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Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Responding to Genetic and Environmental Cues in Ontogeny and the Immune Response¹

Nancy H. Ruddle^2,*, and Eitan M. Akirav

^* Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520

Secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) include lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches, and mucosal tissues such as the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, adenoids, and tonsils. Less discretely anatomically defined cellular accumulations include the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, cryptopatches, and isolated lymphoid follicles. All SLOs serve to generate immune responses and tolerance. SLO development depends on the precisely regulated expression of cooperating lymphoid chemokines and cytokines such as LT, LTβ, RANKL, TNF, IL-7, and perhaps IL-17. The relative importance of these factors varies between the individual lymphoid organs. Participating in the process are lymphoid tissue initiator, lymphoid tissue inducer, and lymphoid tissue organizer cells. These cells and others that produce crucial cytokines maintain SLOs in the adult. Similar signals regulate the transition from inflammation to ectopic or tertiary lymphoid tissues.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant R01 DK57731 and by National Multiple Sclerosis Society Grants RG 2394 and RG 4126-A-7.

² Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Nancy H. Ruddle, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, P.O. Box 208089, New Haven, CT 06520-8089. E-mail address: nancy.ruddle{at}yale.edu

³ Abbreviations used in this paper: SLO, secondary lymphoid organ; DC, dendritic cell; E, embryonic day; FDC, follicular DC; HEV, high endothelial venule; ILF, isolated lymphoid follicle; LN, lymph node; LT, lymphotoxin; LTβR, LTβ receptor; ltind, lymphoid tissue inducer; ltini, lymphoid tissue initiator; lto, lymphoid tissue organizer; MAdCAM-1, mucosal associated adhesion molecule 1; MLN, mucosal lymph node; MZ, marginal zone; NALT, nasal associated lymphoid tissue; PLN, peripheral lymph node; PNAd, peripheral node addressin; PP, Peyer’s patches; RANK, receptor activator for NF-B; RANKL, RANK ligand; ROR, retinoid acid-related orphan receptor; TLO, tertiary lymphoid tissue.