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Department of Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
How circulating T cells infiltrate into the brain in Alzheimer disease (AD) remains unclear. We previously reported that amyloid β (Aβ)-dependent CCR5 expression in brain endothelial cells is involved in T cell transendothelial migration. In this study, we explored the signaling pathway of CCR5 up-regulation by Aβ. We showed that inhibitors of JNK, ERK, and PI3K significantly decreased Aβ-induced CCR5 expression in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that Aβ-activated JNK, ERK, and PI3K promoted brain endothelial CCR5 expression via transcription factor Egr-1. Furthermore, neutralization Ab of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE; an Aβ receptor) effectively blocked Aβ-induced JNK, ERK, and PI3K activation, contributing to CCR5 expression in HBMECs. Aβ fails to induce CCR5 expression when truncated RAGE was overexpressed in HBMECs. Transendothelial migration assay showed that the migration of MIP-1
(a CCR5 ligand)-expressing AD patients’ T cells through in vitro blood-brain barrier model was effectively blocked by anti-RAGE Ab, overexpression of truncated RAGE, and dominant-negative PI3K, JNK/ERK, or Egr-1 RNA interference in HBMECs, respectively. Importantly, blockage of intracerebral RAGE abolished the up-regulation of CCR5 on brain endothelial cells and the increased T cell infiltration in the brain induced by Aβ injection in rat hippocampus. Our results suggest that intracerebral Aβ interaction with RAGE at BBB up-regulates endothelial CCR5 expression and causes circulating T cell infiltration in the brain in AD. This study may provide a new insight into the understanding of inflammation in the progress of AD.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 This work was supported by the China State Education Ministry, the Trans-Century Training Program Foundation for Talents (JJH2002-48), the National Research Foundation for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20040159002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30700279), and the Innovation Team Program Foundation of Liaoning Province (2006T131).
2 M.L. and D.-S.S. contributed equally to this work.
3 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Yu-Hua Chen, Department of Developmental Biology, China Medical University, 92 Beier Road, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China. E-mail address: yhchen{at}mail.cmu.edu.cn
4 Abbreviations used in this paper: AD, Alzheimer disease; Aβ, amyloid β; BBB, blood-brain barrier; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; DAPI, 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; Egr-1, early growth response protein 1; HBMEC, human brain microvascular endothelial cell; i.c.v., intracerebroventricular injection; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; RNAi, RNA interference; RSA, rat serum albumin; siRNA, small interfering RNA; sRAGE, soluble RAGE; TEER, transendothelial electrical resistance; TEM, transendothelial migration.
5 The online version of this article contains supplemental material.
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