidants or stimulators of cellular oxidative metabolism, and that, conversely, many inhibitors of apoptosis have antioxidative activities or enhance cellular antioxidant defenses (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17). Furthermore, there is recent evidence that diffusable reactive oxygen intermediates such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can modulate cellular functions through altering signal transduction in many cell types, including ECs, VSMC, and T cells (18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25). Recently, we demonstrated that NO induces up-regulation of Fas and apoptosis in VSMC (26). In the present study, we therefore examined whether H2O2 can affect the level of Fas in cultured ECs. We found that H2O2 up-regulates Fas expression through the activation of protein tyrosine kinase in ECs.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Materials

mAbs against human Fas, clone UB2 (IgG) and clone CH11 (IgM) were from Medical Biologic Laboratories (Nagoya, Japan). FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG was obtained from Seikagaku (Tokyo, Japan). Catalase and genistein were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Sodium pervanadate and propidium iodide were from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan).

Cell culture

HUVEC were purchased from Kurabo (Osaka, Japan) and maintained in medium (HuMedia-EG; Kurabo) containing 2% FCS, 10 µg/ml heparin, 5 ng/ml recombinant acidic fibroblast growth factor, 10 ng/ml recombinant acidic endothelium growth factor, and antibiotics. Cultured cells were identified as ECs on the basis of typical morphology and factor VIII immunofluorescence. ECs (passage 3–7) were grown to confluence on 10-cm dishes with medium. For experiments, medium was replaced with fresh medium without serum and growth factors before the addition of compounds.

Detection of Fas by flow cytometry

After treatment with various compounds, floating cells were removed by rinsing the cell layers with PBS containing 0.2 mM EDTA, and then adherent cells were harvested with trypsin to analyze Fas expression. ECs (106) were incubated with PBS containing 5% FCS and 10 µg/ml murine Ab against Fas (UB2) for 1 h at 4°C, washed with PBS three times, and then incubated with 10 µg/ml FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG for 30 min at 4°C. Fas expression on the cell surface was analyzed by a method using a flow cytometer (FACS) on FL-1 channel.

Analysis of Fas mRNA

Total RNA from ECs was extracted by a guanidine isothiocynate/acid phenol method (27). Poly(A)+ RNA was prepared using Oligo(dT)-Latex (Takara Biomedicals, Japan). Northern blot analysis was performed as previously described (28). The probe DNA of Fas was a 2.5-kbp XhoI fragment containing human Fas cDNA (29). The cDNA probes for human Fas and human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) were labeled with [32P]dCTP (111 TBq/mmol) by using the multiprime DNA labeling kit (Amersham International, Buckinghamshire, U.K.). Hybridization with a G3PDH cDNA probe was used to monitor uniform loading of RNA on Northern blots.

DNA analysis of apoptosis by flow cytometry

Apoptosis was monitored by measuring the population distribution of DNA content (30). After treatment with H2O2 and anti-Fas IgM, ECs (106) were suspended in 100 µl of PBS and fixed with 900 µl of cold ethanol and then resuspended in staining buffer (1 mg/ml RNaseA, 20 µg/ml propidium iodide, 0.01% Nonidet P-40). The DNA content of the cells was analyzed by flow cytometry on FL2 channel.

Electron microscopy

Cells were fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde, 1% formaldehyde (prepared fresh from paraformaldehyde), and 0.2 mM CaCl2 in 0.12 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) for 5 to 30 min, osmicated in phosphate-buffered 2% OsO4 for 5 min, dehydrated in a graded series of alcohol, and embedded in epoxy resin. After polymerization of the resin, the culture dish was removed from the epoxy resin block. The blocks were cut into thin sections with a diamond knife and examined after contrasting with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Induction of Fas in H2O2-treated ECs

Figure 1Go shows the effect of H2O2 on Fas expression in HUVEC determined by flow cytometric analysis. Incubation for 24 h with H2O2 at concentrations from 0.2 to 1.0 mM induced a dose-dependent increase in Fas expression in ECs. However, catalase (920 U/ml), an enzyme that hydrolyzes H2O2 to O2 and H2O (31), inhibited the up-regulation of Fas induced by 0.5 mM H2O2 (Fig. 1GoD).



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  		FIGURE 1. H2O2 induces up-regulation of Fas in ECs. ECs were incubated for 24 h with H2O2 at concentrations of 0.2 mM (A), 0.5 mM (B), and 1.0 mM (C). Fas expression was then analyzed by a flow cytometer (FACS) as described in the text. The histograms obtained from each treatment are shaded. A solid line denotes a histogram of cells without H2O2 treatment, which shows the basal level of Fas in control ECs. Panel D shows Fas expression in ECs treated with H2O2 (0.5 mM) and catalase (920 U/ml) for 24 h. A dashed line represents a histogram of ECs treated with 0.5 mM H2O2 alone.

 
Expression of Fas mRNA in H2O2-treated ECs

Figure 2GoA shows the time-dependent effect of H2O2 at a concentration of 0.5 mM on the expression of Fas mRNA in ECs. Fas mRNA was detected in control cells. Two bands of 2.7 and 1.9 kb were detected in Fas mRNA in ECs. A significant increase in Fas mRNA level was observed from 6 h after stimulation with H2O2. As shown in Figure 2GoB, incubation for 12 h with H2O2 at concentrations from 0.2 to 1.0 mM induced a dose-dependent increase in Fas mRNA level in ECs. Coincubation with catalase inhibited the up-regulation of Fas mRNA expression induced by 0.5 mM H2O2.



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  		FIGURE 2. Fas mRNA expression in ECs treated with H2O2. A, Poly(A)+ RNA was prepared from ECs incubated with H2O2 (0.5 mM) for the indicated times before harvest. B, Poly(A)+ RNA was prepared from ECs treated for 12 h with H2O2 at the indicated concentrations in the presence or absence of catalase (920 U/ml).

 
Vanadate enhances H2O2-induced Fas expression

Next, we examined whether activation of protein tyrosine kinase is involved in the mechanism of H2O2-induced up-regulation of Fas expression. As shown in Figure 3GoA, incubation with 100 µM vanadate, a phosphatase inhibitor, significantly enhanced H2O2-induced Fas expression. However, the basal level of Fas was not affected by vanadate alone (Fig. 3GoB). Vanadate also enhanced the increase in Fas mRNA level induced by H2O2 (Fig. 4GoA). On the other hand, incubation with genistein, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase, significantly inhibited H2O2-induced up-regulation of Fas mRNA expression (Fig. 4GoB).



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  		FIGURE 3. Effect of vanadate on Fas expression. Panel A shows the relative expression of Fas on ECs coincubated with both H2O2 (0.5 mM) and vanadate (0.1 mM) for 24 h. Panel B shows Fas expression on ECs coincubated with vanadate alone. Histograms obtained with each treatment are shown in broad lines. Histograms of controls are shown in solid lines, and dashed lines represent histograms of ECs treated with 0.5 mM H2O2.

 


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  		FIGURE 4. Effect of vanadate on H2O2-induced Fas mRNA in ECs. A, ECs were incubated with 0.5 mM H2O2 for 12 h in the presence or absence of 0.1 mM vanadate. B, ECs were incubated for 6 h with 0.5 mM H2O2 in the presence or absence of 0.1 mM genistein. Northern blot analysis was performed as described in the text.

 
H2O2-induced Fas can mediate apoptosis

We next examined whether H2O2-induced Fas can mediate apoptosis. A flow cytometric method with propidium iodide staining was used for quantitating endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in cells undergoing apoptosis. ECs in control culture demonstrated normal diploid DNA content with DNA peaks of G1 and G2-M. The apoptotic population was small (13.4%) (Fig. 5GoA). Incubation for 24 h with H2O2 (0.5 mM) alone did not induce a significant change in the apoptotic population (17.6%) compared with control cells (Fig. 5GoB). On the other hand, incubation for 8 h with anti-Fas IgM induced a large hypodiploid population (41.8%) undergoing apoptosis with less than 2N DNA in H2O2-pretreated cells (Fig. 5GoC). However, anti-Fas IgM did not induce a significant change in the apoptotic population in cells without pretreatment with H2O2 (12.1%) (Fig. 5GoD). Furthermore, electron microscopic analysis showed typical morphologic changes of apoptosis such as cellular shrinkage, membrane blebbing, and chromatin condensation in most cells treated with H2O2 and anti-Fas IgM (Fig. 6Go, A and B). In addition, pretreatment with H2O2 at concentrations from 0.2 to 1 mM induced a dose-dependent enhancement of anti-Fas IgM-induced apoptosis in ECs, although H2O2 at a high concentration of 1 mM alone induced apoptosis (Fig. 7Go). These findings indicate that H2O2-induced Fas is functional in mediating apoptosis in ECs.



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  		FIGURE 5. Flow cytometric DNA analysis of the effects of H2O2 and anti-Fas IgM on ECs. After incubation with anti-Fas IgM, ECs were fixed with ethanol and stained with 20 µg/ml of propidium iodide. A, ECs were incubated in serum-free medium for 24 h. B, ECs were incubated for 24 h with 0.5 mM H2O2, rinsed with fresh medium, and then incubated for a further 8 h with vehicle without H2O2. C, ECs were preincubated for 24 h with 0.5 mM H2O2, rinsed with fresh medium, and then incubated for a further 8 h with 1.0 mg/ml of anti-Fas IgM without H2O2. D, ECs were incubated for 24 h with serum-free medium and then incubated for a further 8 h with 1.0 mg/ml of anti-Fas IgM.

 


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  		FIGURE 6. Electron microscopic appearance of ECs after treatment with H2O2 and anti-Fas IgM (magnification x4,100 and x10,500, respectively). A, ECs were incubated for 8 h with 1.0 mg/ml of anti-Fas IgM without pretreatment with H2O2. B, ECs were incubated for 24 h with H2O2 (0.5 mM) and then treated with anti-Fas IgM for 8 h.

 


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  		FIGURE 7. Dose-dependent effects of H2O2 on anti-Fas IgM-induced apoptosis in ECs. After preincubation of ECs with H2O2 at the indicated concentrations, ECs were washed with serum-free medium and then incubated for a further 8 h with 1.0 mg/ml of anti-Fas IgM. DNA analysis of apoptosis by flow cytometry was performed as described in the text. Values are mean ± SD of three individual experiments, each containing four replicates. *p < 0.05, significantly different from control. **p < 0.05, significantly different from cells treated with H2O2 alone.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
In this study, we demonstrated that H2O2 induces up-regulation of Fas in ECs. H2O2 is one of the most important antimicrobial and antitumor weapons of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (32). H2O2 has also been implicated in cellular and tissue injury in pathologic conditions, for example, ischemia-reperfusion injury, hyperoxia, and inflammation (33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38). In ischemia-reperfusion injury, interaction of stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes with ECs is involved in its pathogenesis. Thus, ECs lining blood vessels appear to be the initial target of activated polymorphonuclear cell-derived oxidants. In addition, stimulation of various cells with either cytokines, phorbol esters, or growth factors increases the secretion of H2O2 in the extracellular space in vitro (39, 40, 41, 42, 43). High concentrations of this diffusable reactive oxygen intermediate exert toxic effects on susceptible cells. However, low concentrations of H2O2 alter cellular functions by modulating signal transduction in certain cells, including ECs, in vitro (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25). Although it has been shown that activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes can generate H2O2 concentrations of up to 0.2 mM in vitro, and cigarette smoke passed through saline yields H2O2 concentrations of 0.05 to 0.1 mM (9, 44, 45), it is unknown how much H2O2 is actually produced in inflammatory lesions in vivo. In addition, inactivation of the antioxidative pathway in a pathologic state may enhance the effect of H2O2 on ECs. For example, recent evidence has shown that NO, another diffusable reactive oxygen intermediate, inhibits glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidative enzyme that scavenges various peroxides, and increases the levels of intracellular peroxide (46). Since inducible NO synthase, which produces high levels of NO, is up-regulated in cytokine-activated cells and hypoxia/reperfusion tissues (47, 48), it may be possible that the concentration of H2O2 is locally much higher in inflammatory lesions.

Since it has been reported that H2O2 is a potent inducer of many biologic factors, including platelet-activating factors (49) and vascular endothelial growth factor (50), we examined whether H2O2-induced Fas expression is mediated by a new protein synthesis. However, H2O2-induced up-regulation of Fas mRNA expression occurred in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (data not shown), indicating that de novo protein synthesis was not required and suggesting a direct involvement of H2O2. Exogenously added H2O2 can freely diffuse across cell membranes (31) and induce tyrosine phosphorylation in several cell types (51, 52). We observed that the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate enhanced H2O2-induced up-regulation of Fas expression. It should be noted that the combination of H2O2 and vanadate generates the compound pervanadate, biologic activity of which has been demonstrated to be far greater than that of vanadate, and which strongly enhances tyrosine phosphorylation (53). Furthermore, genistein, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase activity, inhibited H2O2-induced up-regulation of Fas mRNA expression. These findings suggest that H2O2 induces up-regulation of Fas expression by increasing tyrosine kinase activity in ECs. Many of the oxidant-sensitive genes have nuclear factor (NF)-{kappa}B or activator protein 1 (AP-1) regulatory elements in their promoter regions, and increased binding of endothelial proteins to both types of elements has been reported after oxidant stimuli (54, 55, 56). Furthermore, H2O2 increases nuclear levels of NF-{kappa}B and AP-1 through a tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism in ECs (57) and lymphocytes (58). In this respect, it is of interest to find regulatory elements matching the reported consensus sequences for NF-{kappa}B and AP-1 within the 5' flanking sequence of the human Fas gene (59, 60, 61).

Although EC apoptosis is important in normal tissue homeostasis and during development (62, 63, 64), it is also present during remodeling of damaged tissues (65, 66, 67). Sgonc et al. (68) recently reported that EC apoptosis is a primary pathogenic event underlying skin lesions in avian and human scleroderma. Furthermore, Laurence et al. (69) also reported that Fas-mediated apoptosis in ECs may be of pathophysiologic importance in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. In our studies, pretreatment with H2O2 induced a dose-dependent enhancement of apoptosis induced by an agonistic Ab to Fas (anti-Fas IgM). These results suggest that H2O2-induced Fas is functional to induce apoptosis in EC. On the other hand, it should be noted that Richardson et al. reported that IFN-{gamma}-treated ECs did not undergo apoptosis upon Fas ligation (70). We observed that anti-Fas IgM did not induce apoptosis in control ECs. The lack of anti-Fas IgM-induced apoptosis in control ECs that express some baseline Fas mRNA may relate to threshold levels of Fas protein required for cross-linking. However, it is also possible that H2O2 treatment may sensitize ECs against Fas-induced apoptosis. In this regard, it is noteworthy that c-myc-induced apoptosis was recently shown to require interaction of Fas and Fas-L by sensitizing cells to the Fas death signal in 3T3 fibroblasts (71). In addition, we also observed that H2O2 at a high concentration of 1 mM alone induced apoptosis in ECs. Our preliminary experiments showed that apoptosis induced by 1 mM H2O2 was partially inhibited by coincubation with a neutralizing Ab to Fas-L (data not shown), suggesting that up-regulation of Fas-L may also participate in the mechanism of H2O2-induced apoptosis in ECs (72). Taken together, these findings suggest that Fas-mediated apoptosis in ECs may contribute to the mechanism of H2O2-induced tissue injury and the extravasation of inflammatory cells. Therefore, it will be of interest to examine whether inhibitors of Fas-mediated apoptosis (73) may be clinically useful in preventing inflammatory cell-mediated tissue injury.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank Dr. S. Nagata for providing human Fas cDNA, Taeko Kaimoto for technical assistance, and Tomoko Adachi for secretarial assistance.


   Footnotes
 
1 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Keisuke Fukuo, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan. E-mail address: Back

2 Abbreviations used in this paper: Fas-L, Fas ligand; ECs, endothelial cells; NO, nitric oxide; VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells; NF-{kappa}B, nuclear factor-{kappa}B; AP-1, activator protein 1; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide. Back

Received for publication May 28, 1997. Accepted for publication December 17, 1997.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

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