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* Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; and
School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
The S100 calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9 are elevated systemically in patients with viral infections. The S100A8-S100A9 complex facilitated viral replication in human CD4+ T lymphocytes latently infected with HIV-1- and S100A8-induced HIV-1 transcriptional activity. Mechanisms inducing the S100 genes and the potential source of these proteins following viral activation are unknown. In this study, we show that S100A8 was induced in murine macrophages, and S100A8 and S100A9 in human monocytes and macrophages, by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, a dsRNA mimetic. Induction was at the transcriptional level and was IL-10 dependent. Similar to LPS-induced S100A8, induction by dsRNA was dependent on p38 and ERK MAPK. Protein kinase R (PKR) mediates antiviral defense and participates in MyD88-dependent/independent signaling triggered by TLR4 or TLR3. Like IL-10, S100 induction by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and by LPS was inhibited by the specific PKR inhibitor 2-aminopurine, indicating a novel IL-10, PKR-dependent pathway. Other mediators such as IFN-β, which synergized with dsRNA, may also be involved. C/EBPβ bound the defined promoter region in response to dsRNA. S100A8 was expressed in lungs of mice infected with influenza virus and was maximal at day 8 with strong immunoreactivity in epithelial cells lining the airways and in mononuclear cells and declined early in the recovery phase, implying down-regulation by mediator(s) up-regulated during resolution of the infection. IL-10 is implicated in viral persistence. Since S100A8/S100A9 levels are likely to be maintained in conditions where IL-10 is raised, these proteins may contribute to viral persistence in patients infected by some RNA viruses.
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1 This work was supported by grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. Y.E. had an International Postgraduate Award.
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Kenneth Hsu, Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052. E-mail address: k.hsu{at}unsw.edu.au
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; poly(I:C), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid; PKR, protein kinase R; HPRT, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; 2-AP, 2-aminopurine; siRNA, small interfering RNA; iNOS, inducible NO synthase; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation.
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  S. Y. Lim, M. J. Raftery, J. Goyette, K. Hsu, and C. L. Geczy Oxidative modifications of S100 proteins: functional regulation by redox J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2009; 86(3): 577 - 587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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