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Acquisition of Anergy to Proinflammatory Cytokines in Nonimmune Cells through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response: A Mechanism for Subsidence of Inflammation¹

Kunihiro Hayakawa^*, Nobuhiko Hiramatsu^*, Maro Okamura^*, Hiroaki Yamazaki^*, Shotaro Nakajima^*, Jian Yao^*, Adrienne W. Paton, James C. Paton and Masanori Kitamura^2,*

^* Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; and School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

Acute endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes induction of inflammatory molecules via activation of NF-B. However, we found that, under ER stress conditions, renal mesangial cells acquire anergy to proinflammatory stimuli. Priming of the cells with ER stress inducers (tunicamycin, thapsigargin, A23187, and AB₅ subtilase cytotoxin) caused blunted induction of MCP-1 in response to TNF-, IL-1β, macrophage-derived factors, or bystander macrophages. The magnitude of suppression was closely correlated with the level of GRP78, an endogenous indicator of ER stress. The suppression of MCP-1 under ER stress conditions was reversible and observed in general regardless of cell types or triggers of ER stress. The decrease in the level of MCP-1 mRNA was ascribed to transcriptional suppression via unexpected inhibition of NF-B, but not to accelerated mRNA degradation. Subsequent experiments revealed that TNFR-associated factor 2, an essential component for TNF- signaling, was down-regulated by ER stress. We also found that, under ER stress conditions, expression of NF-B suppressor A20 was induced. Overexpression of A20 resulted in suppression of cytokine-triggered NF-B activation and knockdown of A20 by RNA interference significantly attenuated induction of anergy by ER stress. In contrast, other ER stress-inducible/-related molecules that may suppress NF-B (e.g., GRP78, NO, reactive oxygen species, and IB) were not involved in the inhibitory effects of ER stress. These results elucidated ER stress-dependent mechanisms by which nonimmune cells acquire anergy to inflammatory stimuli under pathological situations. This self-defense machinery may play a role in halting progression of acute inflammation and in its spontaneous subsidence.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ This work was supported, in part, by Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (nos. 16390243, 17651026, and 19651024; to M.K.).

² Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Masanori Kitamura, Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan. E-mail address: masanori{at}yamanashi.ac.jp

³ Abbreviations used in this paper: HSP, heat shock protein; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; GRP78, 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein; GRP, glucose-regulated protein; UPR, unfolded protein response; IRE1, inositol-requiring ER-to-nucleus signal kinase 1; SEAP, secreted alkaline phosphatase; SubAB, AB₅ subtilase cytotoxin; MCM, macrophage-conditioned medium; CHOP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein; IKK, IB kinase; TRAF, TNF receptor-associated factor; RIP, TNFR-interacting protein; miRNA, micro-RNA.

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