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Down-Regulation1
,
,*
* European Institute for Cystic Fibrosis Research, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy;
Institute of Pediatrics, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy;
Department of Experimental Medicine, University Federico II, Naples, Italy;
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy;
¶ Department of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Naples, Italy;
|| Department of Chemical Engineering, University Federico II, Naples, Italy;
# Department of Otolaryngology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy;
** Cancer Research UK Oncology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom;
Institute of Child Health, University College, London, United Kingdom; and
* Novartis Pharma AG Translational Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common life-threatening inherited disease in Caucasians, is due to mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and is characterized by airways chronic inflammation and pulmonary infections. The inflammatory response is not secondary to the pulmonary infections. Indeed, several studies have shown an increased proinflammatory activity in the CF tissues, regardless of bacterial infections, because inflammation is similarly observed in CFTR-defective cell lines kept in sterile conditions. Despite recent studies that have indicated that CF airway epithelial cells can spontaneously initiate the inflammatory cascade, we still do not have a clear insight of the molecular mechanisms involved in this increased inflammatory response. In this study, to understand these mechanisms, we investigated ex vivo cultures of nasal polyp mucosal explants of CF patients and controls, CFTR-defective IB3-1 bronchial epithelial cells, C38 isogenic CFTR corrected, and 16HBE normal bronchial epithelial cell lines. We have shown that a defective CFTR induces a remarkable up-regulation of tissue transglutaminase (TG2) in both tissues and cell lines. The increased TG2 activity leads to functional sequestration of the anti-inflammatory peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 
and increase of the classic parameters of inflammation, such as TNF-
, tyrosine phosphorylation, and MAPKs. Specific inhibition of TG2 was able to reinstate normal levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- and dampen down inflammation both in CF tissues and CFTR-defective cells. Our results highlight an unpredicted central role of TG2 in the mechanistic pathway of CF inflammation, also opening a possible new wave of therapies for sufferers of chronic inflammatory diseases.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 This work was supported by the European Institute for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Cancer Research U.K., and Rothschild Trust.
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Sonia Quaratino, Cancer Research UK Oncology Unit, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD Southampton, UK. E-mail address: sq{at}soton.ac.uk or Luigi Maiuri, European Institute for Cystic Fibrosis Research, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy. E-mail address: maiuri{at}unina.it
3 Abbreviations used in this paper: CF, cystic fibrosis; bio-MDC, biotinylated monodansylcadaverine; CFTR, CF transmembrane conductance regulator; CM-H2DCFDA, 5(and 6)-chloromethyl-2'7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester; HDAC6, histone deacetylase 6; NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-; ROS, reactive oxygen species; siRNA, small interfering RNA; TG2, tissue transglutaminase.
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