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* Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases;
Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch,
Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development;
Lister Hill Center for Biomedical Communications;
¶ Clinical Neuroendocrinology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health;
|| Department of Laboratory Medicine, Immunology Service, Warren Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
# Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; and
** Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
Immunogenetic mechanisms operating within the immune system are known to influence cytokine profiles and disease susceptibility. Yet the role of the individual’s neurohormonal background in these processes remains undefined. Hormonal imbalances are documented in immune-related diseases, but it is unclear whether this represents a secondary phenomenon or a primary "defect" related to specific neurohormonal immune phenotype(s). We report that in a large subpopulation of healthy humans the baseline epinephrine output (but not cortisol and sex steroid hormones) correlated inversely with proinflammatory and positively with anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Thus, low vs high epinephrine excretors had a 2- to 5-fold higher TNF-
and IL-12 production but 2-fold lower IL-10 production induced by LPS ex vivo. In alternative settings, we found low baseline levels and profoundly blunted stress-induced epinephrine responses but high TNF- levels in Lewis vs Fischer inbred rats. Additionally, isoproterenol, a β adrenoreceptor agonist suppressed LPS-induced TNF- production, with more pronounced effect in Lewis than in Fischer rats. In human monocytes, epinephrine and the β2 adrenoreceptor agonist fenoterol potently inhibited LPS-induced TNF- and IL-12, but stimulated IL-10 production. The order of potency for hormones able to inhibit IL-12 production ex vivo was: epinephrine > norepinephrine > = 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 > hydrocortisone. This indicates that baseline epinephrine conditions cytokine responsiveness and through this mechanism intrinsic hypo- or hyperactive adrenal medullas in some individuals may shape opposite cytokine profiles. Since Lewis and Fischer rats have opposite susceptibility to experimental immunological diseases, this suggests that the parallel human phenotypes could be linked to differing responsiveness and susceptibility to infections and immune/inflammatory-related conditions.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Ilia Elenkov, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Italian National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy. E-mail address: ilia.elenkov{at}tiscali.it
2 Abbreviations used in this paper: SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; AR, adrenoreceptor; CA, catecholamine; GC, glucocorticoid; EPI, epinephrine (adrenaline); NE, norepinephrine.
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