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Macrophage Polarization in Bacterial Infections

Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Transmissibles et Emergentes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6236, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 48, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France

Converging studies have shown that M1 and M2 macrophages are functionally polarized in response to microorganisms and host mediators. Gene expression profiling of macrophages reveals that various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria induce the transcriptional activity of a "common host response," which includes genes belonging to the M1 program. However, excessive or prolonged M1 polarization can lead to tissue injury and contribute to pathogenesis. The so-called M2 macrophages play a critical role in the resolution of inflammation by producing anti-inflammatory mediators. These M2 cells cover a continuum of cells with different phenotypic and functional properties. In addition, some bacterial pathogens induce specific M2 programs in macrophages. In this review, we discuss the relevance of macrophage polarization in three domains of infectious diseases: resistance to infection, infectious pathogenesis, and chronic evolution of infectious diseases.

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¹ Address correspondence and reprint requests to Prof. Jean-Louis Mege, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Transmissibles et Emergentes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6236, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France. E-mail address: Jean-Louis.Mege{at}medecine.univ-mrs.fr

² Abbreviations used in this paper: NOS2, NO synthase 2; LIR, leukocyte Ig-like receptor.

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